Dental caries experience in relation to body mass index and anthropometric measurements of rural children of Nellore district: A cross-sectional study.

CONTEXT: The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and dental caries consists of multiple contributing factors. There have been no studies documented in the literature in this part of rural India assessing the prevalence of dental caries in relation to BMI. Hence, an attempt was made to study dental caries in relation to BMI and anthropometric measurements. AIMS: The aims were to study dental caries experience in relation to BMI and anthropometric measurements of rural children in Nellore district. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Nellore city. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 1500 6- and 12-year-old children were examined. Dental caries was examined using the WHO dentition status criteria (1997) and 1-day diet chart was collected from each child followed by collection of anthropometric data. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Spearman's correlation test. RESULTS: In the present study, out of all the participants, 59.2% of low weight children, 41.3% of normal weight children, and 25.7% of overweight-obese children were having dental caries. Dental caries was more among low weight children compared to normal weight and overweight-obese children and was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: All the anthropometric measurements were positively correlated with dental caries except height for age and BMI for age. There was an inverse graded association between the height for age and BMI for age with dental caries in 6- and 12-year-old children.

Identification and characterization of stress degradation products of sumatriptan succinate by using LC/Q-TOF-ESI-MS/MS and NMR: Toxicity evaluation of degradation products.

Sumatriptan succinate, a selective 5-HT1B receptor agonist, was subjected to forced degradation studies as per to International Conference on Harmonization-specified conditions. The drug exclusively showed its degradation under basic, photolytic, and oxidative stress conditions, whereas it was found to be stable under acidic, thermal, and neutral conditions. Eight (DP-1 to DP-8) degradation products were identified and characterized by UPLC-ESI/MS/MS experiments combined with accurate mass measurements. The effective chromatographic separation was achieved on Hibar Purospher STAR, C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column using mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid and methanol at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/minute in gradient elution method. It is noteworthy that 2 major degradation products DP-3 and DP-7 were isolated using preparative HPLC and characterized by advanced NMR experiments. The degradation pathway of the sumatriptan was established, which was duly justified by mechanistic explanation. In vitro cytotoxicity of isolated DPs was tested on normal human cells such as HEK 293 (embryonic kidney cells) and RWPE-1 (normal prostate epithelial cells). This study revealed that they were nontoxic up to 100 µm concentration. Further, in silico toxicity of the drug and its degradation products was determined using ProTox-II prediction tool. This study revealed that DP-4 and DP-8 are predicted for immune toxicity. Amine oxidase A and prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 are predicted as toxicity targets for DP-3, DP-4, and DP-6 whereas DP-1 and DP-2 are predicted for amine oxidase A target.

Impact of Sense of Coherence on Oral Health among Bus Drivers: A Cross-Sectional Study.

AIM AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the sense of coherence (SOC) and the impact of SOC on oral hygiene behaviors and oral health status among bus drivers in Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during August-September 2017. Cluster random sampling methodology was used for the selection of drivers. Five depots were randomly selected from the list of various Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation depots in Nellore district. The estimated sample size was proportionately divided among these five depots of Nellore district (n = 120). The SOC-related data were obtained using short version of Antonovsky's SOC scale. Every item was scored on a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 7. The sum of the scores for SOC was 13-91. A high score indicates a strong SOC. Clinical examination was done for recording oral health status using Oral Hygiene Index-simplified (OHI-S), dental caries, periodontal status, and oral mucosal lesions were recorded according to the WHO criteria 1997. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS ver. 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS: Majority of the bus drivers who participated in the study had a low SOC (60%). A significant (P < 0.05) positive correlation was observed with age (r = 0.1420), socioeconomic status (r = 0.1467), and visit to dentist (r = 0.1912). A nonsignificant negative correlation was observed with habits (r = -0.0681), OHI-S (r = -0.0772), dental caries (r = -0.0874), Community Periodontal Index (r = -0.0642), loss of attachment (r = -0.0650), and oral mucosal lesions (r = -0.0542). CONCLUSION: Strong SOC was associated with increase in age, better socioeconomic status, good habits, increased frequency of dental visits, and a good oral health.

Products and mechanism of the OH-initiated photo-oxidation of perfluoro ethyl vinyl ether, C2F5OCF[double bond, length as m-dash]CF2.

The OH-initiated photo-oxidation of perfluoro ethyl vinyl ether (C2F5OCF[double bond, length as m-dash]CF2, PEVE) in air (298 K, 50 and 750 Torr total pressure) was studied in a photochemical reactor using in situ detection of PEVE and its products by Fourier transform IR absorption spectroscopy. The relative rate technique was used to derive the rate coefficient, k1, for the reaction of PEVE with OH as k1 = (2.8 ± 0.3) × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The photo-oxidation of PEVE in the presence of NOx at 1 bar results in formation of C2F5OCFO, FC(O)C(O)F and CF2O in molar yields of 0.50 ± 0.07, 0.46 ± 0.07 and 1.50 ± 0.22, respectively. FC(O)C(O)F and CF2O are formed partially in secondary, most likely heterogeneous processes. At a reduced pressure of 50 Torr, the product distribution is shifted towards formation of FC(O)C(O)F, indicating the important role of collisional quenching of initially formed association complexes, and enabling details of the reaction mechanism to be elucidated. An atmospheric photo-oxidation mechanism for PEVE is presented and the environmental implications of PEVE release and degradation are discussed.

Absolute and relative-rate measurement of the rate coefficient for reaction of perfluoro ethyl vinyl ether (C2F5OCF[double bond, length as m-dash]CF2) with OH.

The rate coefficient (k1) for the reaction of OH radicals with perfluoro ethyl vinyl ether (PEVE, C2F5OCF[double bond, length as m-dash]CF2) has been measured as a function of temperature (T = 207-300 K) using the technique of pulsed laser photolysis with detection of OH by laser-induced fluorescence (PLP-LIF) at pressures of 50 or 100 Torr N2 bath gas. In addition, the rate coefficient was measured at 298 K and in one atmosphere of air by the relative-rate technique with loss of PEVE and reference reactant monitored in situ by IR absorption spectroscopy. The rate coefficient has a negative temperature dependence which can be parameterized as: k1(T) = 6.0 × 10-13 exp[(480 ± 38/T)] cm3 molecule-1 s-1 and a room temperature value of k1 (298 K) = (3.0 ± 0.3) × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Highly accurate rate coefficients from the PLP-LIF experiments were achieved by optical on-line measurements of PEVE and by performing the measurements at two different apparatuses. The large rate coefficient and the temperature dependence indicate that the reaction proceeds via OH addition to the C[double bond, length as m-dash]C double bond, the high pressure limit already being reached at 50 Torr N2. Based on the rate coefficient and average OH levels, the atmospheric lifetime of PEVE was estimated to be a few days.

Impact of Alcohol Dependency on Oral Health - A Cross-sectional Comparative Study.

INTRODUCTION: Alcoholism is a chronic and progressive psychiatric illness characterised by a loss of control over alcohol consumption. Consumption of alcohol inevitably affects the oral cavity, oral mucosa and teeth. Literature indicates that alcohol dependents may have increased risk of dental caries, probing pocket depth and mucosal lesions. AIM: To assess the impact of alcohol dependency on oral health status among alcoholics in comparison with non alcoholics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total 76 alcoholic patients visiting Psychiatric Department were compared with matched non alcoholics. Subjects were categorised as alcohol dependents based on American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria. Non alcoholic subjects were selected by controlling for potentially confounding variables such as for cigarette, smoking and age. Data was collected by interview and clinical examination. Oral health status of subjects was assessed using a modified WHO proforma and salivary pH and plaque pH were assessed. Chi-square test was used for assessing socio demographic details and Mann-whitney U test was used for prevalence of dental caries and periodontal diseases, Unpaired t-test was used for plaque and salivary pH. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference noted among alcoholic and nonalcoholic control group with respect to socio demographic details. Prevalence of dental caries was higher in alcohol dependent subjects with a mean DMFT of 5.92 compared to nonalcoholic subjects (4.51). Prevalence of periodontitis was higher (89.61%) in alcohol dependent subjects compared to controls (78.67%). Prevalence of mucosal lesions among alcohol dependent subjects was 31.5% which was higher than the controls (25%). Subjects who were categorised as alcoholics showed a lower plaque and salivary pH compared to non alcoholics. CONCLUSION: Subjects categorised as alcohol dependent subjects had slightly lower mean plaque and salivary pH and a higher prevalence of dental caries, periodontitis and mucosal lesions compared with non alcoholic subjects.

Gas Phase Kinetics of 2,2,2-Trifluoroethylbutyrate with the Cl Atom: An Experimental and Theoretical Study.

The gas phase temperature dependent rate coefficients of Cl atoms with 2,2,2-trifluoroethylbutyrate, CH3CH2CH2C(O)OCH2CF3, were measured in the temperature range 268-343 K, at atmospheric pressures using the relative rate method, with ethyl acetate and ethane as reference compounds. The temperature dependent rate coefficients for the reaction of 2,2,2-TFEB + Cl were measured and were used to deduce the Arrhenius expression: k268-343K = [(4.42 ± 0.01) × 10(-19)]T(2.6) exp{(1132 ± 566)/T} cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). At 298 K, the rate coefficient for the title reaction is (4.54 ± 2.87) × 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), which is in good agreement with a previously reported value at 298 K. To complement our experimental results over the studied temperature range, theoretical kinetic calculations were also performed for the title reaction using canonical variational transition state theory (CVT) with small curvature tunneling (SCT) corrections in combination with the CCSD(T)/cc-pVDZ//M062X/6-31+g(d,p) level of theory. The temperature dependent Arrhenius expression was obtained to be k(T) = (1.89 ± 2.64) × 10(-21)T(3.4) exp{(1321 ± 111)/T} cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). The branching ratios, atmospheric implications, and degradation mechanism of 2,2,2-trifluoroethylbutyrate, CH3CH2CH2C(O)OCH2CF3, were discussed in detail in this manuscript.

Experimental and computational investigation on the gas phase reaction of p-cymene with Cl atoms.

The rate coefficient for the gas-phase reaction of Cl atoms with p-cymene was determined as a function of temperature (288-350 K) and pressure (700-800 Torr) using the relative rate technique, with 1,3-butadiene and ethylene as reference compounds. Cl atoms were generated by UV photolysis of oxalyl chloride ((COCl)2) at 254 nm, and nitrogen was used as the diluent gas. The rate coefficient for the reaction of Cl atoms with p-cymene at 298 K was measured to be (2.58 ± 1.55) × 10(-10) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). The kinetic data obtained over the temperature range 288-350 K were used to derive an Arrhenius expression: k(T) = (9.36 ± 2.90) × 10(-10) exp[-(488 ± 98)/T] cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). Theoretical kinetic calculations were also performed for the title reaction using canonical variational transition state theory (CVT) with small curvature tunneling (SCT) between 250 and 400 K. The calculated rate coefficients obtained over the temperature range 250-400 K were used to derive an Arrhenius expression: k(T) = 5.41 × 10(-13) exp[1837/T] cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). Theoretical study indicated that addition channels contribute maximum to the total reaction and H-abstraction channels can be neglected. The atmospheric lifetime (τ) of p-cymene due to its reactions with various tropospheric oxidants was estimated, and it was concluded that the reactions of p-cymene with Cl atoms may compete with OH radicals in the marine boundary layer and in coastal urban areas where the concentration of Cl atoms is high.

Relationship between stimulated salivary factors, dental caries status and nutritional condition among institutionalized elderly people.

BACKGROUND: Nutrition is one of the important components of health, functional independence and quality of life in elderly population. In this age group, malnutrition is common and the risk of malnutrition increases with the advancing age. Nutritional status acts as a modifying factor in the development of many oral diseases. AIM: To assess the relationship of salivary factors, dental caries and nutritional status among institutionalized elderly people. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in three old age homes in Nellore city. All the institutionalized elderly aged 50 years and above were included for the study. Pearson co-relation was done to know the relationship of malnutrition, salivary parameters and dental caries experience. RESULTS: A total of 81 subjects with a mean age of 70.12 ± 7.32 yrs participated in the study. 43% of subjects were at risk of malnourishment and 14% were malnourished. Analysis of salivary parameters in relation to nutritional status of subjects revealed that salivary flow rate decreased among malnourished subjects (0.50 ± 0.100) when compared to well-nourished subjects (0.93 ± 0.260). DMFT scores increased in subjects who were malnourished (12.45 ± 5.574) compared to well-nourished subjects (6.34 ± 5.765). Co-relation of nutritional status with salivary parameters and caries experience revealed a positive co-relation between nutritional status and salivary flow rate, where as a negative co-relation was observed between caries experience. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of malnourishment was 14% among the institutionalized elderly. All of them had lower salivary flow rate, buffering capacity and pH with increased caries experience.

Theoretical investigations on the kinetics of H-abstraction reactions from CF3CH(OH)CF3 by OH radicals.

The kinetic studies of the H-abstraction reaction of CF3CH(OH)CF3 with the OH radical, which is predicted to have two classes of possible reaction channels, were carried out. The minimum energy path and energetics were calculated at M062X/6-31+G (d,p) method. The rate coefficients for each reaction channels were evaluated by canonical variational transition state theory (CVT) with the small-curvature tunneling correction (SCT) and zero-curvature tunneling over the wide range of temperature of 200-3000 K. The temperature-dependent rate expression for the title reaction is obtained to be k(Total) = 2.60 × 10(-22)T(3.04) exp(372.45/T) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1); with k(298) = 3.54 × 10(-14) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). The global warming potentials (GWPs) and atmospheric lifetimes of CF3CH(OH)CF3 are computed in the present investigation. The atmospheric implications and the degradation mechanism of CF3CH(OH)CF3 are discussed. It is concluded that this compound can be suggested as an acceptable substitute to HFCs in terms of its atmospheric lifetime and GWPs.

Differentiation of three pairs of positional isomers of hybrid peptides with repeats of phenylalanine-beta3-h-valine/beta3-valine-phenylalanine by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

Electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry has been used to distinguish three pairs of positional isomers of a new series of N-blocked hybrid peptides derived from repeats of phenylalanine(D)-beta3-h-valine/beta3-h-valine-phenylalanine(D) (FbetaV/betaVF) non-natural amino acids. MSn of protonated isomeric peptides produces characteristic fragmentation involving the peptide backbone, the Boc group and the side chain. FbetaV-peptides can be distinguished from betaVF-peptides by the loss of R-OH from [M+H-Boc+H]+, which is either of relatively low abundance or totally absent for the latter peptides. In contrast, betaVF-peptides show abundant Mannich base characteristic ions by the elimination of ammonia, and imine due to a retro-Mannich cleavage. This fragmentation is absent for FbetaV-peptides. When beta-valine is at the C-terminus, abundant b+(n-1) ions are produced. This is ascribed to the probable formation of a stable diketopiperazine structure, and this has been supported by the loss of H2O and CO in the CID spectra of b+(n-1) ions. The hybrid dipeptide acids have also been distinguished in negative ion mass spectrometry.