Dual Action of Dipyridothiazine and Quinobenzothiazine Derivatives-Anticancer and Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Activity.

The inverse correlation observed between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancer has prompted us to look for cholinesterase-inhibiting activity in phenothiazine derivatives that possess anticancer properties. With the use of in silico and in vitro screening methods, our study found a new biological activity in anticancer polycyclic, tricyclic, and tetracyclic compounds. The virtual screening of a library of 120 ligands, which are the derivatives of azaphenothiazine, led to the identification of 25 compounds that can act as potential inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Biological assays revealed the presence of selective inhibitors of eeAChE (electric eel AChE) or eqBuChE (equine serum BuChE) and nonselective inhibitors of both enzymes among the tested compounds. Their potencies against eeAChE were in a submicromolar-to-micromolar range with IC50 values from 0.78 to 19.32 µM, while their IC50 values against eqBuChE ranged from 0.46 to 10.38 µM. The most potent among the compounds tested was the tetracyclic derivative, 6-(4-diethylaminobut-2-ynyl)-9-methylthioquinobenzothiazine 24, which was capable of inhibiting both enzymes. 9-Fluoro-6-(1-piperidylethyl)quinobenzothiazine 23 was found to act as a selective inhibitor of eqBuChE with an IC50 value of 0.46 µM. Compounds with such a dual antitumor and cholinesterase-inhibitory activity can be considered as a valuable combination for the treatment of both cancer and AD prevention. The results presented in this study might open new directions of research on the group of tricyclic phenothiazine derivatives.

Search for new multi-target compounds against Alzheimer's disease among histamine H3 receptor ligands.

Multi-target-directed ligands seem to be an interesting approach to the treatment of complex disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. The aim of the present study was to find novel multifunctional compounds in a non-imidazole histamine H3 receptor ligand library. Docking-based virtual screening was applied for selection of twenty-six hits which were subsequently evaluated in Ellman's assay for the inhibitory potency toward acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). The virtual screening with high success ratio enabled to choose multi-target-directed ligands. Based on docking results, all selected ligands were able to bind both catalytic and peripheral sites of AChE and BuChE. The most promising derivatives combined the flavone moiety via a six carbon atom linker with a heterocyclic moiety, such as azepane, piperidine or 3-methylpiperidine. They showed the highest inhibitory activities toward cholinesterases as well as well-balanced potencies against H3R and both enzymes. Two derivatives were chosen - 5 (IC50 = 0.46 µM (AChE); 0.44 µM (BuChE); Ki = 159.8 nM (H3R)) and 17 (IC50 = 0.50 µM (AChE); 0.76 µM (BuChE); Ki = 228.2 nM (H3R)), and their inhibition mechanism was evaluated in kinetic studies. Both compounds displayed non-competitive mode of AChE and BuChE inhibition. Compounds 5 and 17 might serve as good lead structures for further optimization and development of novel multi-target anti-Alzheimer's agents.