Angioarchitecture Classification and Treatment Modalities of Craniocervical Junction Arteriovenous Fistulas: A Cohort Study of 155 Patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Craniocervical junction (CCJ) arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are rare. Variability in clinical manifestations and treatment strategies for CCJ AVFs stems from differences in their angioarchitecture. Our study aims to categorize CCJ AVFs based on their angioarchitecture and explore the associated clinical features and treatment modalities for distinct CCJ AVF types. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with CCJ AVFs treated at a single neurosurgical facility over the past decade. These patients were classified based on the angioarchitecture of their CCJ AVFs. The analysis included an evaluation of angioarchitecture, clinical characteristics, treatment strategies, and outcomes. RESULTS: The study included 155 patients, with a median age of 56 years, collectively manifesting 165 CCJ AVFs. Our classification identified 4 distinct CCJ AVF types: epidural AVFs (19 [11.5%]), dural AVFs (98 [59.4%]), radicular AVFs (33 [20.0%]), and perimedullary AVFs (15 [9.1%]). Further differentiation was applied based on the presence of pial feeders. The predominant fistula location was at cervical-1 (77.0%). Ascending intradural drainage (52.7%) and descending intradural drainage (52.1%) were frequently observed drainage patterns. Patients with dural AVF predominantly presented with venous hypertensive myelopathy, whereas patients with other types of CCJ AVFs showed a higher incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage (P = .012). Microsurgery was the predominant treatment, applied in the management of 126 (76.4%) AVFs, whereas 8 (4.8%) AVFs exclusively underwent interventional embolization and 25 (15.2%) received a combination of interventional embolization and microsurgical treatment. CONCLUSION: CCJ AVFs can be distinguished based on the fistula location and the arterial feeders. Currently, microsurgery stands as the preferred treatment strategy for CCJ AVFs, whereas interventional embolization plays a distinctive role in cases with specific angioarchitecture or as a pretreatment measure before microsurgery.

Highly sensitive volatile organic compounds monitoring enabling by silver-nanowire@metal-organic frameworks core-shell heterostructure.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) hold great promise as advanced chemical sensing materials due to their high surface area and tunable surface chemistry. However, due to the inherent conductivity, building a highly sensitive MOFs-based gas sensor for real-time monitoring hazardous gas operated at room temperature (RT) is still a huge challenge. Herein, an in-situ anchoring strategy is proposed to construct a 1D-0D core-shell heterostructure by integrating silver nanowires (AgNWs) with highly conductivity and Zn-MOF with high specific surface area. The incorporation of AgNWs establishes a highly conductive network architecture to facilitate rapid charge transport while preventing the Zn-MOF nanoparticles from agglomeration, ensuring an effective transmission highway for target gas molecules. Meanwhile, the Zn-MOF nanoparticles induce remarkable absorption capacity and contribute high gas response. By strategically amalgamating the inherent distinctive virtues of the individual components and capitalizing on the synergistic benefits arising from the composite, the sensors hinged upon the refined AgNWs@Zn-MOF (A@Z) heterostructure unveiled remarkable response value of 27 to 20 ppm ethanol at RT, accompanied by a low detection limit of 1 ppm. Moreover, the A@Z sensor further showcases superior selectivity and repeatability. This work offers a fresh standpoint for the fabrication of MOF-based heterostructures, fostering advancements in diverse applications.

Three-layer heterogeneous network based on the integration of CircRNA information for MiRNA-disease association prediction.

Increasing research has shown that the abnormal expression of microRNA (miRNA) is associated with many complex diseases. However, biological experiments have many limitations in identifying the potential disease-miRNA associations. Therefore, we developed a computational model of Three-Layer Heterogeneous Network based on the Integration of CircRNA information for MiRNA-Disease Association prediction (TLHNICMDA). In the model, a disease-miRNA-circRNA heterogeneous network is built by known disease-miRNA associations, known miRNA-circRNA interactions, disease similarity, miRNA similarity, and circRNA similarity. Then, the potential disease-miRNA associations are identified by an update algorithm based on the global network. Finally, based on global and local leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV), the values of AUCs in TLHNICMDA are 0.8795 and 0.7774. Moreover, the mean and standard deviation of AUC in 5-fold cross-validations is 0.8777+/-0.0010. Especially, the two types of case studies illustrated the usefulness of TLHNICMDA in predicting disease-miRNA interactions.

Retinomorphic X-ray detection using perovskite with hydrion-conductive organic cations.

X-ray detection is crucial across various sectors, but traditional techniques face challenges such as inefficient data transmission, redundant sensing, high power consumption, and complexity. The innovative idea of a retinomorphic X-ray detector shows great potential. However, its implementation has been hindered by the absence of active layers capable of both detecting X-rays and serving as memory storage. In response to this critical gap, our study integrates hybrid perovskite with hydrion-conductive organic cations to develop a groundbreaking retinomorphic X-ray detector. This novel device stands at the nexus of technological innovation, utilizing X-ray detection, memory, and preprocessing capabilities within a single hardware platform. The core mechanism underlying this innovation lies in the transport of electrons and holes within the metal halide octahedral frameworks, enabling precise X-ray detection. Concurrently, the hydrion movement through organic cations endows the device with short-term resistive memory, facilitating rapid data processing and retrieval. Notably, our retinomorphic X-ray detector boasts an array of formidable features, including reconfigurable short-term memory, a linear response curve, and an extended retention time. In practical terms, this translates into the efficient capture of motion projections with minimal redundant data, achieving a compression ratio of 18.06% and an impressive recognition accuracy of up to 98.6%. In essence, our prototype represents a paradigm shift in X-ray detection technology. With its transformative capabilities, this retinomorphic hardware is poised to revolutionize the existing X-ray detection landscape.

Dural arteriovenous fistulas in the falx cerebri: case series and literature review.

Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) within the falx cerebri are infrequently documented and may be linked with the falcine sinus/venous plexus. The falcine sinus/venous plexus, often regarded as a normal venous structure, can exhibit pathological characteristics, differing from the persistent fetal falcine sinus. A retrospective analysis was conducted at a single center to identify all cases of DAVFs within the falx cerebri spanning from 2002 to 2022. Demographic data, fistula features, treatment modalities, clinical outcomes, and fistula closure were collected and analyzed. Additionally, relevant literature on DAVFs in this location was reviewed. Ten cases were identified at our center, supplemented by 13 cases reported in the literature. In our cohort, patients had an average age of 49.4 ± 8.1 years, with a male predominance of 90%. Trans-arterial embolization (TAE) alone achieved immediate complete occlusion in eight cases, while conservative treatment was pursued in two cases. No treatment-related complications or fistula recurrences were observed. In the literature, seven patients underwent direct surgery, three underwent TAE, and one underwent both direct surgery and radiosurgery for complete fistula closure. No instances of fistula recurrence or treatment complications were reported. Dural arteriovenous fistulas within the falx cerebri are rare, with limited literature available. They typically present as aggressive lesions. Treatment options include direct surgery or TAE. However, due to a lack of long-term DSA follow-up, the cure and recurrence rates are unknown for endovasdcular therapy. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate the involvement of the falcine sinus/venous plexus in falx cerebri DAVFs.

Proposal of a Classification System of Cavernous Sinus Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas and Treatment Strategies Based on Angioarchitecture: A Cohort Study of 116 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Cavernous sinus (CS) dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are commonly treated by transvenous embolization, but the details of treatment need to be more clearly defined. We propose a classification of CS-DAVF that can contribute to formulating endovascular treatment process. METHODS: CS-DAVF was classified into seven categories based on the cumulative CS range and drainage patterns. CS-DAVF angioarchitecture, clinical characteristics, treatment strategies, and outcomes of CS-DAVF patients treated in our hospital from 2012 to 2021 were summarized and analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 116 patients with CS-DAVF: Type 1, 71 (61.2%); Type 2, 9 (7.8%); Type 3, 18 (15.5%); Type 4, 2 (1.7%); Type 5, 8 (6.9%); Type 6, 3 (2.6%); and Type 7, 5 (4.3%). Inter-CS or inferior petrosal sinus drainage was relatively rare in Types 1 and 6 (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001); basilar venous plexus drainage was more prevalent in Types 2, 5, and 7(P = 0.019). Inferior petrosal sinus occlusion was more commonly seen in Types 2, 3, and 5 (P = 0.005). The most frequent first symptoms and symptoms at admission in patients with CS-DAVF is ocular/orbital symptoms, occurring in 64 cases (55.2%) and 104 cases (89.7%), respectively. In this study, 108 patients (93.1%) underwent endovascular embolization. Among those who received endovascular embolization, 96 (88.9%) CS-DAVFs were treated via transvenous embolization. In long-term follow-up, 98 cases (84.5%) achieved cure, and 17 cases (14.7%) showed symptomatic improvement. CONCLUSION: Our proposed classification system based on cumulative CS range and drainage patterns can assist in formulating treatment strategies for transvenous embolization.

Paediatric intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas: clinical characteristics, treatment outcomes and prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Compared with dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) in adult, paediatric DAVFs are notable for distinct clinical manifestations, low cure rate and poor prognosis. However, due to the limitations of small sample sizes, the long-term prognosis and follow-up data have not been described. METHODS: Clinical data from 43 consecutive paediatric DAVFs were documented and analysed between 2002 and 2022 at the author's institution. They were divided into infantile (Lasjaunias classification) and non-infantile (adult type and dural sinus malformation (DSM)) type DAVFs based on prognosis differences. RESULTS: Their mean age at first symptoms was 8.4±6.0 years. 29 boys and 14 girls presented between at birth and 18 years of age. 5 of 10 patients ≤1 year of age presented with asymptomatic cardiomegaly compared with 5/33 patients >1 year of age (p=0.022). 42 (88.4%) patients received endovascular treatment alone, while 9.3% underwent radiosurgery, burr hole embolisation or surgery. 28 (65.1%) patients experienced DAVF obliteration by the end of treatment. Among them, 26 cases underwent embolisation alone, one case had embolisation in conjunction with surgery, and one case underwent burr hole embolisation. The overall complication rate among patients was 9.3%, all resulting from endovascular treatment. According to the Lasjaunias Classification, there were 18 cases of adult type, 17 cases of infantile type and 8 cases of DSM. Compared with non-infantile-type DAVFs, infantile-type DAVFs showed more times of treatment, lower cure rate and worse prognosis (p<0.001, 0.003 and 0.021, respectively). The average follow-up duration was 41.4±36.2 months (3-228 months). 8 (22.9%) patients died. CONCLUSIONS: Most adult-type DAVFs and DSMs can now be effectively treated with embolisation, resulting in good outcomes and prognosis. However, there are still challenges in treating infantile-type DAVFs, and the prognosis is frequently poor.

Non-uniform line-of-sight measurements of nitric oxide using mid-infrared Faraday rotation spectroscopy.

Traditional absorption spectroscopy relies on detecting intensity variations along the line-of-sight to gauge average concentration and temperature. While methods like profile fitting and temperature binning offer insights into the non-uniformity of the path, they fall short of accurately capturing the precise spatial distribution with a single line-of-sight measurement. We propose a novel measurement scheme for non-uniformly distributed concentration of nitric oxide (NO) along the line-of-sight utilizing a single laser and path, by incorporating Faraday rotation spectroscopy with magnetic fields changing over time and space. We validate the proposed scheme by measuring a path of two regions in series with different NO concentrations, and comparing the measurement results with direct absorption spectroscopy of each respective region. In this work, the tuning range of the interband cascade laser used is from 1899.42 to 1900.97 cm-1, encompassing two sets of spectral lines corresponding to the 2Π1/2 and 2Π3/2 transitions of NO's R(6.5). The average relative uncertainty in the concentration measurement for each region is estimated to be within 1.5%, with the concentration for individual absorption cells ranging from 0.2% to 0.8%.

Leveraging an all-fixed transfer framework to predict the interpretable formation energy of MXenes with hybrid terminals.

MXenes have attracted substantial attention for their various applications in energy storage, sensors, and catalysts. Experimental exploration of MXenes with hybrid terminal surfaces offers a unique means of property tailoring that is crucial for expanding the performance space of MXenes, wherein the formation energy of an MXene with mixed surface terminals plays a key role in determining its relative stability and practical applications. However, the challenge of identifying energetically stable MXenes with multifunctional surfaces persists, primarily due to the absence of precise surface modification during experiments and the vast structural space for DFT calculations. Herein, we use an all-fixed transfer (AFT) framework combined with first-principles calculations to predict the formation energies of MXenes terminated by binary elements from groups VIA and VIIA. The trained model exhibits a high average R2 of 0.99, maintaining transferability and accuracy in predicting larger supercells from smaller-sized MXenes and datasets despite the structural imbalance between the training and prediction sets. The underlying interpretation of the high accuracy is revealed through the capture of main attributes and comparison of node features. Additionally, it is important to mention that the factors influencing the average formation energy include the types of element pairs, the ratio of terminal groups, and the distribution of terminations on two surfaces, with the first one being dominant. Finally, we successfully streamline the diverse structural cardinality of a large hybrid terminated MXene space of over 700 million, thereby facilitating the rapid screening of the top 5 stable MXene classes with binary terminal elements (FO, FCl, FBr, FS, and FSe). Besides, in the scenarios of lithium storage, the TL-predicted MXene can enhance its relative stability by increasing the fluorine ratio where the capacity can be optimized by different surface group combinations. All results indicate that the AFT framework has the advantages of screening functional MXenes with a huge structure space from smaller and imbalanced data sets.

A Novel Rat Model of Venous Hypertensive Myelopathy Produced by Arteriovenous Bypass Plus Venous Stenosis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Venous hypertensive myelopathy (VHM), mainly induced by the spinal dural arteriovenous fistula, is a congestive spinal cord injury that currently has no appropriate animal model available in preclinical research. METHODS: Sprague Dawley rats (280-320 g) were used. The rats were divided into 3 groups: (1) Group 1, which underwent renal artery-dorsal spinal venous bypass (AVB group); (2) Group 2, which underwent renal artery-dorsal spinal venous bypass and drainage vein stenosis (AVB/VS group); and (3) Control group, with T13 dorsal vein ligation. The success of the model was assessed using Doppler ultrasound and 7.0-T magnetic resonance imaging. Transmission electron microscopy, histochemistry, proteomics, and western blot analysis were used to evaluate ultrastructural, pathological, and molecular features in the spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). RESULTS: The success rate of the arteriovenous bypass was 100% at 5 days and 83% at 2 weeks. The locomotor assessment showed decreased lower extremity strength in the AVB/VS group ( P = .0067), whereas unremarkable changes were found in the AVB and Control groups. Histochemical staining suggested a 2-fold expansion of the dorsal spinal vein in the AVB/VS group, which was lower than that in the AVB group ( P < .05); however, the former displayed greater myelin and neuronal damage ( P < .05) and slight dilatation of the central canal ( P > .05). Proteomics analysis revealed that the complement and coagulation cascade pathways were upregulated in the CSF of AVB/VS rats, whereas the C3 level was elevated both in the CSF and bilateral spinal cord. Furthermore, overexpression of C3, ITGB2, and CD9 in the spinal cord was confirmed by immunoblotting. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the AVB/VS model can effectively mimic the clinical and molecular characteristics of VHM. Furthermore, they suggest that impaired deep intramedullary venous drainage is the key reason for the VHM.

Performance Enhancement of Silicone Rubber Using Superhydrophobic Silica Aerogel with Robust Nanonetwork Structure and Outstanding Interfacial Effect.

The application of high-performance rubber nanocomposites has attracted wide attention, but its development is limited by the imbalance of interface and network effects caused by fillers. Herein, an ultrastrong polymer nanocomposite is successfully designed by introducing a superhydrophobic and mesoporous silica aerogel (HSA) as the filler to poly(methyl vinyl phenyl) siloxane (PVMQ), which increased the PVMQ elongation at break (∼690.1%) by ∼9.3 times and the strength at break (∼6.6 MPa) by ∼24.3 times. Furthermore, HSA/PVMQ with a high dynamic storage modulus (G'0) of ∼12.2 MPa and high Payne effect (ΔG') of ∼9.4 MPa is simultaneously achieved, which is equivalent to 2-3 times that of commercial fumed silica reinforced PVMQ. The superior performance is attributed to the filler-rubber interfacial interaction and the robust filler-rubber entanglement network which is observed by scanning electron microscopy. When the HSA-PVMQ entanglement network is subjected to external stress, both the HSA and bound-PVMQ chains are synergistically involved in resisting structural evolution, resulting in the maximized energy dissipation and deformation resistance through the desorption of the polymer chain and the slip/interpenetrating of the exchange hydrogen bond pairs. Hence, highly aggregated nanoporous silica aerogels may soon be widely used in the application of reinforced silicone rubber or other polymers shortly.

Regulating Ion-Dipole Interactions in Weakly Solvating Electrolyte towards Ultra-Low Temperature Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are recognized as promising energy storage devices. However, they suffer from rapid capacity decay at ultra-low temperatures due to high Na+ desolvation energy barrier and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Herein, a weakly solvating electrolyte (WSE) with decreased ion-dipole interactions is designed for stable sodium storage in hard carbon (HC) anode at ultra-low temperatures. 2-methyltetrahydrofuran with low solvating power is incorporated into tetrahydrofuran to regulate the interactions between Na+ and solvents. The reduced Na+-dipole interactions facilitate more anionic coordination in the first solvation sheath, which consistently maintains anion-enhanced solvation structures from room to low temperatures to promote inorganic-rich SEI formation. These enable WSE with a low freezing point of -83.3 °C and faster Na+ desolvation kinetics. The HC anode thus affords reversible capacities of 243.2 and 205.4 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1 at -40 and -60 °C, respectively, and the full cell of HC||Na3V2(PO4)3 yields an extended lifespan over 250 cycles with high capacity retention of ~100 % at -40 °C. This work sheds new lights on the ion-dipole regulation for ultra-low temperature SIBs.

Temperature and Thermal Diffusivity Diagnostics in Laminar Methane Flames Using Infrared Four-Wave Mixing Techniques.

Four-wave mixing techniques, such as coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS), laser-induced grating spectroscopy (LIGS), and degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM), have been widely used in combustion diagnostics due to their advantages of high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), coherent signal, and spatial resolution. In this work, a nano-second pulsed laser is utilized to generate mid-infrared (near 3 µm) pump beams, exciting the rovibrational transitions of nascent water in flames. Combined LIGS and DFWM measurements are demonstrated in premixed laminar CH4/O2/N2 flames with equivalence ratios from 0.6 to 1.5, to achieve precise thermometry in a wide range of flame conditions. The flame temperatures were also measured by thermocouple as a reference, and the results from LIGS and DFWM align well with the trends shown in the thermocouple measurements. In fuel-lean flames, where the mass-to-specific-heat ratio variation is minimal, LIGS provides temperature data with a precision better than 16 K (0.8%). In fuel-rich flames, where the increased H2 concentration in the flame introduces uncertainty in gas constants thus affecting the accuracy of LIGS thermometry, DFWM is instead employed for temperature measurement since it is less sensitive to the gas composition within the measured volume. The high-precision LIGS temperatures in lean flames serve as temperature reference during the DFWM calibration of the degree of saturation, and a precision better than 90 K (4.5%) is achieved for DFWM thermometry. In addition to temperature, a theoretical model is employed to fit LIGS signal time waveforms, extracting the local speed of sound and thermal diffusivity with precisions better than 0.5% and 1.3%, respectively. These high-precision measurements contribute additional data for flame research and simulation calculations. This way, the combined use of DFWM and LIGS proves the potential for accurate thermometry and diagnostics of other thermodynamic parameters across a wide range of flame conditions.

Intraorbital Arteriovenous Fistulas: Case Series and Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intraorbital arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are an extremely rare subtype of intracranial fistula with ophthalmic symptoms similar to cavernous sinus dural AVFs or carotid cavernous fistulas but worse visual outcomes. Here, we present a case series and thorough systematic review on intraorbital AVFs to demonstrate treatment modalities and address this rare type of AVF. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study at a single center, in which we identified all cases of intraorbital AVFs that occurred between 2002 and 2022. We collected and analyzed data on demographics, fistula characteristics, treatment methods, clinical outcomes, and fistula closure. In addition, we conducted a systematic review of intraorbital AVFs. RESULTS: Seven cases in our center and 41 cases of intraorbital AVFs reported in the 35 articles were identified. At our center, transarterial embolization (TAE) (42.9%) alone resulted in immediate complete occlusion in 3 cases. Transvenous embolization (14.3%) resulted in one case of immediate complete occlusion. In 2 cases, surgery (28.6%) resulted in immediate complete occlusion. In one case, conservative treatment (14.3%) was used, and the fistula was eventually spontaneously occluded. Immediate complete occlusion rate was 85.7%. One blindness occurred (14.3%). In the literature reported, 3 cases (60%) of retinal artery occlusion were reported when performing TAE via the ophthalmic artery. Two fistulas recurred as reported. In 33 (80.5%) patients, the fistula was finally completely occluded. CONCLUSION: TAE via the ophthalmic artery carries a high risk of blindness and a low cure rate. Transvenous techniques such as conventional transvenous routes, surgical exposure, or direct puncture of the drainage vein have been used as the first line of treatment for intraorbital AVFs.

Isolated sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas: a single-center experience in 44 patients.

BACKGROUND: Isolated sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) constitute a rare and distinctive subtype of DAVF, typically found in small case numbers or case reports. The optimal treatment for this DAVF type remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to further detail the treatment outcomes of isolated sinus DAVFs in a sizable cohort from a single center. METHODS: A retrospective study was undertaken on a consecutive series of patients with isolated sinus DAVFs treated at a single institution from 2002 to 2022. The article delineates the clinical presentation, angiographic features, treatment strategy, clinical and angiographic outcomes, and complications. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 31 males and 13 females, with an average age of 52.0 ± 15.5 years (range, 16-83). The success rate for trans-arterial embolization (TAE) was 97.3% (36/37). Transvenous embolization (TVE) with the reopening technique was successful in 3 of 4 patients (75.0%). Two open burr-hole TVE cases (66.7%, 2/3) and one surgery (100%) resulted in immediate complete closure of the fistula. Immediate complete occlusion was achieved in 93.2% (41/44) of cases. There was one major complication (2.3%, 1/44) and two fistulas recurred (9.5%, 2/21). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of isolated sinus DAVFs can be effectively treated with TAE using Onyx. TVE and surgery serve as alternative techniques when arterial access is deemed inappropriate or when complete occlusion cannot be attained with TAE. Complete embolization of isolated sinus DAVFs by TAE can typically be achieved without delay.

Middle cranial fossa non-cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas: 20 years of experience.

Non-cavernous sinus (CS) dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) involving the sphenoid bone are rare entities that are easily confused with one another due to the complex structure and high variability of the venous system around the middle cranial fossa. We present a large retrospective study on middle cranial fossa non-CS DAVFs and review the literature on DAVF treatment in this location as well as relative anatomy. 15 patients had DAVFs involving the lesser sphenoid wing and 11 patients had DAVFs involving the greater sphenoid wing. Six patients presented with intracranial hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage (23.1%, 6/26). The most common symptoms were eye symptoms (38.5%, 10/26). Nineteen patients were treated with trans-arterial embolization (TAE) using liquid embolic agents and two patients were treated with transvenous embolization (TVE) using Onyx or in combination with coils. Surgical disconnection of the drainage veins was performed in five patients, with three cases experiencing unsuccessful TAE. Anatomic cure was achieved in 92.3% of the patients (24/26). Twelve patients had DSA and clinical follow-up from 3 to 27 months. There was one recurrence (8.3%) of the fistula in the patient two months after the initial complete occlusion. The majority of patients can be cured endovascularly. Laterocavernous sinus DAVFs may not be embolized by transvenous approach via the cavernous sinus because there is often no connection between them in most patients. A small percentage of patients may require surgical ligation to be cured.

Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from Melodinus axillaris W.T.Wang exhibit anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathways.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Melodinus axillaris W.T.Wang has been widely used as an important medicine in China. In the folk of China, its whole plant has been used for fractures, rheumatic heart disease, testitis, hernia, abdominal pain, and dyspepsia, etc. Despite its extensive use, there is a shortage of literature investigating the specific bioactive compounds and underlying mechanisms responsible for their anti-inflammatory effects. This knowledge gap serves as the primary impetus for conducting this study, which aims to shed light on the previously unexplored therapeutic potential of M. axillaris. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aims to investigate the material basis and potential mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of M. axillaris. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Compounds were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of M. axillaris using a systematic phytochemical method. The structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, ECD calculation, and DP4+ analysis. The anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract and compounds from M. axillaris were tested by an inflammation model of LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in vitro. Western blot analysis was employed to evaluate the expressions of COX-2, iNOS, and NF-κB signaling pathways, aiming to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS: Eleven undescribed monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs), axillines A-K (1-11), along with thirteen known analogs were isolated from M. axillaris. Compound 1 was the first representative of vincadine alkaloid with unprecedented 6/5/9/6/6 skeletons. Compounds 1-11 and ethanol extract showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. Among them, compound 2 had the best activity of inhibiting NO release (IC50 = 3.7 ± 0.9 µM). Additionally, subsequent Western blot analysis revealed that 2 could significantly inhibit the up-regulation of NF-κB signaling pathways, iNOS, and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, thereby demonstrating its anti-inflammatory activity. CONCLUSION: This study provides support for the traditional use of M. axillaris in terms of its anti-inflammatory properties and highlights the potential of MIAs as promising candidates for further development as anti-inflammatory drugs.

A vertical-flow constructed wetland-microalgal membrane photobioreactor integrated system for treating high-pollution-load marine aquaculture wastewater: A lab-scale study.

Individual biological water treatment techniques often prove ineffective in removing accumulated high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the late stages of biofloc aquaculture. To address this issue, we integrated a previously developed autotrophic denitrification and nitrification integrated constructed wetland (ADNI-CW) with a microalgal membrane photobioreactor (MPBR). Under high nitrogen and phosphorus pollution loads in the influent, the standalone ADNI-CW system achieved removal rates of only 24.17 % ± 2.82 % for total nitrogen (TN) and 25.30 % ± 2.59 % for total phosphorus (TP). The optimal conditions for TN and TP degradation and microalgal biomass production in the Chlorella MPBR, determined using response surface methodology, were an inoculum OD680 of 0.394, light intensity of 161.583 µmol/m2/s, and photoperiod of 16.302 h light:7.698 h dark. Under the optimal operating conditions, the integrated ADNI-CW-MPBR system achieved remarkable TN and TP removal rates of 92.63 % ± 2.8 % and 77.46 % ± 8.41 %, respectively, and a substantial microalgal biomass yield of 54.58 ± 6.8 mg/L/day. This accomplishment signifies the successful achievement of efficient nitrogen and phosphorus removal from high-pollution-load marine aquaculture wastewater along with the acquisition of valuable microalgal biomass. A preliminary investigation of the microbial community composition and algal-bacterial interactions in different operational stages of the MPBR system revealed that unclassified_d__Bacteria, Chlorophyta, and Planctomycetes were predominant phyla. The collaborative relationships between bacteria and Chlorella surpassed competition, ensuring highly efficient nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the MPBR system. This study laid the foundation for the green and sustainable development of the aquaculture industry.