2ª CNSMu na (re)construção da Saúde das Mulheres: desafios da integralidade com equidade / 2nd CNSMu in the (re)construction of Women's Health: challenges of integrality with equity

O presente documento apresenta o Relatório Final da 2ª Conferência Nacional da Saúde das Mulheres ­ 2ª CNSMU, contendo 285 (duzentas e oitenta e cinco) propostas debatidas nos grupos de trabalho e 16 (dezesseis) moções aprovadas na plenária final por 1.205 (mil duzentos e cinco) delegadas. A 2ª CNSMU que teve como tema central "Saúde das mulheres: Desafios para a integralidade com equidade", foi organizada e realizada em Brasília pelo Conselho Nacional de Saúde (CNS), no período de 17 a 20 de agosto de 2017, contando com 1.778 participantes, sendo 91.2% mulheres e 8.5% homens entre: delegadas/os, participantes livres, membros de comissões organizadoras e convidados. Assim, a 2ª CNSMU consagrou-se como marco na saúde das mulheres brasileiras, por dar visibilidade às diversidades e pluralidades das expressões do feminino, sendo também um espaço de escuta e respeito.

Risk of bias and certainty of evidence on the association between obesity and mortality in patients with SARS-COV-2: An umbrella review of meta-analyses.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: This umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analysis (SR-MAs) aimed to evaluate the risk of bias and the certainty of the evidence of SR-MAs on the association between obesity and mortality in patients with SARS-CoV-2. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive literature search until April 22, 2022, in several databases and assessed the risk of bias of SR-MAs according to AMSTAR-2 and the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach. The degree of overlap between meta-analyses was based on the corrected covered area (CCA) index. The results of each MA [relative risk (RR), hazard ratio (HR), or odds ratio (OR)] were extracted to evaluate the magnitude of the association between obesity and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 24 SR-MAs were eligible, and the association between obesity and mortality was not statistically significant in eight (33.3%) of them, while the OR/HR/RR ranged from 1.14 to 3.52 in the other SR-MAs. The overlap was slight (CCA = 4.82%). The majority of SR-MAs presented critically low quality according to AMSTAR-2 (66.7%), and the certainty of the evidence for most of them (83.4%) was "very low". CONCLUSIONS: Obesity was associated with an increased risk of death in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in most SR-MAs; however, a critical appraisal pointed to a high risk of bias, and the certainty of their evidence was not well graded. The dissemination of poor SR-MAs may limit the interpretation of findings, and we should always aspire to trustworthy scientific evidence. PROSPERO: PROSPERO 2021 CRD42021253142.

Entrevista com Fernando Pigatto - Presidente do Conselho Nacional de Saúde (25/06/2021) / Interview with Fernando Pigatto - President of National Health Council (06/25/2021)

RESUMO Entrevista realizada com Fernando Pigatto, atual presidente do Conselho Nacional de Saúde (CNS), por via remota, em 25 de junho de 2021, quando o País chegava a 500 mil mortos pela pandemia de Covid-19. Nela, os entrevistadores objetivaram, por meio de perguntas abertas, levantar informações que: i) apresentassem a atuação do CNS no contexto pandêmico, em especial, seus desafios e avanços; e ii) promovessem a reflexão do entrevistado sobre aspectos fundamentais da democracia e da participação social, sobretudo a relação do Conselho com a sociedade civil e a sociedade política, o papel do CNS no processo decisório das políticas de saúde (ator e/ou arena?) e a interação Conselho-Conferência.

ABSTRACT Interview with Fernando Pigatto, President of National Health Council (CNS), carried out remotely, on 25/06/2021, when the country reached the mark of 500,000 deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic. The interviewers aimed, through open questions, to collected information that would: i) present the performance of the CNS in the pandemic context, in special its challenges and advances; and ii) promote the interviewee's reflection on fundamental aspects of democracy and social participation, especially the relationship between the Council and civil society and political society, the role of CNS in the decision-making process of health policies (actor and/or arena?), and the Council-Conference interaction.

Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher: protagonismo do movimento de mulheres / National Policy for Integral Attention to Women's Health: leading role of the women's movement

RESUMO O artigo aborda a trajetória de elaboração da Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher a partir da participação social do movimento de mulheres, do Movimento da Reforma Sanitária Brasileira, das instâncias de diálogo construídas desde a década de 1980 até aprovação em 2004 e proposição de revisão em 2017 pelo Estado brasileiro. Apresenta o processo de participação social do movimento feminista, ao longo desse período, limites, recuos e avanços para a elaboração e implantação da política. O artigo traz elementos para reflexão a partir de uma abordagem de gênero e cita alguns pontos de intersecção e diferenças dos mecanismos institucionais de controle social, no campo das políticas para as mulheres e da construção do Sistema Único de Saúde.

ABSTRACT The article addresses the elaboration trajectory of the National Policy for Integral Attention to Women's Health from the social participation of the women's movement, the Brazilian Health Reform Movement, the instances of dialogue raised in the 1980s until its approval in 2004 and review in 2017 by the Brazilian State. It presents the process of social participation of the Feminist Movement, throughout this period, its limits, setbacks, and advances for the elaboration and implementation of the Policy. The article brings elements for reflection from a gender approach and mentions some points of intersection and divergence in institutional mechanisms of social control, both in the field of women's policies and in the development of the Unified Health System.

Revisional Malabsorptive Bariatric Surgery: 29-Year Follow-up in a Brazilian Public Hospital.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of 67 patients who underwent revisional bariatric surgeries over a 29-year period in a Brazilian public hospital. METHODS: The records of all patients who underwent revisional bariatric surgery from January 1987 to December of 2016 at our hospital were analyzed for weight loss and complications. Descriptive statistics and paired t tests were computed. RESULTS: Sixty-seven patients were included in the study. The primary surgeries previously performed on these patients were biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) (37 cases, 55.2%), jejunoileal bypass (JIB) (24 cases, 35.8%), sleeve gastrectomy (4 cases, 5.9%), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) (1 case, 1.5%), and laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (1 case, 1.5%). The indications for revisional surgery were as follows: malnutrition in 29 cases (43.3%), failure to lose weight in 27 cases (40.3%), weight regain in 5 cases (7.5%), and untreatable diarrhea in 6 cases (9.2%). Most revisional surgeries were performed using JIB or BPD-DS. Operative mortality was higher after the revisional procedures compared with that following the primary bariatric surgeries. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients requiring a revisional surgery had undergone a primary BPD-DS or JIB. Severe and untreatable malnutrition and diarrhea were the main indications for the revisional procedures. RYGB produced significant and sustainable weight loss and exhibited a low risk of malnutrition or requiring revisional surgery.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with different baseline glucose status undergoing bariatric surgery: analysis of intraoperative liver biopsies and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery has been investigated as a treatment option for obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Because patients with NAFLD and type 2 diabetes show accelerated progression from liver disease to cirrhosis, it has been suggested that surgery could be indicated for patients with lower degrees of obesity and type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the degree of tissue damage in liver biopsies obtained from patients undergoing bariatric surgery, correlating histopathologic findings with their baseline glucose status. SETTING: General hospital in the public health system. METHODS: Intraoperative liver biopsies were obtained from 521 obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Patients were divided into 3 study groups according to their preoperative glucose levels: 167 (32.05%) type 2 diabetic, 132 (25.33%) prediabetic, and 222 (42.61%) normoglycemic patients. Tissue samples were classified in accordance with Brunt and Clinical Research Network Nonalcoholic Steatohepatis criteria. RESULTS: Prevalence of NAFLD was 95%. Higher rates of hepatic fibrosis were observed in diabetic patients (56.4%) compared with prediabetic (29.2%), and normoglycemic patients (28.6%) (P<.001). Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis was diagnosed in 59.4% of the diabetics, in 49.2% of the prediabetics, and in 36% of the normoglycemic obese (P<.001). Only 1.5% of the diabetics had no histologic hepatic alterations. CONCLUSION: NAFLD is markedly more severe in diabetic patients. Our data suggest that intraoperative liver biopsy should be considered for diabetic patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Early bariatric surgery should be investigated as a means to prevent progression of NAFLD.

Avanços e desafios na implementação da Política Nacional de Saúde Integral LGBT / Advances and challenges in the implementation of the National Policy on Integral Health of the LGBT Population

: Este artigo apresenta a descrição dos avanços e desafios da implementação da Política Nacional de Saúde Integral LGBT, desde sua elaboração e aprovação no Conselho Nacional de Saúde até a implementação de seu Plano Operativo, nos anos de 2012 à 2015.

This article presents the advances and challenges of the implementation of the National Policy on Comprehensive LGBT Health, since its elaboration and approval by the National Health Council to the implementation of its Operational Plan (2012-2015). (AU)

Este artículo analiza los avances y desafíos de la implementación de la Política Nacional de Salud Integral LGBT, desde su elaboración y aprobación por parte del Consejo Nacional de Salud hasta la ejecución de su Plan de Acción (2012-2015).

Estado e políticas de equidade em saúde: democracia participativa? / State and equity policies in health: participatory democracy?

RESUMO Estado, políticas de equidade e participação social: experiência de gestão participativa na construção e na implementação de políticas públicas. Pode a saúde tornar-se um espaço de construção de cidadania que contribua com a redução das desigualdades sociais? Os limites do Estado brasileiro podem ser impeditivos para o desenvolvimento de uma gestão participativa, na qual os movimentos sociais deveriam estar aptos, de fato, a opinar e participar sem perder sua autonomia? O presente ensaio traz elementos para essas reflexões e cita possíveis avanços em tais questões, a partir da implantação de políticas de equidade na saúde, apontando, ainda, potencialidades de articulação entre as esferas da gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde, como espaço, também, de gestão participativa.

ABSTRACT State, equity policies and social participation: participatory management experience in the construction and implementation of public policies. Can health become a space for construction of citizenship that contributes to the reduction of social inequalities? Can the limits of the Brazilian state be prohibitive for the development of a participative management, in which social movements should be able to, in fact, speak about and participate without losing their autonomy? This essay brings elements to this reflection and cites possible advances in such issues, from the implementation of equity policies in health, pointing out, also, potentialities of articulation between the Unified Health System management spheres, as a space, also, of participatory management.

Impact of Bariatric Surgery on the Saliva of Patients with Morbid Obesity.

BACKGROUND: The oral condition of obese patients may change following bariatric surgery owing to adverse effects that cause alterations in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of bariatric surgery on the saliva of patients with morbid obesity. METHODS: Whole saliva samples were collected from 27 patients with morbid obesity (BMI >40 kg/m(2)), prior to and 6 months after bariatric surgery. Stimulated salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and microbial levels of mutans streptococci, Lactobacillus spp., and Candida albicans were analyzed from saliva. RESULTS: Values of all salivary variables before and after bariatric surgery were within the normal range, except for the level of C. albicans, which was elevated at both times. An increase in the level of mutans streptococci was observed after bariatric surgery (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the salivary levels of mutans streptococci increase following bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients.

Impact of bariatric surgery on the oral health of patients with morbid obesity.

BACKGROUND: The present study assessed the impact of bariatric surgery on the oral health. METHODS: All of the patients who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass at Nossa Senhora da Conceição Hospital between October 2009 and January 2011 were invited to participate. In this longitudinal study, oral examinations and interviews were conducted in two stages. A descriptive analysis, McNemar's test, Student's t test for paired samples, and the Wilcoxon test were performed. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients completed the protocol. There was a statistically significant reduction in the number of medications taken daily, sensation of dry mouth, and increased stimulated salivary flow rate. CONCLUSIONS: The oral health of patients who underwent bariatric surgery improved; moreover, the sensation of dry mouth decreased.

Improvement of exercise capacity and peripheral metaboreflex after bariatric surgery.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery is the only predictable method to obtain weight loss in severe obesity. Poor physical performance of obese individuals may be mediated by the peripheral metaboreflex, which controls blood flow redistribution to exercising muscles. Weight reduction improves exercise capacity through several possible mechanisms that are insufficiently understood. We hypothesized that the metaboreflex is one among the causes of improvement in exercise capacity after weight loss. This study thus aimed to examine the effect of bariatric surgery on exercise performance and metaboreflex. METHODS: Severely obese patients were assessed before and 3 months after bariatric surgery. Metaboreflex was evaluated by the technique of selective induction by post-exercise circulatory occlusion (PECO+) after isometric handgrip exercise at 30% of maximum voluntary contraction. The exercise capacity was assessed by 6-min walking test. RESULTS: Seventeen patients completed the protocol. Body mass index decreased from 46.4 ± 2 to 36.6 ± 2 kg/m2 (P < 0.001). The distance walked in 6 min increased from 489 ± 14 to 536 ± 14 m (P < 0.001). The peripheral metaboreflex activity, expressed by the area under the curve of vascular resistance, was lower after than before bariatric surgery (42 ± 5 to 20 ± 4 units, P = 0.003). Heart rate, blood pressure, and vascular resistance were also significantly decreased. The correlation between change in distance walked in 6 min and change in peripheral metaboreflex activity was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Weight loss after bariatric surgery increases exercise capacity and reduces peripheral metaboreflex, heart rate, and blood pressure. Further investigation on the role of metaboreflex regarding mechanisms of exercise capacity of individuals with obesity is warranted.

Prevalence of upper digestive endoscopy and gastric histopathology findings in morbidly obese patients.

CONTEXT: The prevalence of obesity has been increasing in modern society. Roux-en-y gastric bypass is a bariatric surgery that involves the exclusion of significant part of the stomach. Atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer have been associated with infection by Helicobacter pylori. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the presence of endoscopy findings and histological changes in morbid obese patients for the presence of inflammatory cells, inflammatory activity, lymphoid hyperplasia, H. pylori infection, atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in the gastric mucosa. METHODS: Upper digestive endoscopy and gastric histopathological were studied in 126 obese patients in the preoperative evaluation for bariatric surgery. RESULTS: Upper digestive endoscopy abnormalities were diagnosed in 73/126 (57.9%) patients. In three patients (2.4%) the upper gastrointestinal endoscopy diagnosed gastric ulcer and one patient (0.8%) had duodenal ulcer. The histopathological from gastric biopsies of these obese patients showed 65.1% of mucosa inflammation, inflammatory activity in 50.0%, infection by H. pylori in 53.2%, lymphoid hyperplasia in 50.0% and atrophy and/or intestinal metaplasia in 16.7%. CONCLUSIONS: In present study, with routine preoperative upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and histopathological examination, were detected 57.9% patients with endoscopy abnormalities, high prevalence of infection by H. pylori (53%) and 16.7% of gastric atrophy and/or intestinal metaplasia.

Prevalence of upper digestive endoscopy and gastric histopathology findings in morbidly obese patients / Prevalência de achados gástricos endoscópicos e histopatológicos em pacientes obesos

CONTEXT: The prevalence of obesity has been increasing in modern society. Roux-en-y gastric bypass is a bariatric surgery that involves the exclusion of significant part of the stomach. Atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer have been associated with infection by Helicobacter pylori. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the presence of endoscopy findings and histological changes in morbid obese patients for the presence of inflammatory cells, inflammatory activity, lymphoid hyperplasia, H. pylori infection, atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in the gastric mucosa. METHODS: Upper digestive endoscopy and gastric histopathological were studied in 126 obese patients in the preoperative evaluation for bariatric surgery. RESULTS: Upper digestive endoscopy abnormalities were diagnosed in 73/126 (57.9%) patients. In three patients (2.4%) the upper gastrointestinal endoscopy diagnosed gastric ulcer and one patient (0.8%) had duodenal ulcer. The histopathological from gastric biopsies of these obese patients showed 65.1% of mucosa inflammation, inflammatory activity in 50.0%, infection by H. pylori in 53.2%, lymphoid hyperplasia in 50.0% and atrophy and/or intestinal metaplasia in 16.7%. CONCLUSIONS: In present study, with routine preoperative upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and histopathological examination, were detected 57.9% patients with endoscopy abnormalities, high prevalence of infection by H. pylori (53%) and 16.7% of gastric atrophy and/or intestinal metaplasia.

CONTEXT: A prevalência de obesidade tem aumentado significativamente nos últimos anos. Bypass gástrico em Y-de-Roux, uma das técnicas cirúrgicas realizadas no tratamento da obesidade, envolve exclusão de parte do estômago. Atrofia, metaplasia intestinal e câncer gástrico têm sido associados com infecção pelo Helicobacter pylori. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prevalência de achados endoscópicos e alterações histopatológicas em pacientes obesos mórbidos em relação à presença de células inflamatórias, atividade inflamatória, hiperplasia linfóide, infecção pelo H. pylori, atrofia e metaplasia intestinal na mucosa gástrica. MÉTODOS: Achados na endoscopia digestiva alta e histopatologia gástrica foram analisados em 126 pacientes obesos na avaliação pré-operatória de cirurgia bariátrica. RESULTADOS: Anormalidades endoscópicas do trato digestivo superior foram diagnosticadas em 73/126 pacientes, com três pacientes (2,4%) apresentando úlcera gástrica e um paciente (0,8%) com úlcera duodenal. A histopatologia das biopsias gástricas dos obesos estudados revelou 65,1% de processo inflamatório na mucosa, atividade inflamatória em 50,0%; infecção pelo H. pylori em 53,2%, hiperplasia linfóide em 50,0%, atrofia e/ou metaplasia intestinal em 16,7%. CONCLUSÕES: No presente estudo, através de endoscopia digestiva alta e histopatologia de biopsias gástricas, foram detectados 57,9% de pacientes com anormalidades endoscópicas, prevalência de infecção pelo H. pylori em 53% e atrofia e/ou metaplasia intestinal em 16,7%.

Inferior vena cava syndrome and morbid obesity.

A case is reported of inferior vena cava syndrome in a patient with extreme obesity (BMI: >70 kg/m(2)), treated at a public hospital. The inferior vena cava obstruction was diagnosed during an attempt at inferior vena cava filter percutaneous insertion, in prebariatric surgery period. The diagnosis occurred after a hepatic scintillography, and was confirmed with a femoral venography and celiac trunk arteriography. The patient underwent a biliopancreatic diversion-duodenal switch and has lost weight. A venography 7 months after the surgery did not show any inferior vena cava rechanneling evidence.

Flutuação de peso nos pacientes em tratamento de obesidade atendidos no ambulatório de endocrinologia do Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição entre 2002 e 2005 / Cycling weight in patients submitted to obesity treatment in the endocrinology ambulatory of Nossa Senhora da Conceição Hospital between 2002 and 2005

Introdução: A obesidade é um problema de saúde em ascensão. Seu tratamento constitui um desafio ao médico assistente e, principalmente, ao próprio paciente. Poucas pessoas obtêm bons resultados e os mantêm ao longo do tempo. Peso flutuante é um ciclo de perda e ganho (ou ganho e perda) de peso superior a 5% a partir do peso inicial. Objetivo: Determinar a incidência de peso flutuante em pacientes em tratamento de obesidade em um ambulatório de referência, além de descrever as características desses pacientes, na tentativa de estabelecer os fatores associados a este fenômeno. Metodologia: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, analisando dados das carteiras de atendimento de 145 pacientes atendidos no ambulatório de endocrinologia do Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição no período de maio a julho de 2006, os quais haviam consultado pela primeira vez no mesmo ambulatório entre janeiro de 2002 e junho de 2005. Resultados: A incidência de peso flutuante nos pacientes em estudo foi de 13,10%. A história familiar positiva para obesidade foi mais prevalente no grupo dos pacientes sem peso flutuante, quando comparado ao grupo dos pacientes com peso flutuante (p = 0,011). Ainda, pacientes sem peso flutuante apresentaram diabete melito com menor freqüência do que os com peso flutuante (p = 0,038). Conclusão: Foi verificada uma baixa incidência de peso flutuante. Isso, provavelmente, se deveu ao fato de esses pacientes terem sido acompanhados por uma equipe multidisciplinar. Pacientes com história familiar positiva para obesidade e pacientes com diabete melito têm menores riscos de apresentar peso flutuante

Introduction: Obesity is a health problem increasing. The treatment is a challenge to the assistant physician and, mainly, to the own patient. Few people get good results and keep them along the time. Cycling weight is a cycle of loss and gain (or gain and loss) of weight over 5% from the initial weight. Objective: Determining the incidence of cycling weight in patients submitted to obesity treatment in a reference ambulatory, besides describing the characteristics of these patients, in order to establish the factors associated to this phenomenon. Methodology: A retrospective cohort study, analyzing data of attendment cards of 145 patients attended in the endocrinology ambulatory of Nossa Senhora da Conceição Hospital in the period of May to July of 2006, who had consulted for the first time in the same ambulatory between January 2002 and July 2005. Results: The incidence of cycling weight was 13,10%. The positive family history of obesity was more prevalent in the group of patients without cycling weight, when compared to the group of patients with cycling weight (p = 0,011). About the comorbities, only the prevalence ofdiabetes mellitus was different in the two groups in a significant way. No-cycler patients had diabetes mellitus in a minor frequency than cyclers (p = 0,038). Conclusion: It was observed a low incidence of cycling weight. It probably happened because these patients were monitored by a multidisciplinary staff. Patients with a positive family history of obesity and diabetic patients have lower risks of developing cycling weight

Functional vascular endothelial growth factor -634G>C SNP is associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a case-control study in a Brazilian population of European ancestry.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) -634G>C at the 5' regulatory region of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the risk of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in the Brazilian population of European ancestry with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in 501 type 2 diabetic patients of European ancestry. Patients underwent a standardized clinical, ophthalmological, and laboratory evaluation. Of these, 167 patients had PDR (case patients), and 334 were considered as control subjects (patients without PDR) for PDR. A reference population (110 individuals of European ancestry) was also evaluated. RESULTS: No evidence of association between -634G>C/VEGF and the presence of diabetic retinopathy or type 2 diabetes was observed (P > 0.05). However, CC homozygous for the SNP -634G>C was significantly more frequent in patients with PDR (37 of 167; 22.2%) than in the corresponding control group (40 of 334; 12%) in accordance with a recessive model (P = 0.003). This effect was further observed when creatinine, BMI, sex, duration of type 2 diabetes, HDL cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure were taken into account (odds ratio 1.9 [95% CI 1.01-3.79], P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of the allele -634C/VEGF in homozygosity is an independent risk factor for the development of PDR in type 2 diabetic patients of European ancestry.

Familial history of type 2 diabetes in patients from Southern Brazil and its influence on the clinical characteristics of this disease.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the presence of maternal and paternal history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in relatives of 644 type 2 diabetic patients from Southern Brazil, and also to evaluate its influence on the clinical characteristics of this disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Familial history of type 2 DM was investigated by a questionnaire. The maternal and paternal history was investigated over two generations. Complete data sets on familial history were obtained from 396 patients. RESULTS: In general, 76.6% of the patients reported at least one first-degree affected relative. Besides, 31.6% of the patients reported a maternal history of type 2 DM and 12.6% reported a paternal history. Patients with maternal and/or paternal history presented a lower age at type 2 DM diagnosis when compared to patients without familial history. In addition, patients with only paternal history presented a higher frequency of hypertension than patients with no familial history. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that there is a significant maternal effect in the transmission of type 2 DM in Southern Brazil, and that most of the clinical characteristics of this disease do not differ between patients with or without familial history of type 2 DM.

Familial history of type 2 diabetes in patients from Southern Brazil and its influence on the clinical characteristics of this disease / História familiar de diabetes tipo 2 em pacientes do sul do Brasil e sua influência nas características dessa doença

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the presence of maternal and paternal history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in relatives of 644 type 2 diabetic patients from Southern Brazil, and also to evaluate its influence on the clinical characteristics of this disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Familial history of type 2 DM was investigated by a questionnaire. The maternal and paternal history was investigated over two generations. Complete data sets on familial history were obtained from 396 patients. RESULTS: In general, 76.6 percent of the patients reported at least one first-degree affected relative. Besides, 31.6 percent of the patients reported a maternal history of type 2 DM and 12.6 percent reported a paternal history. Patients with maternal and/or paternal history presented a lower age at type 2 DM diagnosis when compared to patients without familial history. In addition, patients with only paternal history presented a higher frequency of hypertension than patients with no familial history. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that there is a significant maternal effect in the transmission of type 2 DM in Southern Brazil, and that most of the clinical characteristics of this disease do not differ between patients with or without familial history of type 2 DM.

OBJETIVOS: Investigar a presença de história materna e paterna de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM) entre familiares de 644 pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 provenientes do sul do Brasil, bem como avaliar sua influência nas características clínicas dessa doença. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: A história familiar de DM tipo 2 foi investigada através de um questionário, sendo que a presença de história materna e paterna foi investigada em duas gerações. Dados completos sobre história familiar foram obtidos para 396 pacientes. RESULTADOS: Em geral, 76,6 por cento dos pacientes reportaram ao menos um familiar em primeiro grau afetado por DM tipo 2. Além disso, 31,6 por cento dos pacientes relataram uma história materna de DM tipo 2 e 12,6 por cento relataram uma história paterna. Pacientes com história materna e/ou paterna apresentaram uma idade de diagnóstico de DM tipo 2 mais baixa quando comparado a pacientes sem história familiar. Adicionalmente, pacientes que relataram apenas história paterna de DM tipo 2 apresentaram uma maior freqüência de hipertensão do que pacientes sem história familiar. CONCLUSÕES: Nosso estudo sugere que há um efeito materno significativo na transmissão do DM tipo 2 no Sul do Brasil, e que a maioria das características clínicas dessa doença não difere entre pacientes com e sem história familiar de DM tipo 2.