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BACKGROUND: Maintaining adequate hydration is critical to optimal health, well-being, and performance. Those who are physically active in stressful environments, such as warm and/or humid scenarios, may be at particular risk for dehydration with ensuing loss of electrolytes, leading to sluggishness and impaired physical performance. METHODS: We evaluated an electrolyte and amino acid product containing L-alanine and L-glutamine, as well as select vitamins [B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (cobalamin), and vitamin C (ascorbic acid)]. Subjects (n = 40; four groups, n = 10) were randomized to consume either a placebo packet or one, two, or three packets daily of the test product for 4 weeks with site visits at 0, 2, and 4 weeks. We tested safety and tolerability by analyzing hematological parameters (complete blood counts), metabolic parameters (hepatic, renal, acid-base balance), urinalysis end products, thyroid status [T3 (triiodothyronine), T4 (thyroxine), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)], tolerability (via questionnaire), vital signs, and dietary intake. RESULTS: Statistical analyses displayed ten significant main effects (p < 0.05) with white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, urinary pH, thyroxine, urination frequency, calcium, calories, fat, and cholesterol. Interactions for time and group (p < 0.05) were observed for MCV, eGFR, potassium, overall tolerability, bloating, and cramping-demonstrating mild GA disturbances. Little to no change of physiological relevance was noted for any outcome variable, regardless of dosing level. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate the product was well-tolerated at all dosing levels and no significant adverse changes occurred in any of the test parameters compared to the placebo group, indicating relative safety of ingestion over a 4-week treatment period, at the volumes used, and outside the context of physical stress.
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Aminoácidos , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Aminoácidos/sangue , Bebidas , Adulto Jovem , Desidratação , Método Duplo-Cego , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Eletrólitos , Vitaminas/administração & dosagem , Equilíbrio Hidroeletrolítico/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Concern about weight gain is a barrier to smoking-cessation, but determinants of postcessation weight-concern have not been comprehensively assessed in the context of community-based cessation programs. METHODS: This cross-sectional analysis used baseline data from a cessation trial of 392 adults randomized to physical activity (PA) or general wellness counseling as adjunctive treatment for smoking. Outcomes were 1) smoking behaviors to control weight and 2) anticipating relapse due to weight gain. Independent variables were PA and perceptions, sociodemographics, psychosocial measures, smoking behavior and perceptions, diet, and BMI. From bivariable models examining main and sex interaction effects, significant variables were entered into a linear (control) or logistic (relapse) regression model to identify key determinants. RESULTS: For both measures, weight-concern was greater (p < .05) for female smokers (standardized b = 0.52, SE = 0.10; OR = 0.29, 95 % CI = 0.17-0.49), White (b = 0.12, SE = 0.05; OR = 0.39, 95 % CI = 0.23-0.66), and less motivated to quit (b = -0.14, SE = 0.05; OR = 0.77, 95 % CI = 0.59-1.0). Higher scores for smoking to control weight were associated with less PA (b = -0.10, SE = 0.05) and higher BMI (b = 0.21, SE = 0.05). For men, higher BMI was associated with greater anticipation of relapse (OR = 2.54, 95 % CI = 1.42-4.56). CONCLUSIONS: Among adults attempting cessation, women, White smokers, and those less motivated to quit were more likely to smoke for weight control and to relapse due to weight gain. Higher BMI was associated with greater anticipation of relapse for men, but not women. Weight-concerns, for both measures, were not related to smoking history, psychosocial functioning, PA engagement or attitudes, or dietary variables. Results suggest potential cessation intervention targets for weight-concerned smokers.
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Fumantes , Aumento de Peso , Adulto , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Estudos Transversais , Fumar/epidemiologia , RecidivaRESUMO
Background and Aim: Joint pain afflicts millions of adults worldwide. The effect of a bone morphogenetic protein complex on joint pain is assessed in this study. Methods: We compared the impact of a dietary supplement protein complex (Cyplexinol®) and placebo in 18 men and women (aged 43 ± 10 years) with self-reported joint pain. Subjects were randomly assigned to each condition, consumed twice daily for 14 days (900 mg/day). Subjects completed questionnaires (e.g., Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and subjective pain using a visual analog scale [VAS]) at the start and end of each treatment phase. Blood samples were analyzed for bone morphogenic protein (BMP), alkaline phosphatase, and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-6, IL-10, IL-1ß, and TGF-ß). Blood was also collected on days 1 and 15 to determine the acute impact of treatment on these measures. Results: Pain and discomfort scores improved (P ≤ 0.05) for subjects following use of Cyplexinol® but not placebo. Improvements were noted for WOMAC pain (P = 0.05), stiffness (P = 0.039), and total pain (P = 0.026), as well as VAS pain (P = 0.015), recreational activity interference (P = 0.023), mood interference (P = 0.012), and total pain (P = 0.024). A trend was noted for WOMAC physical function (P = 0.052). An approximate 50% increase in BMP5 was noted following Cyplexinol® (P = 0.01), with a similar increase noted for placebo (P = 0.022). A near doubling in TGF-ß (P = 0.001) was noted for Cyplexinol®. No other changes of significance were noted across time, nor were any differences noted in cytokines following acute intake of the conditions (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Cyplexinol® can alleviate joint pain in middle-aged men and women, while elevating BMP5 and TGF-ß. Cyplexinol® does not influence cytokines, at least within a short 2-week supplementation period or within the 2-h post-ingestion period. Relevance for Patients: Individuals suffering with joint pain in the knee and/or hip may benefit from daily use of Cyplexinol®, as we observed decreased pain and stiffness following treatment.
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Objective: The efficacy of individualized, community-based physical activity as an adjunctive smoking cessation treatment to enhance long-term smoking cessation rates was evaluated for the Lifestyle Enhancement Program (LEAP). Methods: The study was a two-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial. All participants (n = 392) received cessation counseling and a nicotine patch and were randomized to physical activity (n = 199; YMCA membership and personalized exercise programming from a health coach) or an equal contact frequency wellness curriculum (n = 193). Physical activity treatment was individualized and flexible (with each participant selecting types of activities and intensity levels and being encouraged to exercise at the YMCA and at home, as well as to use "lifestyle" activity). The primary outcome (biochemically verified prolonged abstinence at 7-weeks (end of treatment) and 6- and 12-months postcessation) and secondary outcomes (7-day point prevalent tobacco abstinence (PPA), total minutes per week of leisure time physical activity and strength training) were assessed at baseline, 7 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months. Results: Prolonged abstinence in the physical activity and wellness groups was 19.6% and 25.4%, respectively, at 7-weeks, 15.1% and 16.6% at 6-months, and 14.1% and 17.1% at 12 months (all between-group P values >0.18). Similarly, PPA rates did not differ significantly between groups at any follow-up. Change from baseline leisure-time activity plus strength training increased significantly in the physical activity group at 7 weeks (P = 0.04). Across treatment groups, an increase in the number of minutes per week in strength training from baseline to 7 weeks predicted prolonged abstinence at 12 months (P ≤ 0.001). Further analyses revealed that social support, fewer years smoked, and less temptation to smoke were associated with prolonged abstinence over 12 months in both groups. Conclusions: Community-based physical activity programming, delivered as adjunctive treatment with behavioral/pharmacological cessation treatment, did not improve long-term quit rates compared to adjunctive wellness counseling plus behavioral/pharmacological cessation treatment. This trial is registered with https://beta.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00403312, registration no. NCT00403312.
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Joint pain is a common ailment among adults worldwide. Six men and 14 women (aged 51 ± 10 years) with self-reported joint pain were randomly assigned, using a cross-over design, to a botanical ointment (Yeahhh Baby!®) or placebo, twice daily for 14 days. Subjects completed questionnaires regarding their joint pain and discomfort (eg, WOMAC and subjective pain using a visual analog scale [VAS]) each evening and underwent a washout period of two weeks before crossing into the other condition. Pain and discomfort scores improved for subjects when using Yeahhh Baby!® ointment from day 1 to the average of days 2-15. For certain measures, similar, albeit insignificant, improvements were noted when subjects used the placebo-demonstrating the powerful placebo effect. Specifically, with Yeahhh Baby!® ointment, effects were noted for WOMAC pain (P = .008), WOMAC physical function (P = .024), WOMAC total (P = .019), and VAS mood interference (P = .042). The most pronounced improvement was noted for WOMAC pain (P = .048), with a 25% reduction observed with Yeahhh Baby!®, with a 10% reduction noted for placebo. These findings indicate that, as compared to a placebo, Yeahhh Baby!® ointment may provide relief to individuals suffering from joint pain in their knees and/or hips.
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Osteoartrite do Joelho , Masculino , Adulto , Humanos , Feminino , Autorrelato , Osteoartrite do Joelho/tratamento farmacológico , Pomadas/uso terapêutico , Método Duplo-Cego , Resultado do Tratamento , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Artralgia/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Natural disasters increase nicotine dependence and cigarette consumption, but the exact mechanisms and conditions responsible for this increase are relatively unclear. This study explored whether posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms were pathways to increased nicotine dependence and cigarette consumption after disaster exposure using a representative sample of current smokers who were living in New Orleans at the time Hurricane Katrina struck (nâ¯=â¯175), and a comparison sample of smokers from Memphis (nâ¯=â¯222) who were not directly impacted by Hurricane Katrina. We assessed whether nicotine dependence and daily cigarette consumption differed by city and evaluated potential mediators and moderators of this association using conditional process analysis. Results showed that though nicotine dependence (Bâ¯=â¯0.46, SEâ¯=â¯0.20, pâ¯=â¯.02) and average daily cigarette consumption (Bâ¯=â¯2.19, SEâ¯=â¯0.80, pâ¯=â¯.01) were higher among New Orleans than Memphis smokers 27â¯months after Hurricane Katrina, hurricane exposure did not indirectly affect nicotine dependence and average daily cigarette consumption through increases in posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms. Smokers who are exposed to disasters may not be increasing their cigarette use and their dependency on nicotine because of post-disaster psychological distress. Future studies should investigate other mechanisms and conditions to explain post-disaster changes in smoking behavior.
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Fumar Cigarros/epidemiologia , Tempestades Ciclônicas , Depressão/epidemiologia , Fumantes , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Produtos do Tabaco , Tabagismo/epidemiologia , Adulto , Fumar Cigarros/psicologia , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Desastres Naturais , Nova Orleans/epidemiologia , Angústia Psicológica , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Tennessee/epidemiologia , Tabagismo/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Smoking relapse is rarely examined in disaster research. Thus, this study investigated smoking relapse nine and eighteen months after Hurricane Katrina and identified pathways and conditions for this outcome. METHODS: The data came from a prospective study of adult ever smokers who were living in New Orleans at the time Hurricane Katrina struck (n = 1003), and a comparison sample of Memphis residents (n = 1001) who were not directly impacted by the hurricane. Participants from both cities were recruited using random digit dialing and were surveyed nine and eighteen months after Hurricane Katrina. We assessed whether smoking relapse rates differed by city and evaluated potential mediators and moderators of this association using conditional process analysis. RESULTS: Though the probabilities of smoking relapse, posttraumatic stress, and depressive symptoms were higher among New Orleans than Memphis participants, hurricane exposure did not indirectly affect smoking relapse through increases in posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms. Instead, as the number of hurricane-related events increased so to did the probability of smoking relapse through increases in depressive (ß = 0.08, SE = 0.03, p = .02) and posttraumatic stress symptoms (ß=0.08, SE=0.04, p = .04). Social support lowered the probability of smoking relapse by protecting against increases in depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms mediated the effects of disaster exposure on smoking relapse, and this effect was most pronounced among survivors who reported disaster-related stressors. Former smokers heavily exposed to disasters may benefit from postdisaster interventions that reduce depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms, which may prevent smoking relapse.
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Tempestades Ciclônicas , Depressão/epidemiologia , Desastres Naturais , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Fumar Tabaco/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Depressão/diagnóstico , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nova Orleans/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Recidiva , Apoio Social , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Sobreviventes/psicologia , Tennessee/epidemiologia , Fumar Tabaco/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Despite advances in behavioral and pharmacological treatment for tobacco use and dependence, quit rates remain suboptimal. Increasing physical activity has shown some promise as a strategy for improving cessation outcomes. However, initial efficacy studies focused on intensive, highly structured exercise programs that may not be applicable to the general population of smokers. We describe the rationale and study design and report baseline participant characteristics from the Lifestyle Enhancement Program (LEAP), a two-group, randomized controlled trial. Adult smokers who engaged in low levels of leisure time physical activity were randomly assigned to treatment conditions consisting of an individualized physical activity intervention delivered by health fitness instructors in community-based exercise facilities or an equal contact wellness control. All participants received standard cognitive behavioral smoking cessation counseling combined with nicotine replacement therapy. The primary outcomes are seven-day point prevalence abstinence at seven weeks, six- and 12 months. Secondary outcomes include self-reported physical activity, dietary intake, body mass index, waist circumference, percent body fat, and nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Participants consist of 392 sedentary smokers (mean [standard deviation] age = 44.6 [10.2] = years; 62% female; 31% African American). Results reported here provide information regarding experiences recruiting smokers willing to change multiple health behaviors including smoking and physical activity.
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OBJECTIVE: This study investigated whether racial disparities in depression were present after Hurricane Katrina. METHOD: Data were gathered from 932 New Orleans residents who were present when Hurricane Katrina struck, and who returned to New Orleans the following year. Multiple logistic regression models evaluated racial differences in screening positive for depression (a score ≥16 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), and explored whether differential vulnerability (prehurricane physical and mental health functioning and education level), differential exposure to hurricane-related stressors, and loss of social support moderated and/or reduced the association of race with depression. RESULTS: A univariate logistic regression analysis showed the odds for screening positive for depression were 86% higher for African Americans than for Caucasians (odds ratio [OR] = 1.86 [1.28-2.71], p = .0012). However, after controlling simultaneously for sociodemographic characteristics, preexisting vulnerabilities, social support, and trauma-specific factors, race was no longer a significant correlate for screening positive for depression (OR = 1.54 [0.95-2.48], p = .0771). CONCLUSIONS: The racial disparity in postdisaster depression seems to be confounded by sociodemographic characteristics, preexisting vulnerabilities, social support, and trauma-specific factors. Nonetheless, even after adjusting for these factors, there was a nonsignificant trend effect for race, which could suggest race played an important role in depression outcomes following Hurricane Katrina. Future studies should examine these associations prospectively, using stronger assessments for depression, and incorporate measures for discrimination and segregation, to further understand possible racial disparities in depression after Hurricane Katrina. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Tempestades Ciclônicas , Transtorno Depressivo/diagnóstico , Desastres , Suscetibilidade a Doenças/etnologia , Saúde Mental , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Transtorno Depressivo/etnologia , Transtorno Depressivo/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nova Orleans , Pobreza/psicologia , Fatores de Risco , Apoio Social , População Branca/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Although blacks are more likely than whites to experience posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after a natural disaster, the reasons for this disparity are unclear. This study explores whether race is associated with PTSD after adjusting for differences in preexisting vulnerabilities, exposure to stressors, and loss of social support due to Hurricane Katrina using a representative sample of 279 black and white adult current and past smokers who were present when Hurricane Katrina struck, and identified it as the most traumatic event in their lifetime. Multiple logistic regression models evaluated whether differential vulnerability (pre-hurricane physical and mental health functioning, and education level), differential exposure to hurricane-related stressors, and loss of social support deterioration reduced the association of race with PTSD. Blacks were more likely than whites to screen positive for PTSD (49 vs. 39 %, respectively, p = 0.030). Although blacks reported greater pre-hurricane vulnerability (worse mental health functioning and lower educational attainment) and hurricane-related stressor exposure and had less social support after the hurricane, only pre-hurricane mental health functioning attenuated the association of race with screening positive for PTSD. Thus, racial differences in pre-hurricane functioning, particularly poorer mental health, may partially explain racial disparities in PTSD after natural disasters, such as Hurricane Katrina. Future studies should examine these associations prospectively using representative cohorts of black and whites and include measures of residential segregation and discrimination, which may further our understanding of racial disparities in PTSD after a natural disaster.
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Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Tempestades Ciclônicas , Desastres , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Fumantes/psicologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/etnologia , População Branca/psicologia , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nova Orleans/epidemiologia , Fumantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Apoio Social , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricosAssuntos
Pacientes Domiciliares , Estado Nutricional , Saúde Bucal , Idoso , Humanos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current study is to describe the development, implementation, and success of recruitment and adherence strategies of 303 African American preadolescent girls and their primary caregiver in the Girls health Enrichment Multi-site Studies (GEMS) program. METHODS: A socio-ecologic model was used to guide selection and implementation of recruitment and retention strategies which were continuously monitored and revised in response. Strategy mode and frequency associated with program enrollment, engagement, and retention were analyzed. RESULTS: Successful recruitment approaches included radio messages (23.1%), school fliers (20.1%), and friend referral (15%). Initially 463 potential participants responded, 320 girls were screened, and 303 enrolled. Significant increases in participant accrual were observed between Wave 4 (n=28) and Wave 5 (n=91) after using a team recruitment approach. Implementing case management strategies and providing make-up sessions also served to keep participants current and engaged in the program. In year 2, community field trips replaced the more structured sessions providing participants with experiential learning opportunities. Overall intervention attendance rates ranged from 79.7% to 90.5% among waves. Further, 75.9% and 80.2%, respectively, of participants attended 1-year and 2-year follow-ups. CONCLUSION: Multiple recruitment strategies and flexible, responsive approaches to recruitment and retention guided by the socio-ecologic model facilitated optimal implementation of an intervention for preadolescent girls. Through the application of the socio-ecologic model researchers and program leaders will be able to identify strategies to enhance the probability of successful outcomes.
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Terapia Comportamental/métodos , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Amigos/psicologia , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde/etnologia , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Sobrepeso/prevenção & controle , Aumento de Peso , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Sobrepeso/etnologia , Sobrepeso/psicologia , Seleção de Pacientes , Prevalência , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine family context in relation to body image, weight concerns, and weight control behaviors in preadolescent African American girls. METHODS: Cross-sectional baseline data were analyzed from 303 African American girls 8 to 10 years old and a caregiver in the Girls health Enrichment Multi-site Studies Phase 2(GEMS), an obesity prevention intervention trial. RESULTS: Fruit, juice, and vegetable accessibility and family support for healthy eating and physical activity were significantly related to girls' body image and weight control behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive understanding of family factors may improve future programs aimed at preadolescent girls.
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Imagem Corporal , Família , Comportamento Alimentar/etnologia , Sobrepeso/prevenção & controle , Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Dieta , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Humanos , Sobrepeso/etnologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , TennesseeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of a 2-year obesity prevention program in African American girls. DESIGN: Memphis GEMS (Girls' health Enrichment Multi-site Studies) was a controlled trial in which girls were randomly assigned to an obesity prevention program or alternative intervention. SETTING: Local community centers and YWCAs (Young Women's Christian Associations) in Memphis, Tennessee. PARTICIPANTS: Girls aged 8 to 10 years (N = 303) who were identified by a parent or guardian as African American and who had a body mass index (BMI) at or higher than the 25th percentile for age or 1 parent with a BMI of 25 or higher. INTERVENTIONS: Group behavioral counseling to promote healthy eating and increased physical activity (obesity prevention program) or self-esteem and social efficacy (alternative intervention). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The BMI at 2 years. RESULTS: The BMI increased in all girls with no treatment effect (obesity prevention minus alternative intervention) at 2 years (mean, 0.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.40 to 0.58). Two-year treatment effects in the expected direction were observed for servings per day of sweetened beverages (mean, -0.19; 95% CI, -0.39 to 0.09), water (mean, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.40), and vegetables (mean, 0.15; 95% CI,-0.02 to 0.30), but there were no effects on physical activity. Post hoc analyses suggested a treatment effect in younger girls (P for interaction = .08). The mean BMI difference at 2 years was -2.41 (95% CI, -4.83 to 0.02) in girls initially aged 8 years and -1.02 (95% CI, -2.31 to 0.27) in those initially aged 10 years. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of significant BMI change at 2 years indicates that this intervention alone is insufficient for obesity prevention. Effectiveness may require more explicit behavior change goals and a stronger physical activity component as well as supportive changes in environmental contexts.
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Negro ou Afro-Americano/educação , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Análise de Variância , Antropometria , Índice de Massa Corporal , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Criança , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Impedância Elétrica , Feminino , Educação em Saúde , Humanos , Monitorização Fisiológica , Atividade Motora , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Autoimagem , Autoeficácia , Tennessee , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate body composition outcomes of foot-to-foot (FF) bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and dual-energy x-ray (DEXA) in 8 to 10-year-old African-American girls and, if different, to develop and cross-validate specific BIA prediction equations for this at-risk group. METHODS: DEXA and FF-BIA body composition outcomes were analyzed in 183, 8-10-year-old African-American girls from the Memphis site of the Girls health Enrichment Multi-site Study (GEMS). RESULTS: Mean body composition outcomes by FF-BIA and DEXA were significantly different (p<0.0001); therefore, population-specific equations were developed and cross-validated using split-sample, cross-validation methods. When equations were used, BIA and DEXA outcomes were significantly correlated (percent body fat [r=0.931], fat mass [r=0.985], and fat-free mass [r=0.944]). Mean predicted BIA measurements for body fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass were essentially equal to their counterpart DEXA measurements (t[182]=- 0.013, p = 0.897, t[182]=- 0.06, p=0.956, and t[182]=- 0.26, p=0.792, respectively). The Bland-Altman analysis revealed a significant slope for percent fat (p=0.009) and slopes approaching significance for fat mass (p=0.07) and fat-free mass (p=0.06). CONCLUSION: Although FF-BIA and DEXA are not directly interchangeable in young African-American girls, these equations accurately estimated average percent fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass of the cross-validation sample of African-American girls. However, the application of this equation may result in potential underestimation or overestimation of fat with respect to DEXA measures in some populations.
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Absorciometria de Fóton , População Negra , Composição Corporal , Impedância Elétrica , Obesidade/diagnóstico , Obesidade/etnologia , Adiposidade/etnologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Feminino , Pé , Humanos , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Análise de Regressão , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , TennesseeRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among body mass index (BMI), self-perceptions, and body image discrepancy in African American (AA) girls. METHODS: Baseline self-perception and BMI data were collected by trained staff from 303 preadolescent AA girls participating in the girls health enrichment multi-site studies. Correlations and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify relationships of BMI with self-perception factors. RESULTS: Girls with a BMI at or above the 85th percentile were more likely to have greater body image discrepancy and participate in weight control behaviors than girls with a BMI below the 85th percentile. Body image discrepancy was not related to self-esteem, but was positively correlated with physical activity self-concept and self-efficacy, and diet self-efficacy. CONCLUSION: Girls with higher BMI had greater body image discrepancy and were less confident in abilities to be active and eat healthy. Findings may inform the development of obesity interventions for preadolescents.
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Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Imagem Corporal , Índice de Massa Corporal , Autoimagem , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Criança , Dieta Redutora/psicologia , Exercício Físico/psicologia , Feminino , Educação em Saúde , Humanos , Obesidade/etnologia , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Obesidade/psicologia , Autoeficácia , Desejabilidade Social , TennesseeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and characteristics of energy intake underreporting in African-American preadolescent girls as part of the Girls health Enrichment Multi-site Studies (GEMS). METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Energy intake was summarized using the Nutrition Data System for Research software and computed as a 3-day average of 24-h dietary recalls. Physical activity was assessed by an accelerometer, basal metabolic rate (BMR) was estimated using the World Health Organization's prediction equation, and underreporting of caloric intake was based on the Goldberg equation. RESULTS: Using a conservative criterion for determining energy underreporting, we classified 54.8% of the girls as underreporters; 45.2% were classified as plausible reporters. Factors related to underreporting included higher BMI (beta = -0.506, P < or = 0.001), older age (beta = -0.159, P = 0.001), greater unhealthy eating behaviors (beta = -0.118, P = 0.025), and higher self-efficacy for diet (beta = -0.098, P = 0.033). DISCUSSION: Underreporting of dietary intake, specifically energy, is common in African-American preadolescent girls and can be partially explained by weight status and psychosocial variables. The extent of dietary underreporting in specific and high-risk populations is largely unknown and could be evaluated by routinely including a report of such an index in future research studies.
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Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Ingestão de Energia , Autorrevelação , Metabolismo Basal/fisiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Criança , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U.S.) , Prevalência , Psicologia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Obesity prevalence is increasing in the U.S., especially among children and minority populations. This report describes the design and baseline data of the ongoing Girls health Enrichment Multi-site Studies (GEMS) trial (Memphis site), which is testing the efficacy of a 2-year family-based intervention to reduce excessive increase in body mass index (BMI). This randomized, controlled trial conducted at community centers in Memphis, Tennessee requires major measurements at baseline and at 12 and 24 months post-randomization. The participants are healthy African-American girls and one parent/caregiver of each girl. Participating girls are of ages 8-10 years, with BMI>or=25th percentile of the CDC 2000 growth charts or with one overweight or obese parent/caregiver (BMI>or=25 kg/m(2)). The active intervention is designed to prevent excessive weight gain by promoting healthy eating habits and increasing physical activity. An alternative intervention (comparison group) promotes general self-esteem and social efficacy. The main outcome measure is the difference between the two treatment groups in the change in BMI at 2 years. Three hundred and three girls have been randomly assigned to receive the test intervention (n=153) or the alternative intervention (n=150). The two groups do not differ in baseline characteristics. At the time of enrollment, the mean age was 9 years, the mean BMI was 22 kg/m(2) (mean BMI percentile=77 th), and 41% were overweight (BMI>/=95th percentile using CDC 2000 growth charts). Participants' intake of fruits and vegetables (1.3 serving/day) and fats (36% kcal), and their participation in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (20 min/day), did not meet national recommendations. The GEMS obesity prevention intervention targets improved diet and increased physical activity to reduce excessive weight gain in healthy African-American girls of ages 8-10.
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Negro ou Afro-Americano , Educação em Saúde/organização & administração , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Pressão Sanguínea , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Dieta , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Humanos , Autoimagem , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Psychosocial stress maintains cigarette use and precipitates relapse, but little is known about how natural disasters in particular affect smoking. PURPOSE: To determine the feasibility of recruiting victims soon after a natural disaster for a survey study, and to assess the types and determinants of changes in smoking behavior resulting from exposure to the disaster. METHODS: A convenience sample of 35 Hurricane Katrina refugees who had smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime were surveyed one month after the storm to evaluate changes in smoking behavior. RESULTS: Among a small sample of former smokers, more than half relapsed after Katrina, citing stress, urge, and sadness. Among current smokers, 52% increased their smoking after Katrina by more than half a pack per day on average. Most individuals who increased their smoking or relapsed expressed interest in receiving cessation assistance within the next month. DISCUSSION: Stress-related increases in smoking and relapse may be common after a natural disaster. TRANSLATION TO HEALTH EDUCATION PRACTICE: Health education professionals have an important role to play in responding to changes in tobacco use in the aftermath of disasters. Educational interventions to discourage tobacco use as a coping strategy may be especially warranted given the high level of interest expressed in smoking cessation.
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This correlational study examined the adherence rates of transdermal nicotine (TN) use among a population of males and females 18 years of age and older (N = 619) who received varying levels of behavioral intervention. Rates of patch adherence were assessed for demographic (e.g., gender, ethnicity, and age), income-, smoking- [e.g., baseline carbon monoxide (CO), nicotine dependence, and follow-up quit status], and treatment-related (e.g., condition, and drop status) variables. Loglinear and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess adherence rates. Results indicated that male gender [chi2(2, n = 485) = 20.39, P = .038], not dropping out of the study [chi2(2, n = 485) = 13.94, P < .001], and intensive treatment (compared to the standard care) [chi2(4, n = 485) = 14.96, P = .005] were associated with greater adherence to TN. Furthermore, patch adherence was associated with quit status at 6 months (OR = 2.47, CI = 1.56-3.91, P < .001) and 12 months (OR = 2.12, CI = 1.34-3.37, P = .001). Complete and partial patch adherence (compared to minimal/no adherence) were associated with a greater number of telephone intervention contacts completed (OR = 2.621, CI = 1.421-4.832, P = .002). Noteworthy however, was the lack of association between level of income and patch adherence. These findings suggest characteristics of those more and less likely to adhere to TN in research and clinical settings.