Cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: to identify cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents and verify correlations between these variables and biochemical markers, and between blood pressure percentiles, Body Mass Index, and biochemical markers. METHODS: a cross-sectional study, conducted at a Brazilian school, from August to September 2019, including 205 participants who were interviewed. After the interview, anthropometric assessments, including weight, height, arm circumference, blood pressure checking, and blood collection for laboratory tests were performed. Descriptive and inferential analysis using the chi-square test was conducted. RESULTS: a total of 18.5% had blood pressure percentiles >95%, 25.4% were overweight, and 25.9% were at very high cardiovascular risk. Statistically significant associations were found between cardiovascular risk and sex, Body Mass Index and blood pressure percentiles, and between blood pressure percentiles and triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS: high prevalence of risk factors among school adolescents reinforces the need for interventions for cardiovascular risk reduction in this population.

Cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents / Risco cardiovascular e fatores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes / Riesgo cardiovascular y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents and verify correlations between these variables and biochemical markers, and between blood pressure percentiles, Body Mass Index, and biochemical markers. Methods: a cross-sectional study, conducted at a Brazilian school, from August to September 2019, including 205 participants who were interviewed. After the interview, anthropometric assessments, including weight, height, arm circumference, blood pressure checking, and blood collection for laboratory tests were performed. Descriptive and inferential analysis using the chi-square test was conducted. Results: a total of 18.5% had blood pressure percentiles >95%, 25.4% were overweight, and 25.9% were at very high cardiovascular risk. Statistically significant associations were found between cardiovascular risk and sex, Body Mass Index and blood pressure percentiles, and between blood pressure percentiles and triglycerides. Conclusions: high prevalence of risk factors among school adolescents reinforces the need for interventions for cardiovascular risk reduction in this population.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar o risco cardiovascular e os fatores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes e verificar correlações entre essas variáveis e marcadores bioquímicos, e entre percentis de pressão arterial, Índice de Massa Corporal e marcadores bioquímicos. Métodos: estudo transversal, realizado em escola brasileira, de agosto-setembro de 2019, incluindo 205 participantes que foram entrevistados. Após a entrevista, foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas, incluindo peso, altura, circunferência do braço, aferição da pressão arterial e coleta de sangue. Foi realizada análise descritiva e inferencial por meio do Teste do Qui-Quadrado. Resultados: 18,5% apresentavam percentis de pressão arterial>95%, 25,4% com sobrepeso e 25,9% com risco cardiovascular muito alto. Foram encontradas associações estatisticamente significativas entre risco cardiovascular e sexo, Índice de Massa Corporal e percentis de pressão arterial e entre percentis de pressão arterial e triglicérides. Conclusões: a alta prevalência de fatores de risco em adolescentes escolares reforça a necessidade de intervenções para redução do risco cardiovascular nessa população.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar riesgo cardiovascular y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adolescentes y verificar las correlaciones entre estas variables y marcadores bioquímicos, y entre percentiles de presión arterial, Índice de Masa Corporal y marcadores bioquímicos. Métodos: estudio transversal, realizado en una escuela brasileña, de agosto a septiembre de 2019, que incluyó a 205 participantes que fueron entrevistados. Después de la entrevista, se realizaron evaluaciones antropométricas que incluyeron peso, talla, perímetro del brazo, medición de la presión arterial y extracción de sangre para pruebas de laboratorio. El análisis descriptivo e inferencial se realizó mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado. Resultados: el 18,5% tenía percentiles de presión arterial>95%, el 25,4% tenía sobrepeso y el 25,9% tenía un riesgo cardiovascular muy alto.Se encontraron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre el riesgo cardiovascular y el sexo, el Índice de Masa Corporal y los percentiles de presión arterial, y entre los percentiles de presión arterial y los triglicéridos. Conclusiones: la alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo en estudiantes adolescentes refuerza la necesidad de intervenciones para reducir el riesgo cardiovascular en esta población.

Hypertriglyceridemia promotes dysfunctions in high-density lipoprotein increasing the cardiovascular risk

Abstract Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with several metabolic diseases. The triglycerides (TG) disrupt the cholesterol reverse transport and contribute to increased levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) acts in cholesterol reverse transport as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. This study aims to investigate the role of hypertriglyceridemia in the functionality of HDL. Individuals were divided into 4 groups based on high or low HDL-c and triglycerides levels. Biochemical and anthropometric analysis were performed. This study demonstrated that triglycerides promote dysfunctions on HDL, increasing the cardiovascular risk. Blood pressure was higher in subjects with low HDL. Women presented higher levels of HDL-c and low percentage of fat mass. The highest levels of triglycerides were observed in older age. In addition, high levels of triglycerides were associated with higher total cholesterol and LDL-c levels, non-HDL-c, non-esterified fatty acids, and blood glucose, increasing in the ratio of non-HDL-c/HDL-c and ApoB/ApoA-I. The increase of triglycerides levels progressively impairs the antioxidant capacity of HDL, probably due to a higher occurrence of fatty acid peroxidation in individuals with hypertriglyceridemia. Patients with high HDL and low TG levels increased the Lag Time. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between TG versus HDL particle size, variables that depend on age and anthropometric parameters.

Estudo dos marcadores de virulência tnpA, tnpB, cagM do helicobacter pylori e sua associaçãocom afecções gástricas em Fortaleza, Brasil

O Helicobacter pylorié uma bactéria Gram-negativa que coloniza mais da metade da população mundial; a infecção por esta bactéria está associada adiversas afecções gástricas, entre elas: gastrites, úlceras pépticas ecâncer gástrico. O grau de lesões e patogenicidade é muito dependente da diversidade gênica da bactéria. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os fatores de virulência tnpA, tnpBe cagMdoH. pyloriem pacientes com gastrite, úlcera péptica e câncer gástrico. Agenotipagem das cepas de H. pylorioriundas de biópsias gástricas foi realizada pela técnica de reação em cadeia de polimerase.Foram analisados 147 pacientes, os quais 50 eram portadores de gastrite, 51 de úlceras péptica e 46 de câncer gástrico; os quais 72 eram do gênero masculino e 75 do feminino com média de idade e desvio padrão de 54,18±14,24anos.A população estudada foi dividida em duas faixas etárias, abaixo e acima de 45 anos; a qual 72,8% estavam acima de 45 anos de idade.A frequência dos genótipos estudados foi: 70(47,6%) cepas tnpA; 03(2,0%) tnpB; 19(12,9%) cagM.O gene tnpAfoi o mais presente no gênero masculino nas duas faixas etárias estudadas; no entanto, sem associação estatística do gene com tais variáveis. O gene tnpAapresentou uma associação negativa com o câncer gástrico; enquanto apresentou associação significativa com aúlcera duodenal (p= 0,002). O gene tnpB foi o de menor prevalência enão obteve nenhuma associação significante. O gene cagM foi o segundo mais prevalente e apresentou associação significativa com úlcera duodenal (p= 0,024). Concluiu-se que os genes tnpA, cagM estão correlacionados com o risco maior de desenvolver úlceras pépticas; sugerindo que tais genes são bons candidatos a serem marcadores genéticos do H. pylori para a úlcera péptica nestes pacientes de Fortaleza.

Helicobacter pyloriis a Gram-negative strainthat colonizes more than half the world's population; Infection by this strainis associated with variousgastric diseases, including: gastritis, peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. The degree of injury and pathogenicity is very dependent on the genetic diversity of the strian. The aim of this study was to evaluate the virulence factors tnpA, tnpBand cagMof H. pyloriin patients with gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Genotyping of H. pyloristrains arising from gastric biopsies was performed by the polymerase chain reaction technique. Were analyzed 147 patients, of which 50 had gastritis, 51 peptic ulcers and 46 gastric cancer; which 72 were male and 75 female, mean age and standard deviation of 54.18 ±14.24 years. The study population was divided into two age groups below and above 45 years; which 72.8% were above 45 years of age. The frequency of genotypes was: 70 (47.6%) tnpAstrains; 03 (2.0%) tnpB; 19 (12.9%) cagM. The tnpAgene was more prevalent in males in both age groups; however, no statistical association of the gene with such variables. The tnpAgene showed a negative association with gastric cancer; while significantly associated with duodenal ulcer (p= 0.002). The tnpBgene had the lowest prevalence and got no significant association. The cagMgene was the most prevalent second and showed a significant association with duodenal ulcer (p= 0.024). It was concluded that the tnpAgenes, cagMare correlated with increased risk of developing peptic ulcers; suggesting that these genes are good candidates for genetic markers of H. pyloriin peptic ulcer disease in these patients Fortaleza.