In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles with Galactose Coating as a Prospective Drug Carrier.

In today's medicine, progress often depends on new products with special qualities. Nanotechnology focuses on the creation of materials tailored to fulfill specific therapeutic requirements. This study aims to elucidate the potential of nanoparticles, particularly titanium dioxide nanoparticles, as carriers for pharmaceutical agents. To mitigate the release of potentially harmful titanium ions from the carrier's surface, modifications were implemented. In the initial phase, titanium dioxide, nanoparticles were obtained based on the sol-gel method, and their surfaces were coated with galactose. Characterization of these materials encompassed analysis of the particle size, specific surface area, microscopic morphology, and titanium ion release. Additionally, drug release profiles, particularly those of tadalafil, were investigated. In vitro assessments were conducted to evaluate the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of the developed materials on CHO cells. The findings revealed a reduction in titanium ion release from the modified carrier compared to its unmodified counterpart. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats demonstrated enhanced absorption of the drug when the drug was delivered using the modified carrier. The synthesized materials exhibited high purity and favorable surface properties conducive to effective drug-carrier interactions. The results suggest that the modified titanium dioxide nanoparticles hold promise as efficient drug delivery vehicles in biomedical applications.

Bio-enriched composite materials derived from waste cooking oil for selective reduction of odour intensity.

Currently, pathogenic microorganisms are becoming more active in public utility areas like parking lots and waste shelters due to the accumulation of organic waste. This uncontrolled waste leads to decay, altering its composition and presenting a microbiological risk to public health. Additionally, it emits unpleasant odors containing chemicals that irritate the mucous membranes, causing discomfort in the nose, throat, and eyes by stimulating the trigeminal nerve. These odors can have various negative effects on both quality of life and public health. The study investigated the physicochemical properties of oil composites enriched with natural additives and determined their effectiveness in reducing the intensity of nuisance odours. The research showed over 82% reduction in decaying meat odour and almost 65% reduction in ammonia odour. A higher impact of the given composites on reducing the odour from decaying meat than from ammonia was observed. This may be due to the biocidal properties of the additives used (turmeric, thymol, salicylic acid, hops and curly sorrel) and the higher intensity of ammonia odor compared to meat-derived odour. Despite the non-porous nature of the solids tested (with similar specific surface areas ranging from 0.66 to 0.88 m2/g), they were capable of sorbing NH3.

Antimicrobial properties of WCO-based composites enriched with hops and curly sorrel for green building solutions.

Modern production of vegetable oils has reached impressive levels, and the ever-growing quantities of waste cooking oil (WCO) provide a local source of raw materials for innovative materials. The WCO composite production process involves a series of reactions, including polymerisation, esterification, and transesterification, which lead to the hardening of composite materials. In light of the growing problem of bacterial and fungal diseases, materials with high strength properties and biocidal properties are being sought. Fungal infections of the skin are a widespread problem, and the number of cases is steadily increasing. This article presents a study of the antibacterial potential of WCO-based composites enriched with hops or sorrel root in the context of their application in the construction industry. The compressive and flexural strength of the oil composites, their absorbability and hydrophobicity, and their effects on Gram-positive (S. aureus and S. epidermidis) and Gram-negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) bacteria and fungi (A. niger, P. anomala) were investigated. Maximum split tensile strength (4.3 MPa) and flexural strength (5.1 MPa) were recorded for oil-hop composites. Oil composites enriched with curly sorrel and hops showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus at 27% and 25%. High biocidal activity (up to 70%) was recorded against E. coli and against S. epidermidis (up to 99%) due to the action of composites with curly sorrel. The antifungal activities of composites with hops was 15% and 19% for P. anomala and A. niger, respectively, while with curly sorrel they were 42% and 30%.

Effect of Waste Cooking Oil-Based Composite Materials on Radish Growth and Biochemical Responses.

Waste cooking oil poses a serious threat to human health and the environment, both in households and in larger communities. One of the applications of waste cooking oil is composite materials called vegeblocks, which can be used for construction purposes. These composites are formed by the process of polymerisation, esterification and polyesterification. The resulting materials exhibit mechanical strength in line with the requirements for paving blocks. Composite materials that have been annealed for a minimum of 20 h at 200 °C or higher have the highest tensile strength (above 5 MPa). In contrast, composites with the highest flexural strength were obtained after processing at 210 °C for 16 h. The Saxa 2 variety showed the greatest inhibition of storage root growth (almost 43% compared to the control sample), as well as stimulation of root and leaf blade growth (by a maximum of 61.5% and 53.5%, respectively, compared to the control sample). The composite obtained from the maximum process parameters resulted in significant growth of both the root and the green part of both radish varieties by up to 35%. The study showed that the presence of vegeblocks in the plants causes stress conditions, resulting in increased peroxidase content compared to the control sample. The presence of the oil composite in the soil did not increase the amount of catalase in the radish, and even a reduction was observed compared to the control sample.

Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Solid Oil Materials Based on Pyrolysis Oil.

One method of managing used car tires is decomposition by thermochemical conversion methods. By conducting the process at temperatures of 450-750 °C, three fractions are obtained from tires: oil, gas, and solid. The liquid product of the pyrolysis of used car tires is pyrolysis oil, which consists of aromatic, polyaromatic, and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Unconventional building materials were obtained from tire pyrolysis oil and the environmental impact was evaluated. Blocks made from pyrolysis oil showed mechanical strength of up to about 1700 N. No heavy metals or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which were found in the crude heavy-PO fraction, were detected in the filtrates after incubation of the block obtained from the heavy-PO fraction at 240 °C. The highest inhibition of Sorghum saccharatum shoot (74.4%) and root (57.5%) growth was observed for solid materials from the medium-PO fraction obtained at 240 °C. The most favorable values of the parameters for the process of obtaining blocks based on post-PO were an annealing temperature of 180 °C, time of 20 h, and mass ratio of catalyst to catalyzed oil of 0.045.

Synergistic effect of sorption and photocatalysis on the degree of dye removal in single and multicomponent systems on ZnO-SnO2.

The paper presents the photodegradation process of one-, two- and three-component dye mixtures by ZnO-SnO2 nanoparticles. After 60 min of running the processes, the dye removal efficiencies of 76.44, 72.69, 62.43, 77.00 and 92.46% for MB, RB, TB, MO and YQ degradation, respectively, were obtained. For binary and ternary systems, dye removal efficiencies for all cases exceeded 70%. When the binary and ternary dye mixtures were tested, the photodegradation efficiencies of ZnO-SnO2 were similar to those of the single mixtures, indicating that this material could be used in industrial applications in the future. The focus of the study was to investigate the effect of sorption on photodegradation efficiency and the presence of both cationic and anionic dyes on their degradation efficiency under UV light. The significance of the effect of sorption on the degradation efficiency allowing the interaction of the catalyst with the dyes removed was confirmed. The main factor influencing sorption and consequently photocatalysis was the nature of the dye. It was confirmed that the positively charged ZnO-SnO2 surface effectively sorbs the dyes and causes their degradation.

Antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles in the context of advantages and potential risks of their use.

The popularity of nanotechnology results from the possibility of obtaining materials that have better chemical, electrical, thermal, mechanical, or optical properties. Nano-sized materials are characterized by an increased surface area, which improves their chemical reactivity and mobility. Due to their enhanced reactivity and appropriately small size, some nanoparticles are used as antimicrobial and antifungal agents. Nanoparticles exhibit antimicrobial potential through multifaceted mechanisms. The adhesion of nanoparticles to microbial cells, and reactive oxygen species, and their penetration inside the cells, have been recognized as the most prominent modes of antimicrobial action. This review presents the mechanism of action of nanometals and oxide nanoparticles used as antimicrobials and the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to the toxic effects of nanoparticles. The article presents methods of forming microorganism resistance to the toxic effects of nanoparticles and the negative impact of nanoparticles on human health.

Preparation and of PVA-based compositions with embedded silver, copper and zinc oxide nanoparticles and assessment of their antibacterial properties.

A series of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) based liquid compositions with addition of zinc oxide, silver and copper nanoparticles has been prepared. The compositions also contained other consistency-forming organic components. The physico-chemical properties of the products have been determined. Their pH and density have been assessed. Also, the size of nanoparticles has been defined with using a dynamic light scattering technique. The compositions were subjected to XRD, FT-IR and microscopic analysis as well. Thanks to the incorporation of both metal oxide and metallic nanoparticles, it was possible to enrich the products with antibacterial properties. Their inhibiting properties in the growth of microorganisms have been confirmed against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains such as E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Thanks to the ability for solidification, the compositions may be applied on a bacterially contaminated surface, and after destroying the microorganisms and its solidification, it may be peeled off along with the dead bacterial film.

Obtaining of oil blocks as a way to manage hazardous asbestos.

In the second half of the 20th century, asbestos extraction was up to 4 Mt/year. Due to its high strength and insulation properties, this mineral was used as an additive in building materials. Over time these materials were destroyed by the process of weathering and leaching. Asbestos fibers in dust form penetrate the respiratory system causing diseases. This article proposes the binding of hazardous asbestos fibers in a polymer matrix formed from waste cooking oil. Compact materials were produced by heating catalyzed waste cooking oil and asbestos waste, and the process of obtaining these materials was optimized and their physicochemical and strength properties were determined. Oil-asbestos blocks contained sulfuric acid in a mass ratio of 0.05-0.30, being the mass of waste cooking oil, invariable mass of filling and 20% of waste cooking oil to the mass of the whole mixture. The materials were characterized by a compact structure and high hardness. The best mechanical strength above 140 N/mm was obtained for blocks with low acid to oil mass ratio ranging from 0.05 to 0.1125.

Analysis of the Exposure of Organisms to the Action of Nanomaterials.

The rapid development of the production of materials containing metal nanoparticles and metal oxides is a potential risk to the environment. The degree of exposure of organisms to nanoparticles increases from year to year, and its effects are not fully known. This is due to the fact that the range of nanoparticle interactions on cells, tissues and the environment requires careful analysis. It is necessary to develop methods for testing the properties of nanomaterials and the mechanisms of their impact on individual cells as well as on entire organisms. The particular need to raise public awareness of the main sources of exposure to nanoparticles should also be highlighted. This paper presents the main sources and possible routes of exposure to metal nanoparticles and metal oxides. Key elements of research on the impact of nanoparticles on organisms, that is, in vitro tests, in vivo tests and methods of detection of nanoparticles in organisms, are presented.

Methods for Reducing the Toxicity of Metal and Metal Oxide NPs as Biomedicine.

The rapid development of medicine has forced equally rapid progress in the field of pharmaceuticals. In connection with the expensive and time-consuming process of finding new drugs, great emphasis is put on the design and use of metal and metal oxides nanoparticles in nanomedicine. The main focus is on comprehensive presentation of both physicochemical properties and the possibilities of using, in particular, silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles, as well as zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles as drug carriers and in the treatment of cancer. An important element of this subject is the possibility of occurrence of toxic effects of these nanoparticles. For this reason, possible mechanisms of toxic actions are presented, as well as methods used to reduce their toxicity to ensure the safety of drug carriers based on these nanostructures.

Studies on CWL with glycerol for combustion process.

Findings of more efficient energy recovery methods are focused on composite fuels consisting of coal, water, and waste materials. The use of such slurry fuels has enormous environmental benefits due to the potential for waste utilization and low emissions of harmful oxides to the atmosphere during the combustion process. In this study, we report the effect of waste glycerol on the rheological properties of coal-water fuel (CWS). The addition of glycerol to CWS increases the viscosity (from 45.5 to 184.2 mPa·s at a shear rate of 100 rpm) and density (from 1.08 to 1.11 g/cm3) of these suspensions. The utility of choice of the most favorable parameters is equal to 0.85 for both CWS and CWS with added glycerol. Due to the fact that CWS is dosed to heated chamber, its modification with glycerol results in easier nebulization into the combustion chamber, lowering of the solidification temperature and increasing the calorific value of the resulting fuel. During combustion of CWS with glycerol, the amount of SO2 and NOx emitted is reduced by half as compared to the emission of these gases during hard coal combustion.

Residues from the thermal conversion of waste from the meat industry as a source of valuable macro- and micronutrients.

The increased consumption of meat (including poultry) observed over the last decade has led to the intensification of its production. With the production increase, the amount of generated waste also increases. Appropriate disposal of waste from the meat industry will significantly reduce the amount of such waste and its negative impact on the environment. The paper presents a method for the thermal neutralisation of feathers, poultry litter and meat and bone meal (MBM). Waste incineration was carried out in a stationary electric furnace, at a temperature varying in the range of 600-900°C. The resulting ashes were characterised by a high percentage of phosphorus (30-170 g/kg ash), calcium (20-360 g/kg ash) and other valuable macro- and micronutrients like copper, iron, manganese and zinc. The ashes produced during the thermal treatment are safe in terms of sanitary and can be used as additives enriching the fertilisers and soil improvers.