Photochemical activity in developing pea (Pisum sativum L.) cotyledons depends on the light transmittance of covering tissues and the spectral composition of light.

Many crops require not only leaf photosynthesis for their seed development but also the photochemical reactions that occur in the seeds. The purpose of this work was a comparative analysis of light transmittance and photochemical activity in the leaves of Pisum sativum L. and its pericarp, seed coat, and cotyledons at the early, middle, and late maturation stages. The spectral composition of light was measured using a spectroradiometer in the range of 390-760 nm. We assessed the light transmittance of plant tissues by placing the plant tissue between the light source and the spectroradiometer's sensor. PAM fluorometry was used to quantify the photochemical activity in plant tissues: this technique is handy for evaluating the efficiency of converting light energy into chemical energy through the analysis of the kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence excitation and quenching. On average, a photochemically active green leaf of pea transmitted 15 % of solar radiation in the 390-760 nm, blue light was delayed entirely, and the transmitted red light never exceeded 5 %. Photochemically active radiation passing through the pericarp and coat and reaching the cotyledons at the early and middle seed maturation stages manifested a high proportion of green and far-red light; there was no blue light, and the percentage of red light was about 2 %. However, the cotyledons were photochemically active regardless of low irradiance and spectral ranges untypical of leaf photosynthesis. At the early and middle maturation stages, the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) averaged 0.5 at the periphery of cotyledons and 0.3 at their center. Since the intensity of embryonic photochemical reactions significantly affects the efficiency of reserve nutrient accumulation, this parameter is a promising marker in pea breeding for seeds with improved nutritional qualities.

Registry of Acute Myocardial Infarction. REGION-MI - Russian Registry of Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Aim      To study features of diagnosis and treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Russian hospitals, results of the treatment, and early and late outcomes (6 and 12 months after AMI diagnosis); to evaluate the consistence of the treatment with clinical guidelines; and to evaluate patients' compliance with the treatment.Material and methods  The program was designed for 3 years, including 24 months for recruitment of patients to the study. The study will include 10, 000 patients hospitalized with a confirmed diagnosis (I21 according to ICD-10) of ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (MI) (STEMI) or non-ST segment elevation MI (NSTEMI) based on criteria of the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on Forth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018). The follow-up period was divided into three stages: observation during the stay in the hospital and at 6 and 12 months following inclusion into the registry. The primary endpoint included cardiac death, nonfatal MI during the hospitalization and after one-year follow-up. Secondary endpoints were 6-months and one-year incidence of repeated MI, heart failure, ischemic stroke, clinically significant hemorrhage, unscheduled revascularization after discharge from the hospital, and the proportion of patients who continue on statins, antiplatelet drugs, and drugs of other groups for 6 months and 1 year.Results The inclusion of patients into the registry started in 2020 and will continue for 24 months. By the time of the article publication (June, 2021), more than 2,000 patients will be included.Conclusion      REGION-MI (Russian rEGIstry Of acute myocardial iNfarction) is a multicenter, retrospective and prospective observational cohort study that excludes any interference with the clinical practice. Results of the registry will help to analyze a real picture of medical care provided to patients with myocardial infarction and to schedule ways to improve the situation.

Heavy metals as criteria of health and ecological well-being of the urban environment.

The study of the content of Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cr, and Cu in biological media (the hair) of children living in the zones of the city of Kazan with different pollution levels was carried out. The identification of the zones in the city of Kazan was performed on the basis of the snow cover and soils pollution with heavy metals, which are natural accumulators of chemical substances and heavy metals (HM). Statistically significant differences (р < 0.01) in the content of certain metals in the hair, lead and cadmium in particular, were revealed in children living in the technologically polluted zone (Teplocontrol). Microelement composition of the hair in children with respiratory diseases (RD) varied widely in the content of lead (р < 0.05), and a statistically significantly lower level of zinc (р < 0.01) and copper (р < 0.05) compared with all the rest groups of children was determined in genitourinary diseases (GUD). However, relatively high values of toxic elements in the control zone show that the ecological status of the city and region is instable, and implies additional measures of the environmental monitoring and activities on chemical safety in certain city zones.

[Assessment of non-carcinogenic risk for the health of the child population under the consumption of drinking water].

In the article there are given results of the evaluation of non-carcinogenic risks for the health of the child population residing in different areas (districts) of the city of Kazan with the aim of the subsequent comprehensive assessment of the pollutants in drinking water. Assessment of the risk for the human health was performed correspondingly to with the P 2.1.10.1920-04 for oral route of exposure in accordance to the chemical composition of drinking water with account for the standard and regional factors of the exposure. The results of the risk assessment under the consumption of drinking tap water by the child population with localized place of residence permit to reveal areas with a high level of health risk in the city. The screening assessment of carcinogenic risk due to the consumption of chemicals with drinking water revealed differences in regional and standard values of the exposure factors. This affects both on the value of the chronic average daily intake of chemical contaminants in drinking water and the level of risk under the consumption of drinking water by the child population.

[APPROACHES TO URBAN AREA RANKING ACCORDINGLY TO THE LEVEL OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION].

Urban area ranking was performed according to the level of the heavy metal pollution based on the data of the snow and soil chemical characteristics. With reference to cumulative rates of the snow cover and soil pollution by heavy metals in the territory of the city of Kazan there were selected four areas: I--Derbyshki; II--Teplocontrol; III--Gorki; IV--Kirovsky district. The pollution level of snow cover in the territory of the city was determined by pollution level indices calculated with the application of Maximum Permissible Concentration (MPC) of chemical substances in ambient waters for household and recreational and service facilities use. The assessment of the pollution level in soils in the city showed the total territory of Kazan to be mildly polluted by manganese, concerning other heavy metals the categories of the soil pollution vary on areas. Results of hair biological monitoring in children are an informative auxiliary tool for the evaluation of the present ecological situation concerning heavy metals in certain territories of the city.

[Main trends in children's population health in the Republic of Tatarstan].

There was performed a comparative analysis of the dynamics of newly diagnosed and the overall morbidity of children's population of the Republic of Tatarstan (RT) and the city of Kazan of main classes of diseases for 2004- 2012 according to the statistical reporting form N12. As an assessment of the possible impact of environmental factors on the formation of separate groups of diseases and changes in the systems of the body there was used health risk assessment according to annual average concentrations of chemicals in the ambient air Average annual indices of prevalence for the most of classes of diseases in children (0-14 years) of the population of the Republic of Tatarstan (RT) and the city of Kazan 2004-2012 (per 1000 children) showed significant differences for most classes of diseases and their rise in children of the city. Results of the assessment of the non-carcinogenic risk based on evolutionary models determined the magnitude of additional risks for the respiratory system. Non-carcinogenic health risk is assessed before the age of 19 years as negligible, until the age of 36 years as a moderate, until the age of 45 years as highfor persons over 46 years as very high.

[THE REGULARITIES OF DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY RATE OF THE POPULATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN AND FINLAND].

There were revealed gender differences in cancer morbidity and mortality rate in the Republic of Tatarstan over the period from 1996 till 2013. The morbidity rate was increased by 1.54 times in both urban and rural areas. The morbidity rate level in men was two times higher than in women. The maximum share of new cases of cancer morbidity according to the primary lesion in men in Finland in 2008-2012 was noted in the age groups of 60-64, 70-79 and 85 years and older

[THE REGULARITIES OF DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY RATE OF THE POPULATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN AND FINLAND].

There were revealed gender differences in cancer morbidity and mortality rate in the Republic of Tatarstan over the period from 1996 till 2013. The morbidity rate was increased by 1.54 times in both urban and rural areas. The morbidity rate level in men was two times higher than in women. The maximum share of new cases of cancer morbidity according to the primary lesion in men in Finland in 2008-2012 was noted in the age groups of 60-64, 70-79 and 85 years and older.

[MODERN TRENDS IN THE MORTALITY OF THE POPULATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN].

The analysis of total mortality coefficients on the example of 43 regions of the Republic of Tatarstan (RT) showed the significant spread of values from 9.0 to 22.2 per hundred in 2006, and from 9.0 to 18.4 per hundred--in 2013. In the dynamics there were observed divergent processes of the formation of the total mortality of the population (the stable level in two districts, the decline--in 29 districts and the gain--in 12 districts). In the framework of 43 districts of the RT there were identified the one with the consistently low level, 12--with a stable average levels of total mortality, 18--with consistently high levels, 11--with the positive trend of the transition from high levels into middle ones and the one--with a negative trend of the transition from middle levels to high levels of the total mortality. The achievement of the indicator value is planned only in three districts in the group of 13 districts with the low and middle level, and a unfavorable prognosis--in 30 districts of RT

[Bone marrow immunophenotyping for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma: practical aspects].

Multiple myeloma is a malignant proliferative disease of plasma cells. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping makes it possible to identify a malignant clone of myeloma cells in the shortest possible time, to determine its phenotype, and differentiate transformed and preserved plasma cells. The article presents an immunophenotyping strategy using three-color monoclonal antibodies (CD35, CD14, CD38, CD138, and CD19) and an algorithm of verification of transformed plasma cells. Particular emphasis is placed on both the practical aspects of performing this assay and on the clinical application of the obtained results.

[Immunity status of children under the conditions of heavy metal-polluted city]. / Immunnyi status detei v usloviiakh zagriazneniia krupnogo goroda tiazhelymi metallami.

This study assessed immunological changes in apparently healthy children under a slight (less than the sanitary standards) urban pollution with heavy metals (Co, Pb, Cr, Cd, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Cu). Their pollution of the urban environment was determined with the contamination of snow cover and ambient air in Kazan. With low levels of ambient air pollution with heavy metals, monitoring the level of environmental pollution is an adequate method for evaluating the urban area, which allows the latter to be ranged by the degree of pollution. Apparently healthy children who live under relatively good environmental conditions are at risk for allergic and autoimmune diseases or secondary immunological somatic pathology.

[Evaluation of pollution of an urban area by level of heavy metals in snow cover]. / Otsenka zagriazneniia gorodskoi territorii po soderzhaniiu tiazhelykh metallov v snezhnom pokrove.

The goal of this study was to systematize various methodological approaches to evaluating the contamination of the snow cover with heavy metals (HM) by using Kazan, an industrial city with diversified industry, as an example. The findings suggest that it is necessary to characterize the contamination of the snow cover by the actual entrance of an element per area unit of the snow cover for a definite period of time rather than by the concentration of TM in the volume unit of snow water (mg/l), which minimizes the uncertainties with spatial and temporary snow cover variations. The index of the maximum allowable entrance, which is of practical value, may be used to objectively calibrate the pollution of the snow cover, by estimating the amount of a coming element and its toxicity.

Likely mechanism of the hydrophobic sensitizer accumulation in tumor cells: mathematical models.

Two mathematical models describing the accumulation kinetics of hydrophobic sensitizers in the cell membrane and cytoplasm and the influence of intra- and extracellular pH values on intracellular accumulation are suggested. Numerical calculations were done for hematoporphyrin (Hp) as an example. When compared with the experimental data, both models gave satisfactory results describing the accumulation time and level. A biphasic character of the sensitizer accumulation process was obtained as a result of the difference in the accumulation times characteristic for the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. The ratio of characteristic times was determined by the ratio of membrane and cytoplasm volumes and a "water-lipid" partition coefficient reflecting the height of the membrane barrier for the sensitizer penetration through the plasma membrane lipid bilayer. Generally, the enhanced uptake of Hp molecules by cells was obtained when both extracellular and intracellular pH (pHin) values were lower than the physiological ones. A "selectivity" of accumulation was achieved in "tumor" cells for reasonable pHin values (about 6.0). But when compared with the experimental data, the value of selectivity was not high enough, indicating that, though the pH value is an important factor in Hp intracellular accumulation, it might be less important as a factor for selectivity of Hp accumulation in tumors.

pH dependence of fluorescence and absorbance spectra of free sulphonated aluminium phthalocyanine and its conjugate with monoclonal antibodies.

Water-soluble phthalocyanines and phthalocyanines linked to targeting monoclonal antibodies are considered to be one of the most promising photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. Here the spectrum characteristics of sulphonated aluminium phthalocyanine and its protein conjugate in the pH range 1.8-12.0 in solution have been studied. The pK values are determined.

[Erythropoiesis and osteogenesis (I. The interaction of the reparative processes of bone and hematopoietic tissues)]. / Eritropoéz i osteogenez (I. Vzaimodeistvie protsessov reparatsii kostnoi i krovetvornoi tkanei).

The dynamics of erythropoiesis during the bone restoration and under the conditions of perturbing influence: fracture and hemolytic anemia have been studied in the experiment. It is found that under the conditions of callus formation the process of proliferation and differentiation of red cells in the bone marrow is inhibited. The observed effect of erythropoiesis inhibition may be caused by the intercellular interaction of regenerating tissues in their "struggle" for microphages, which, while being the centre of the erythroid insula secure the maturation of erythroid precursors, and at the same time they can take part in the bone formation process.

[Erythropoiesis and osteogenesis (II. The mechanism of the suppression of erythropoiesis during the reparative process in bone tissue)]. / Eritropoéz i osteogenez (II. Mekhanizm ugneteniia éritropoéza pri reparativnom protsesse v kostnoi tkani).

The experiment on rats and mice has shown that the presence of a developing callus in the organism after fracture of the tubular bones inhibits erythropoiesis. Inhibition of erythropoiesis is due to delay of erythropoietin biosynthesis by serotonin. A problem on two-fold serotonin effect is under discussion: on the one hand, serotonin inhibits the erythropoietin formation and delays erythropoiesis, on the other hand, it intensifies the effect of ready erythropoietin on the developing bone marrow erythroid cells.

[A chromatographic method of determining serotonin and histamine in a single sample of biological material]. / Khromatograficheskii metod opredeleniia serotonina i gistamina v odnoi probe biologicheskogo materiala.

Serotonin and histamine are important components of neurohumoral regulation. The biologic and fluorometric methods currently used for their measurements are labor-consuming and involve the use of unavailable reagents and expensive equipment. The authors suggest a sensitive simplified technique for serotonin and histamine measurements in a small volume of the biologic material (tissue and blood). The procedure is as follows: serotonin and histamine are isolated by thin-layer chromatography, the obtained samples are treated with alloxan in dimethyl formamide medium, and the stained solutions are examined in spectrophotometer. The suggested method is highly specific and sensitive, simple, makes use of Soviet equipment and of available reagents, this recommending it for clinical biochemical, as well as for experimental studies.

[Mathematical simulation of the regulation of the size of the lymphoid population in relation to chronic lymphoid leukemia]. / Matematicheskoe modelirovanie reguliatsii razmerov limfoidnoi populiatsii v organizme v sviazi s problemoi khronicheskogo limfoleikoza.

A model was constructed of accumulation kinetics of labeled lymphocytes based on the experiments of long-term injection of 3H-thymidine label in vivo into the blood of healthy and suffering from chronic lympholeucosis animals. There was found an essential difference between the coefficients of reproduction and death of cells of the proliferating pool for the normal, initial and advanced stages of the disease. This served as a basis for the creation of the closed non-linear model of autoregulation of lymphoid population size describing different stages of leucosis development.