[The preservation of the seasonal fluctuations in the insecticide irritability of Anopheles martinius in a laboratory culture]. / Sokhranenie sezonnykh kolebanii razdrazhimosti k insektitsidam u Anopheles martinius v laboratornoi kul'ture.

Synchronous seasonal variations of the irritability by malathion, fenitrothion, propoxur and DDT with the minimum in midsummer and maximum in the overwintering generation were previously discovered in a wild population of Anopheles martinius from Karakalpakia. After laboratory colonization of the species the fluctuations of irritability persisted in spite of the absence of diapause and insecticide pressure. The levels of irritability by the three former poisons were still synchronously fluctuating with the period of the fourth generation, but propoxur irritability was changing in a peculiar mode. The presence of a genetically regulated populational auto-oscillatory mechanism is supposed.

[Insecticide resistance and irritability of Culex pipiens in Moscow]. / Rezistentnost' i razdrazhimost' k insektitsidam u Culex pipiens v Moskve.

Resistance and irritability to permethrin, deltamethrin, bendiocarb, propoxur, fenitrothion, malathion, dieldrin and DDT (WHO standard papers) were determined in Culex pipiens collected in the basements of big houses in the centre of Moscow. Mosquitos were found to be moderately resistant to fenitrothion (87% mortality), DDT (83%) and propoxur (80%), and susceptible to the remaining insecticides. The irritability was low to dieldrin but moderate to permethrin, propoxur and DDT, and high to the rest. The irritability to bendiocarb seems to be really caused by the repellent action of citric acid which the WHO standard paper is impregnated with. It is recommended to use pyrethroids against mosquito larvae and pyrethroid brickets against adults.

[The creation of a laboratory culture of Anopheles martinius Schingarev, 1926]. / Sozdanie laboratornoi kul'tury Anopheles martinius Schingarev, 1926.

A laboratory colony of Anopheles martinius has been first set up in the world. The starting colony was a sample of overwintered females collected in the Takhta-Kupyr district of Karakalpakia. The colony was reproducing in laboratory for 11 months (not less than 15 generations). The method for its maintenance is similar to that for An. sacharovi.

[Seasonal variability in the insecticide resistance and irritability of Anopheles superpictus]. / Sezonnaia izmenchivost' rezistentnosti i razdrazhimosti k insektitsidam u Anopheles superpictus.

The resistance and irritability to malathion, fenitrothion, propoxur and DDT (WHO insecticide impregnated papers) in Anopheles superpictus from Dangara District were determined three times in season. Complete susceptibility to malathion, fenitrothion and DDT and low resistance to propoxur probably based on knockdown mechanism were noticed. DDT and malathion irritability levels were high, and those for fenitrothion and propoxur were lower. During the season irritability to malathion and fenitrothion (organophosphorous compounds) was slightly decreasing, and in contrast was increasing to propoxur (carbamate). Irritability to DDT (organochloride) considerably fell down in August and achieved the initial level in September again. None of the tested insecticides can be recommended for residual spraying in Dangara District because of high irritability levels in mosquitos or danger of its rapid increase after onset of spraying.

[A comparison of the level of resistance and irritability in Anopheles hyrcanus and An. superpictus to insecticides]. / Sravnenie urovnia rezistentnosti i razdrazhimosti Anopheles hyrcanus i An. superpictus k insektitsidam.

The resistance and irritability to malathion, fenitrothion, propoxur and DDT (WHO insecticide impregnated paper) were determined in the endophilic Anopheles superpictus population in Dushanbe and in the exophilic An. hyrcanus population in Parkhar district. An. superpictus proved to be completely susceptible to malathion, fenitrothion and propoxur, low resistant to DDT, and highly or moderately irritable to all the insecticides. On the contrary, An. hyrcanus, was low irritable to insecticides but highly resistant to DDT and moderately resistant to propoxur, while its susceptibility to malathion and fenitrothion remained complete. It is supposed that the nature of adaptation to insecticide pressure is, to a great extent, determined by mosquito endophily or exophily.

[The seasonal changes in the resistance and irritability to insecticides in malarial mosquitoes in Karakalpakia]. / Sezonnye izmeneniia rezistentnosti i razdrazhimosti k insektitsidam u maliariinykh komarov v Karakalpakii.

Primary observations on insecticide resistance and irritability in Anopheles martinius and An. pulcherrimus were carried out in Karakalpakia. Both the species were completely susceptible to malathion and fenitrothion, and An. pulcherrimus was also susceptible to propoxur and DDT. An. martinius had a moderate resistance to DDT, which decreased by the autumn, and initial stage of resistance to propoxur probably based on knockdown mechanism. In both the species irritability was to DDT high, and was lower to malathion, propoxur and especially fenitrothion. During the season, irritability to the four insecticides was decreasing in An. pulcherrimus, and in An. martinius; it was high in April but became moderate or low in July and then began to grow again reaching the initial high level in November. No relation between the seasonal changes of irritability and rounds of insecticide spraying was noticed. It is supposed that a genetically and physiologically stipulated mechanism of the seasonal variability of irritability exists in mosquito populations.

[The prospects for the study of mosquito irritability to insecticides]. / Perspektivy izucheniia razdrazhimosti komarov k insektitsidam.

Mosquito irritability to insecticides was intensively studied abroad in the 40-ies and 60-ies. At present such studies are carried out mainly in the E. I. Martsynovskii Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine. The article sums up the history of such studies and reviews the main results. A hypothesis of the mechanism of mosquito irritability to insecticides is outlined. It is emphasized that besides traditional monitoring in the population of carriers it is necessary to study thoroughly the physiology and genetics of irritability.

[The specific nature of the irritability to fenitrothion and malathion in blood-sucking mosquitoes]. / Spetsificheskii kharakter razdrazhimosti k fenitrotionu i malationu u krovososushchikh komarov.

Several populations of malaria mosquitos were previously discovered to have different irritability to two insecticides of the organophosphorous group, such as fenitrothion and malathion. Individual comparison of fenitrothion and malathion irritability levels in laboratory colonies of Anopheles stephensi, An. atroparvus, Culex pipiens, Aedes aegypti, and Ae. togoi and in the natural population of An. martinius has shown that irritability to the two chemicals is specific in all the six species. This is probably due to recognizing the insecticide molecules by means of a so-called "living group" which has different structure in fenitrothion and malathion.

[Trials of the insecticides Icon and Ficam against mosquitoes in the southern USSR]. / Ispytaniia insektitsidov aikona i fikama protiv komarov na iuge SSSR.

Two residual insecticides (Icon 10% WP, ICI and Ficam W 80% WP, CAMCO) were in 1989 tested in field trials in Tajikistan, Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan against Anopheles superpictus, An. sacharovi, An. pulcherrimus, An. martinius, Culex pipiens, Aedes caspius, and Ae. vexans. In dosages recommended by the producing companies (0.025 g/m2 a. i. for Icon and 0.4 g/m2 for Ficam), the above preparations showed residual action during 2-3 months. Icon and Ficam did not cause irritability and repellency in mosquito, which did not migrate to unsprayed rooms of cattle sheds. In areas where the experimental trials were large-scale, a stable decrease in mosquito density was achieved. An insecticide action of ICON was also noted on house flies, cockroaches, bed bugs, fleas and spiders.

[The utilization of the basic theoretical tenets of V. N. Beklemishev in modern biomedical science and practice]. / Ispol'zovanie osnovnykh teoreticheskikh polozhenii V. N. Beklemisheva v sovremennoi mediko-biologicheskoi nauke i praktike.

A brief review of the basic theoretical concepts of an outstanding Soviet zoologist V. N. Beklemishev in the field of parasitology, general epidemiology, medical entomology, theory of evolution is presented. The influence of Beklemishev's theoretical concepts on modern science and practice is discussed, prospects for the use and development of those concepts are reviewed.

[The inheritance of irritability to insecticides in malarial mosquitoes]. / Nasledovanie razdrazhimosti k insektitsidam u maliariinykh komarov.

Mosquito populations are not uniform in irritability to insecticides. Due to this reason presentation of the test results as an average number of one mosquito's flights during 10 or 15 minutes contact with insecticide paper does not reflect infrapopulation differences. It is proposed to divide mosquitoes into 3 groups: not irritable (0-1 flight per 10 minutes of contact), moderately irritable (2-9 flights), and highly irritable (10 and more). For the irritability tests only mosquitoes with 0-1 flight (during contact with control paper) were taken. Spontaneously irritable mosquitoes (2 and more flights in control) may become the reason of erroneous results. Yearly and seasonal changes of irritability level in different Anopheles species depending on the insecticide spraying intensity are shown. First proof of the inherited irritability to insecticides and specificity of this quality is obtained. Indirect data indicate that probably polygenic inheritance of irritability takes place in Anopheles.

[Standardization of a method for determining the irritability of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) to insecticides]. / O standartizatsii metoda opredeleniia razdrazhimosti komarov (Diptera, Culicidae) k insektitsidam.

The method for determining mosquito irritability with insecticides recommended by the WHO has some drawbacks, which make the results less valuable. An improved method for determining the irritability is developed, in which WHO standard instruments and WHO insecticide paper are applied. It is suggested that the same specimens be used both in experiment and control, and spontaneously active females be removed from the experiment. It is recommended to calculate mosquito distribution from the degree of irritability. In determining the degree of irritability some motor activity in between flights should be taken into account. In each group average number of flights is calculated within 10 min. contact with insecticide. It is shown that a single experiment with every population is sufficient for obtaining true results if the size of experimental sample is 50 females.