Isolation, Identification, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Secondary Metabolite from Serratia marcescens via an In Vivo Epicutaneous Infection Model.

Microbial secondary metabolites, which play a pivotal role in struggling with infectious diseases, are the new source for controlling bacterial contaminations and possess a strong antimicrobial potential. The present study is designed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo bactericidal activities of prodigiosin against Staphylococcus aureus. For this purpose, Serratia marcescens was used to produce prodigiosin. Characterization of the prodigiosin was carried out using NMR. In addition, bioautographic detection of prodigiosin was detected by TLC. Antibacterial assays, in vivo epicutaneous infection tests, swap analyses, and histopathological examinations were determined. The results revealed that prodigiosin was detected by NMR and TLC. According to antimicrobial susceptibility tests, prodigiosin is an efficient bactericidal compound that demonstrated strong antibacterial activity toward S. aureus. In vivo, animal studies determined that the strong inhibition of S. aureus-caused epidermal infection occurs by prodigiosin at 48 h. Histopathological results showed that S. aureus + prodigiosin skin sections consist of improved and healthy tissues without any infection area compared with the S. aureus and control groups. The in vivo study verified the antibacterial results with swap analyses, and histopathological findings showed that prodigiosin is a promising microbial metabolite effective against S. aureus infection. This study proved that prodigiosin with excellent bioactivity exhibited antibacterial properties, which might possess massive potential for new therapeutic approaches using micro-organisms.

Evaluation of the effects of different hemostatic agent applications on mental nerve.

PURPOSE: Evaluating the effect of ABS (Ankaferd Blood Stopper®), Tranexamic Acid (Transamin®) and Thrombin-Containing Hemostatic Matrix (Floseal®) on the mental nerve of rats by using histopathologic and immunohistochemical analyses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 40 Wistar Albino rats were used. Rats were randomly selected into 4 groups as Control (G1), ABS (G2), Tranexamic Acid (G3) and Thrombin-Containing Hemostatic Matrix (G4). In the control group G1, the left mental nerve was exposed and 0.3 ml of sterile saline was applied for 5 min, then closed with suture. In the other three groups, the left mental nerve was exposed and 0.3 ml ABS, Tranexamic Acid and Floseal was applied to groups, respectively. After 5 min, wounds were closed with suture. Immunohistochemical and histopathologic examinations were performed on mental nerves after 28 days. RESULTS: The total histopathologic and immunohistochemical semiquantitative scores were significantly higher in ABS (G2) compared to Control (G1), Tranexamic Acid (G3) and Thrombin-Containing Hemostatic Matrix (G4) (P < 0.05). Myelin thickness were significantly lower in G2 compared to G1, G2 and G3 (P < 0.05). G3 has the most reliable results compared to G2 and G4 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The study results suggest that ABS has neurotoxic effects and should not be used close to the nerve, and thrombin-containing hemostatic matrix should be used carefully. Tranexamic acid, on the other hand, was found to be the most reliable hemostatic agent for use in close proximity to neural tissues. Further studies are required to determine the efficacy of the hemostatic agents on peripheral nerve degeneration.