Insights From Important Event Recounts Told by People With Traumatic Brain Injury.

PURPOSE: Communication can be chronically impacted by severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), yet there is a critical lack of research investigating communication recovery beyond 12 months postinjury with discourse measures. This longitudinal study aimed to investigate quantitative and qualitative changes in important event recounts produced by a group of people with severe TBI up to 2 years postinjury. METHOD: A prospective observational design with an inception cohort was adopted. Thirty-four participants with severe TBI were asked to produce an important event recount at 6, 12, and 24 months postinjury. A mixed-methods approach comprised a quantitative analysis of microlinguistic and macrostructural measures, using the automated discourse command EVAL in Computerized Language Analysis (CLAN) and the CLAN Collaborative Commentary tool, respectively. Statistical analysis included a repeated-measures analysis of variance and the Friedman test. An independent qualitative content analysis was also conducted. RESULTS: The measures revealed significant differences between 6 and 24 months, indicating a protracted recovery trajectory. The microlinguistic analysis showed increased use of revision and repetition over time. The macrostructural analysis indicated changes with orientation to recount characters, evaluative comments, and the number of events or complexity of the recount. The content analysis revealed categories of (a) childhood events, (b) family and relationships, (c) career and education, and (d) grief and loss. Topics at 6 months focused on childhood events and holidays, whereas career and education predominated at 24 months. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to explore important event recounts told by people with severe TBI as they recovered. Participants showed discourse recovery beyond 12 months, highlighting the need for equivalent timing of service provision. The important event recount shows good potential as an ecologically valid assessment tool to evaluate communication recovery that can also be integrated with advances in computerized analysis. Analyses additionally provided insights into potential therapy targets and content categories for chronic discourse impairments. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.26499271.

A qualitative exploration of speech-language pathologists' approaches in treating spoken discourse post-traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Spoken discourse impairments post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) are well-documented and heterogeneous in nature. These impairments have chronic implications for adults in terms of employment, socializing and community involvement. Intervention delivered by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) is recommended for adults with discourse impairments post-TBI, with an emphasis on context-sensitive treatment. The developing evidence base indicates a wide array of treatment components for SLPs to evaluate and implement within their clinical practice. However, there is limited insight into how SLPs are currently treating discourse impairments and the rationales informing clinical practice. AIMS: To explore the under-researched area of clinical practice for spoken discourse interventions with adults post-TBI, including treatment components and clinician rationales, and to contribute towards a shared knowledge base. METHODS & PROCEDURES: Participants were recruited via purposeful sampling strategies. Six SLPs participated from Australia, the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). Semi-structured interviews were conducted via Zoom. Interviews were manually transcribed, coded and analysed via a qualitative content analysis approach. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Participants described discourse treatment practices across various settings and TBI recovery stages. Results indicated that SLPs used numerous treatment activities, resources and outcome measures. Intervention approaches primarily targeted social communication skills, strategy development/utilization and insight-building. Clinical practice conformed to available guidelines where possible, reflected best practice and incorporated components of the research literature. Participants reported using individualized treatment activities aimed at addressing client-specific factors and rationales prioritized tailored, context-sensitive and goal-directed treatment. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: This study provided insight into a previously under-researched area. It highlighted a wide range of treatment activities and factors informing current SLPs' treatment of spoken discourse impairment post-TBI. Overall, clinical practice and rationales discussed in this study were aligned with best practice and emphasized a contextualized, individualized approach to discourse treatment across service settings and stages of recovery. Participants identified areas requiring further support, including access to training, resources and research, and the challenge of finding suitable outcome measures. Further investigation into discourse management post-TBI, from initial assessment to outcome measurement, may help inform clinical decision-making and the transfer of research to practice. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject Spoken discourse impairments occur in dialogic and monologic productions post-TBI. Interventions targeting both genres are detailed within the research literature; however, studies exploring clinical practice and decision-making for discourse interventions post-TBI are limited. What this paper adds to existing knowledge This study provides new insight into the current treatment targets, activities, resources and outcome measures employed by clinicians supporting adults with discourse impairment post-TBI. It details the factors that influence clinical decision-making for this caseload and identifies an emphasis on client priorities and the value of clinician experience. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? This study identifies the broad and complex considerations required to deliver context-sensitive discourse intervention post-TBI. It indicates the need for an in-depth review from assessment to treatment outcomes to better understand and support this area of practice and to direct future research. This study also highlighted the role of clinician experience in discourse intervention and the value of sharing clinical knowledge and resources within and across the profession to support all levels of clinician experience.

TBIBank: An International Shared Database to Enhance Research, Teaching and Automated Language Analysis for Traumatic Brain Injury Populations.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been established as a priority research area for public health, affecting an estimated 69 million individuals worldwide each year. Large-scale collaborative datasets may help to better understand this heterogenous and chronic health condition. In this paper, we present TBIBank; an innovative digital health resource that aims to establish a shared database for the study of communication disorders after TBI. We provide an overview of the current database, the standard discourse protocol used for the main TBIBank corpus, and the automated language analyses that can enable diagnostic profiling, comparative evaluation of treatment effects and profiling of recovery patterns. We also highlight the e-learning component of the digital health resource as a research translation tool. We conclude with a discussion of the potential research, clinical, and educational applications of TBIBank and future directions for expanding this digital resource.

Perceptions of communication recovery following traumatic brain injury: A qualitative investigation across 2 years.

BACKGROUND: Exploring the perceptions of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) towards their brain injury recovery across the continuum of care may offer insights to support engagement with rehabilitation services. Illness narratives are a potentially valuable avenue for examining perceptions of recovery that may influence engagement. AIMS: The aim of this study is to explore the perspective of individuals with severe TBI towards their communication, brain injury and recovery experiences at 6 months, 1 year and 2 years post-injury. METHODS & PROCEDURES: Discourse samples were obtained from 12 participants with severe TBI at 6 months, 1 year and 2 years following injury. A standardised protocol was used to elicit responses relating to perceptions of communication, the brain injury narrative, and perceptions of recovery facilitators. A thematic analysis of the discourse samples was completed. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Three overarching themes were identified: experiences of communication recovery are diverse (Theme 1), varied experiences of recovery and rehabilitation (Theme 2), and continuous and lifelong journey of recovery (Theme 3). Primary communication concerns included presence of anomia, dysarthria, conversational topic difficulties, impacts of fatigue and memory difficulties. Illness narratives revealed the importance of re-establishing a sense of self and the perceived importance of a strong social network post-injury. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: The varied nature of communication challenges and recovery after TBI highlights the need for holistic, multidisciplinary support as well as inclusion of family and friends in the recovery process. Social communication intervention is a perceived priority area for individuals with TBI. Illness narratives may also play a valuable role in therapy and help to shape post-injury identity. Managing the impacts of fatigue on communication and encouraging individuals to take ownership over their recovery and treatment may also help to improve patient outcomes. Supporting individuals to construct positive brain injury narratives that reaffirm a sense of self and include perspectives of family and friends may offer a potential future avenue for rehabilitation. Tailored but flexible, team-based service delivery models for individuals with TBI that span from acute to long-term care are warranted. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS?: What is already known on this subject Communication recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI) is complex and multifaceted. The perceptions of individuals with TBI toward their communication recovery is largely unknown. To establish rehabilitation services that meet the needs of these individuals, we need to understand how they experience communication recovery. What this paper adds to existing knowledge Social communication interventions were perceived as a priority for intervention by individuals with TBI. Fatigue was identified as perceived barrier to communication recovery. Taking ownership over one's recovery process was revealed as a facilitator of recovery. Illness narratives were found to strengthen post-injury identity over time. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Speech pathologists should prioritise social communication interventions and fatigue management for communication. Facilitating ownership of the recovery process and offering long-term supports are key aspects of treatment. Supporting positive illness narratives as part of treatment may facilitate post-injury identity construction.

How do speech-language pathologists assess and treat spoken discourse after TBI? A survey of clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: Spoken discourse is commonly affected after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although guidelines recommend prioritizing discourse-level skills in cognitive communication management, previous literature has highlighted challenges in managing discourse clinically. Little is known about how speech-language pathologists (SLPs) assess and treat discourse after TBI. AIMS: To investigate current SLP practice to determine the alignment of clinical practice with research evidence and recommendations. METHODS & PROCEDURES: This online survey consisted of 30 questions on SLPs' practice with discourse assessment, analysis and treatment processes, including the materials and methods used and rationales for decision-making. Participants were recruited through national and international SLP professional bodies, TBI-specific or SLP special-interest groups and social media. Survey responses were analysed using descriptive statistics, with free text included to support individual responses. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: There were 70 participants, from Australia, the United States, UK and New Zealand. Nearly half the participants had over 11 years of experience working with adults with TBI and a quarter had over 20 years of experience. Participants reported that they regularly evaluated the discourse ability of people with TBI, most commonly during spontaneous conversation or with a personal narrative task. Discourse intervention approaches mostly targeted client self-monitoring ability, social skills or conversational interactions. Practice varied dependent on setting, with more SLPs in community or outpatient services undertaking discourse assessment and treatment than in hospital settings. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: Overall, survey respondents' management of spoken discourse aligned with recommendations in the research literature, incorporating an individualized, goal-based approach. Factors affecting the use of discourse in practice included client-specific factors and needs, availability of time for transcription and analysis, and SLPs' knowledge level and confidence with discourse. Increased knowledge of discourse methods and treatment approaches could help inform decision-making for SLPs working in TBI. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on this subject Spoken discourse is one of the most affected areas of communication for people with TBI. Although recent research has provided guidance on assessment and treatment options for TBI discourse, it is unknown how SLPs manage spoken discourse clinically. What this paper adds to existing knowledge This research adds to the limited research on how SLPs across clinical settings and regions manage discourse assessment and treatment. Respondents' practice was generally aligned with recommendations, featuring individualized, goal-based practice. Potential barriers to discourse implementation included client factors and SLP knowledge, training, and service delivery factors. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? This survey provides evidence that clinical translation is starting to occur in this field, but there remains a need for increased knowledge of assessment and treatment methods, training, and TBI-specific resources to better support SLP practice, particularly relating to transcription. Core reporting outcomes in research on TBI discourse management would assist with translation of the findings to practice.

Dying for a Meal: An Integrative Review of Characteristics of Choking Incidents and Recommendations to Prevent Fatal and Nonfatal Choking Across Populations.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to conduct an integrative review of original research, across adult populations relating to fatal or nonfatal choking on food, to understand ways to respond to and prevent choking incidents. Method Four scientific databases (CINAHL, Medline, Web of Science, and EMBASE) were searched for original peer-reviewed research relating to fatal or nonfatal choking on foods. Data were extracted on study characteristics; factors leading up to, events at the time of, and actions taken after the choking incident; and impacts of choking incidents. An integrative review of the findings across studies identified several risk factors and recommendations to reduce the risk of choking. Results In total, 52 studies met the criteria for inclusion in this review, of which 31 were quantitative, 17 were qualitative, and 4 were of a mixed methods design. Studies reported the observations and narratives of bystanders or researchers, or else were large-scale autopsy studies, and included both the general public and people at risk of dysphagia. A range of food types were involved, and several actions were reported in response to food choking. Strategies to reduce the risk of choking were identified in the studies and are presented in 5 main categories. Conclusions Factors leading up to choking incidents extend well beyond the individual to the environment for mealtimes; the provision of appropriate mealtime assistance and oral care; and regular monitoring of general health, oral health, and medications. Bystanders' increased awareness and knowledge of how to respond to choking are vital. The results of this review could be used to inform service policy and training, for individuals at risk of choking, the people who support them, and the general public. Further research is needed to explore choking prevention and airway protection in individuals with dysphagia. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.8121131.

A systematic review of falls in hospital for patients with communication disability: Highlighting an invisible population.

BACKGROUND: Patients with communication disability, associated with impairments of speech, language, or voice, have a three-fold increased risk of adverse events in hospital. However, little research yet examines the causal relationship between communication disability and risk for specific adverse events in hospital. OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of a patient's communication disability on their falls risk in hospital. METHODS: This systematic review examined 61 studies on falls of adult hospital patients with communication disability, and patients at high risk of communication disability, to determine whether or not communication disability increased risk for falls, and the nature of and reasons for any increased risk. RESULTS: In total, 46 of the included studies (75%) reported on participants with communication disability, and the remainder included patients with health conditions placing them at high risk for communication disability. Two thirds of the studies examining falls risk identified communication disability as contributing to falls. Commonly, patients with communication disability were actively excluded from participation; measures of communication or cognition were not reported; and reasons for any increased risk of falls were not discussed. CONCLUSIONS: There is some evidence that communication disability is associated with increased risk of falls. However, the role of communication disability in falls is under-researched, and reasons for the increased risk remain unclear. Practical applications: Including patients with communication disability in falls research is necessary to determine reasons for their increased risk of adverse events in hospital. Their inclusion might be helped by the involvement of speech-language pathologists in falls research teams.

A content analysis of documentation on communication disability in hospital progress notes: diagnosis, function, and patient safety.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the content, quantity, and quality of multidisciplinary team documentation of 'communication' in hospital progress notes of patients with communication disability, and to explore the relationship of this documentation to patient safety. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review involving a descriptive analysis and a qualitative content analysis of the progress notes. SETTING: Acute medical and rehabilitation wards in two regional hospitals in one health district in Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Eight patients with communication disability who had experienced documented patient safety incidents in hospital. METHODS: In total, 906 progress note entries about communication during 38 hospital admissions were extracted from eight patient's charts; written by staff in 11 different health disciplines. Data were analysed descriptively according to quantity, and qualitatively according to the content. RESULTS: Four content categories of meaning in progress note entries relating to communication were (1) use of communication diagnostic and impairment terms; (2) notes on the patient's communicative function; (3) reports of the topic or content of the patient's communication attempts; and (4) references to third parties communicating for the patient. Communication-related information was often brief, unclear, and/or inaccurate. Descriptions of communicative function and recommended strategies for successful communication were often lacking. CONCLUSION: The suboptimal documentation of patient communication in progress notes may contribute to the higher risk of patient safety incidents for hospital patients with communication disability. Increased accuracy in documenting communication disability and function in progress notes might assist staff in communicating with these patients and improve the quality and safety of their care.

Social communication assessment after TBI: a narrative review of innovations in pragmatic and discourse assessment methods.

BACKGROUND: Social communication assessment after traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a challenging area within speech-language pathology (SLP) clinical practice. Difficulties include the lack of TBI-specific standardized assessment instruments and limited knowledge and uptake of discourse assessment methods clinically. The aim of this paper was to review recent research literature reporting on innovative social communication and discourse assessment measures and methods, to guide evidence-based SLP practice and inform future research. MAIN CONTRIBUTION: This review describes novel standardized and non-standardized assessment tools for SLP use reported in TBI research literature from the past 15 years. Measures include published assessment batteries and pragmatic rating scales designed for use with adults with TBI, and novel discourse tasks and protocols. CONCLUSION: This paper delineates social communication assessment measures and discourse analyses described in research literature that may be practical for SLPs to use with adults with TBI. The clinical implications and utility of these measures are discussed. This should assist SLPs in decision-making on social communication assessment for adults with TBI. Further research is needed to investigate translation of research knowledge on discourse assessment methods to SLP practice.

Language and cognitive communication disorder during post-traumatic amnesia: Profiles of recovery after TBI from three cases.

BACKGROUND: There has been limited empirical speech-language pathology (SLP) study of language and cognitive communication during post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) and the early stages after TBI. The purpose of the current research was to explore the potential means and utility of assessing cognitive communication during PTA and the post-acute recovery period. METHOD: This research used a longitudinal mixed methods design to describe language and cognitive communication assessment and recovery profiles of three patients with TBI. Cognitive communication was assessed with repeated standardised and non-standardised methods during PTA (rated with Westmead PTA Scale) and at follow-up 3 months after PTA emergence. RESULTS: All participants demonstrated a profile of language and cognitive communication strengths and weaknesses during PTA and the post-acute period, also evident at follow-up. Improvement occurred gradually throughout PTA, although with individual fluctuation across test occasions. There was no marked change in communication function immediately before and after PTA emergence, indicating that cognitive communication ability and those functions measured on the Westmead PTA Scale (memory and orientation) did not recover at the same rate. CONCLUSION: It was feasible to assess language and cognitive communication throughout PTA and the post-acute period, and early assessment results were relevant to the patient's ongoing communicative function. It is suggested that early and repeated SLP assessment may contribute to the prediction of persisting cognitive communication issues.

Social communication assessment during post-traumatic amnesia and the post-acute period after traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Social communication impairment is a persisting and debilitating consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, there has been little empirical speech-language pathology (SLP) study focusing on the early stage of recovery after TBI, including during post-traumatic amnesia (PTA). This research reports on social communication presentation and recovery during late PTA and the post-acute period, assessed with standardized measures. METHOD: Using mixed-methods case study research, four participants with severe TBI were assessed with social communication assessment measures over the later stages of PTA and/or at PTA emergence, and at follow-up three months later. Assessment tools included the Measure of Cognitive Linguistic Abilities Family Questionnaire, the La Trobe Communication Questionnaire and The Profile of Pragmatic Impairment in Communication and included patient and friend/family perspectives. RESULTS: It was possible to identify a profile of social communication disorder on SLP measures for participants during PTA that persisted at follow-up, but with decreased severity. Self and friend/family member ratings of social communication indicated an increased awareness of social difficulty at three months after PTA emergence. CONCLUSION: Findings provided information about presentation and course of recovery of social communication ability for participants in the early stage of rehabilitation after TBI. These findings have implications for timing and methods of SLP assessment during PTA.

Speech-language pathologists' perspectives on cognitive communication assessment during post-traumatic amnesia.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: There have been few reports of the approaches taken by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) when assessing cognitive communication (CC) during post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) after TBI. This study sought to understand SLPs' rationales for CC assessment during PTA and to examine their perspectives on assessment methods during the early recovery period. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: In this qualitative study, 10 SLPs participated in semi-structured face-to-face or telephone interviews about their rationales and methods for CC assessment during PTA and early recovery. Content analysis was conducted using NVivo software to identify key categories. MAIN OUTCOME AND RESULTS: SLPs reported their reasons for CC assessment as including: (1) Documenting changes and monitoring progress, (2) Feedback to team, family and patient, (3) Diagnosis of communication disorder, (4) Planning and (5) Prognosis. They described conducting ongoing, informal assessment and monitoring of CC, using a combination of standardized and non-standardized measures during PTA, and commenced formal testing after PTA resolution to formulate a baseline level of communication function. CONCLUSIONS: The current study highlighted the importance that SLPs placed on an individualized approach in CC assessment. Findings provided insight into the process of assessment of CC during PTA and the early stage of recovery after TBI.

An integrative review of patient safety in studies on the care and safety of patients with communication disabilities in hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To review the research literature on the experiences of patients with communication disabilities in hospital according to the Generic Model of patient safety. METHODS: In 2014 and 2015, we searched four scientific databases for studies with an aim or result relevant to safety of hospital patients with communication disabilities. The review included 27 studies. RESULTS: A range of adverse event types were outlined in qualitative research. Little detail was provided about contributing or protective factors for safety incidents in hospital for these patients or the impact of the incidents on the patient or organisations involved. CONCLUSION: Further research addressing the safety of patients with communication disabilities is needed. Sufficient detail is required to identify the nature, timing, and detection of incidents; factors that contribute to or prevent adverse events; and detail the impact of the adverse events. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: In order to provide safe and effective care to people with communication disabilities in hospital, a priority for health and disability services must be the design and evaluation of ecologically appropriate and evidence-based interventions to improve patient care, communication, and reduce the risk of costly and harmful patient safety incidents.

Language and cognitive communication during post-traumatic amnesia: A critical synthesis.

BACKGROUND: There is minimal speech pathology literature on communication presentation during post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) and the early recovery period after traumatic brain injury. While a body of research reports on other cognitive and behavioural functions during PTA, language and/or cognitive communication are not routinely the primary focus of current research literature. OBJECTIVE: This critical synthesis provides an overview of research to date on communication during PTA to inform speech pathology assessment practice and to assist with information provision to the multidisciplinary team and family members. METHODS: A search was conducted of studies reporting on language, cognition, and cognitive communication during the acute, inpatient and early recovery period after TBI. These were examined for relevance to speech pathology practice during PTA and acute confusional state. RESULTS: Historic and recent literature has described types of language and communication impairment during PTA and early recovery after TBI. Recently, aspects of communication impairment during PTA have been found relevant for outcome prediction. Few studies were found originating from speech pathology on communication during PTA. CONCLUSIONS: Communication disruption forms a key feature of PTA. Existing literature indicates that speech pathology monitoring of communication during PTA may be of benefit as part of multidisciplinary team management during early recovery.

Speech pathologists' current practice with cognitive-communication assessment during post-traumatic amnesia: a survey.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To investigate speech pathologists' current practice with adults who are in post-traumatic amnesia (PTA). METHOD: Speech pathologists with experience of adults in PTA were invited to take part in an online survey through Australian professional email/internet-based interest groups. RESULTS: Forty-five speech pathologists responded to the online survey. The majority of respondents (78%) reported using informal, observational assessment methods commencing at initial contact with people in PTA or when patients' level of alertness allowed and initiating formal assessment on emergence from PTA. Seven respondents (19%) reported undertaking no assessment during PTA. Clinicians described using a range of techniques to monitor cognitive-communication during PTA, including static, dynamic, functional and impairment-based methods. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirmed that speech pathologists have a key role in the multidisciplinary team caring for the person in PTA, especially with family education and facilitating interactions with the rehabilitation team and family. Decision-making around timing and means of assessment of cognitive-communication during PTA appeared primarily reliant on speech pathologists' professional experience and the culture of their workplace. The findings support the need for further research into the nature of cognitive-communication disorder and resolution over this period.