Recommendations for surveillance of pulmonary dysfunction among childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors: a report from the International Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group.

Childhood, adolescent, and young adult (CAYA) cancer survivors are at risk of pulmonary dysfunction. Current follow-up care guidelines are discordant. Therefore, the International Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group established and convened a panel of 33 experts to develop evidence-based surveillance guidelines. We critically reviewed available evidence regarding risk factors for pulmonary dysfunction, types of pulmonary function testing, and timings of surveillance, then we formulated our recommendations. We recommend that CAYA cancer survivors and healthcare providers are aware of reduced pulmonary function risks and pay vigilant attention to potential symptoms of pulmonary dysfunction, especially among survivors treated with allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, thoracic radiotherapy, and thoracic surgery. Based on existing limited evidence and current lack of interventions, our panel recommends pulmonary function testing only for symptomatic survivors. Since scarce existing evidence informs our recommendation, we highlight the need for prospective collaborative studies to address pulmonary function knowledge gaps among CAYA cancer survivors.

Changing high-risk asthma in Memphis through partnership: Results from the CHAMP program.

BACKGROUND: Children in metro Shelby County, Tennessee, have disproportionally high asthma-related health care resource use (HRU) compared with those in other regions in Tennessee. OBJECTIVE: To describe the goals, logistics, and outcomes of the Changing High-Risk Asthma in Memphis through Partnership (CHAMP) program implemented to improve pediatric asthma care in Shelby County. METHODS: CHAMP established a multidisciplinary team with dedicated medical staff and community health workers, implemented a 24/7 call line to improve access to care, established a patient data registry to address fragmented care, assigned community health educators to improve asthma education and social needs, and partnered with services to address environmental triggers and social determinants of health. Patients eligible for CHAMP are Shelby County residents aged 2 to 18 years with high-risk asthma enrolled in Tennessee's Medicaid managed care program. Health care resource use outcomes 1-year pre- and post-CHAMP enrollment were analyzed for patients who had completed 1 year of CHAMP between January 2013 and December 2022. The 24/7 call line data between November 2013 and December 2022 were analyzed. RESULTS: CHAMP has enrolled 1348 children; 945 have completed 1 year (63% male; 90% identified as Black). At 1-year post-CHAMP enrollment, patients had 58%, 68%, 42%, and 53% reductions in emergency department visits, inpatient and observation visits, urgent care visits, and total asthma exacerbations, respectively. The number of asthma exacerbations per patient significantly decreased from 2.97 to 1.40 at 1-year post-CHAMP enrollment. Of the calls made to the 24/7 call line, 58% occurred after hours and 52% led to issue resolution without a medical facility visit. CONCLUSION: CHAMP successfully decreased asthma HRU in children with high-risk asthma in Shelby County by implementing initiatives that targeted barriers to asthma care.

Leveraging Therapy-Specific Polygenic Risk Scores to Predict Restrictive Lung Defects in Childhood Cancer Survivors.

Therapy-related pulmonary complications are among the leading causes of morbidity among long-term survivors of childhood cancer. Restrictive ventilatory defects (RVD) are prevalent, with risks increasing after exposures to chest radiotherapy and radiomimetic chemotherapies. Using whole-genome sequencing data from 1,728 childhood cancer survivors in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study, we developed and validated a composite RVD risk prediction model that integrates clinical profiles and polygenic risk scores (PRS), including both published lung phenotype PRSs and a novel survivor-specific pharmaco/radiogenomic PRS (surPRS) for RVD risk reflecting gene-by-treatment (GxT) interaction effects. Overall, this new therapy-specific polygenic risk prediction model showed multiple indicators for superior discriminatory accuracy in an independent data set. The surPRS was significantly associated with RVD risk in both training (OR = 1.60, P = 3.7 × 10-10) and validation (OR = 1.44, P = 8.5 × 10-4) data sets. The composite model featuring the surPRS showed the best discriminatory accuracy (AUC = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.76-0.87), a significant improvement (P = 9.0 × 10-3) over clinical risk scores only (AUC = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.72-0.83). The odds of RVD in survivors in the highest quintile of composite model-predicted risk was ∼20-fold higher than those with median predicted risk or less (OR = 20.01, P = 2.2 × 10-16), exceeding the comparable estimate considering nongenetic risk factors only (OR = 9.20, P = 7.4 × 10-11). Inclusion of genetic predictors also selectively improved risk stratification for pulmonary complications across at-risk primary cancer diagnoses (AUCclinical = 0.72; AUCcomposite = 0.80, P = 0.012). Overall, this PRS approach that leverages GxT interaction effects supports late effects risk prediction among childhood cancer survivors. SIGNIFICANCE: This study develops a therapy-specific polygenic risk prediction model to more precisely identify childhood cancer survivors at high risk for pulmonary complications, which could help improve risk stratification for other late effects.

F1099L-CFTR (c.3297C>G) has Impaired Channel Function and Associates with Mild Disease Phenotypes in Two Pediatric Patients.

(1) Background: many rare cystic fibrosistransmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutations remain poorly characterized with regard to functional consequences of the mutation. We present the clinical features of two pediatric cystic fibrosis (CF) subjects who are heterozygous for F1099L (c.3297C>G), one with G551D (a class III mutation) and one with 3849 + 10kbC->T (a class V mutation). We also identified the molecular defect(s) that are associated with F1099L mutation to correlate with the clinical features that we observed; (2) Methods: clinical findings and history were extracted from the electronic medical record and de-identified. F1099L-CFTR protein expression level and maturation status, channel function, and the effects of CFTR modulation on these characteristics were investigated using western blotting and iodide efflux assay; (3) Results: these two subjects have mild CF phenotypes when F1099L is combined with two known disease-causing mutations. F1099L-CFTR has a moderate defect in processing and maturation, causing fewer CFTR channels at the cell surface and, therefore, impaired channel activities. These defects could be effectively corrected using VX-809 (lumacaftor); and, (4) Conclusions: our biochemical data correlate with the disease manifestations and suggest that F1099L is potentially a CF-causing mutation. The study expands our knowledge of rare CFTR mutations and may help in developing effective therapies for subjects with F1099L mutation.

Reduction of Recurrence Risk of Pancreatitis in Cystic Fibrosis With Ivacaftor: Case Series.

The effect of ivacaftor in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) with recurrent pancreatitis is unknown. We conducted a multicenter retrospective study of patients with CF taking ivacaftor who had a history of recurrent pancreatitis. During the first 3 months of therapy, only 1 of the 6 patients had an episode of pancreatitis, which was managed on an outpatient basis. Between 3 and 12 months on ivacaftor therapy, none of the patients had recurrence of pancreatitis or required hospitalization. The use of ivacaftor was associated with a reduced frequency and recurrence rate of pancreatitis in patients with CF.

Recovery of Pulmonary Function after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Children is Associated with Improved Survival.

Abnormal pulmonary function is prevalent in survivors of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Post-transplantation recovery of pulmonary function, and its effect on survival, in children are not known. This retrospective cohort study of 308 children followed for 10 years after HCT at a single institution included 2 groups of patients. Group 1 comprised 188 patients with 3 or more pulmonary function test (PFT) results, of which at least 1 was abnormal, and group 2 comprised 120 patients with 3 or more PFTs, all of which were normal. Pulmonary function normalized post-transplantation in 51 patients (27%) in group 1. Obstructive lung disease, restrictive lung disease, mixed lung disease, and normal pattern were seen in 43%, 25%, 5%, and 27% of patients, respectively, at a median of 5 years (range, 0.5 to 11.9 years) post-transplantation. Lung volumes recovered better than spirometric indices. Pulmonary complications were seen in 80 patients (43%) in group 1. Patients who recovered pulmonary function had better overall survival (P = .006), which did not differ significantly from that in patients in group 2 with normal lung function post-transplantation (P = .80). After adjusting for duration of follow-up, pulmonary complications (P = .01), and lower pretransplantation forced vital capacity z-scores (P = .01) were associated with poor recovery. T cell depletion (P < .001), lower pretransplantation forced expired volume in 1 second z-scores (P = .006), and chronic graft-versus-host disease (P < .001) increased the risk for pulmonary complications. Nonrecovery of lung function with pulmonary complications (P = .03), acute graft-versus-host disease (P = .004), and mechanical ventilation (P < .001) were risk factors for nonrelapse mortality. Normalization of pulmonary function is possible in long-term survivors of allogeneic HCT. Strategies to decrease the risk of pulmonary complications may improve outcomes.

Respiratory Care Considerations in the Childhood Cancer Patient.

This article reviews the common pulmonary complications seen in the pediatric oncology population and our approach to diagnosis, management, and therapy considerations in this specialized population, including patients receiving chemotherapy, radiation, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Although infections cause the most significant complications in this population, non-infectious complications, including acute lung injury from chemotherapy or radiation, idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, bronchiolitis obliterans, and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, also occur commonly. With improvements in survival of childhood cancer, there are now a growing number of adults who are childhood cancer survivors who may be encountered by therapists in adult hospitals. We also review the growing literature on the emerging late pulmonary findings in these adult childhood cancer survivors.

Pulmonary Function after Treatment for Childhood Cancer. A Report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study (SJLIFE).

RATIONALE: The relationship between treatment-related impairment of pulmonary function in adult survivors of childhood cancer and subsequent physical function has not been studied. OBJECTIVES: In this prospective evaluation of 606 adult survivors of childhood cancer, we sought to determine the risk factors for, as well as the functional impact of, clinically ascertained pulmonary function impairment. METHODS: We measured FEV1, FVC, total lung capacity (TLC), and single-breath diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide corrected for hemoglobin (DlCOcorr), expressing the results as percent predicted and lower limit of normal (LLN) values, and we also assessed functional exercise capacity (6-minute-walk distance). Lung radiation exposure was expressed as the estimated percentage of lung tissue that received at least 10 Gy (V10). Associations of clinical and treatment factors with pulmonary function measures were assessed using log-binomial regression to calculate relative risks and 95% confidence intervals. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The participants' median age at evaluation was 34.2 years, and the median elapsed time from diagnosis was 21.9 years. Among the sample population, 50.7% had an FEV1 percent predicted less than 80%, 47.2% had an FVC percent predicted less than 80%, 31.2% had a TLC percent predicted less than 75%, and 44.6% had DlCOcorr percent predicted less than 75%. Also, 49.0% had FEV1 less than the LLN on the basis of the Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) criteria, and 45.4% had FVC less than LLN. Obstructive lung defects (FEV1/FVC, <0.7) were found in 0.8%, but none had obstructive lung defects on the basis of the GLI criterion of FEV1/FVC less than the LLN. Restrictive lung defects (TLC, <75%) were found in 31.2% of participants. V10 and elapsed time since diagnosis were associated with abnormal FEV1 and FVC based on the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.03 criteria, and with abnormal FEV1 using the GLI criterion. Age at diagnosis was an additional risk factor for abnormal FVC based on the GLI criteria. Age at diagnosis and V10 were associated with abnormal TLC. Increased body mass index, V10, and elapsed time since diagnosis were risk factors for abnormal DlCOcorr. Abnormal pulmonary function tests were associated with decreased 6-minute walk distance. CONCLUSIONS: Impaired pulmonary function in adult survivors of childhood cancer is associated with decreased physical function. These patients may benefit from interventions designed to preserve and/or improve pulmonary function.

Personalized medicine in cystic fibrosis: genistein supplementation as a treatment option for patients with a rare S1045Y-CFTR mutation.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-shortening disease caused by the mutations that generate nonfunctional CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. A rare serine-to-tyrosine (S1045Y) CFTR mutation was earlier reported to result in CF-associated fatality. We identified an African-American patient with the S1045Y mutation in CFTR, as well as a stop-codon mutation, who has a mild CF phenotype. The underlying mechanism of CF caused by S1045Y-CFTR has not been elucidated. In this study, we determined that S1045Y-CFTR exhibits twofold attenuated function compared with wild-type (WT)-CFTR. We report that serine-to-tyrosine mutation leads to increased tyrosine phosphorylation of S1045Y-CFTR, followed by recruitment and binding of E3-ubiquitin ligase c-cbl, resulting in enhanced ubiquitination and passage of S1045Y-CFTR in the endosome/lysosome degradative compartments. We demonstrate that inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation partially rescues S1045Y-CFTR surface expression and function. Based on our findings, it could be suggested that consuming genistein (a tyrosine phosphorylation inhibitor) would likely ameliorate CF symptoms in individuals with S1045Y-CFTR, providing a unique personalized therapy for this rare CF mutation.

c.3623G > A mutation encodes a CFTR protein with impaired channel function.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to characterize clinical features of a pediatric African-American cystic fibrosis (CF) patient heterozygous for F508del and a novel c.3623G > A mutation, and to identify the molecular defect(s) associated with c.3623G > A mutation. METHODS: The medical record of this patient was analyzed retrospectively. Western blotting and iodide efflux assay were used to study mutant CFTR protein expression level, maturation status, channel function, and the effects of CFTR modulation on these characteristics. RESULTS: The encoding protein of c.3623G > A mutation, G1208D-CFTR, has a moderate processing defect and exhibits impaired channel function, which were partially rescued by using VX-809 or exposed to low temperature (28 °C). The patient has mild CF disease manifestations. CONCLUSIONS: Our biochemical findings correlate with the clinical phenotype and suggest that c.3623G > A is a CF-causing mutation. The study helps expand our knowledge of rare CFTR mutations in a minority population and may have important clinical implications for personalized therapeutic intervention.

Monitoring Central Venous Catheter Resistance to Predict Imminent Occlusion: A Prospective Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Long-term central venous catheters are essential for the management of chronic medical conditions, including childhood cancer. Catheter occlusion is associated with an increased risk of subsequent complications, including bloodstream infection, venous thrombosis, and catheter fracture. Therefore, predicting and pre-emptively treating occlusions should prevent complications, but no method for predicting such occlusions has been developed. METHODS: We conducted a prospective trial to determine the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of catheter-resistance monitoring, a novel approach to predicting central venous catheter occlusion in pediatric patients. Participants who had tunneled catheters and were receiving treatment for cancer or undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation underwent weekly catheter-resistance monitoring for up to 12 weeks. Resistance was assessed by measuring the inline pressure at multiple flow-rates via a syringe pump system fitted with a pressure-sensing transducer. When turbulent flow through the device was evident, resistance was not estimated, and the result was noted as "non-laminar." RESULTS: Ten patients attended 113 catheter-resistance monitoring visits. Elevated catheter resistance (>8.8% increase) was strongly associated with the subsequent development of acute catheter occlusion within 10 days (odds ratio = 6.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-21.5; p <0.01; sensitivity, 75%; specificity, 67%). A combined prediction model comprising either change in resistance greater than 8.8% or a non-laminar result predicted subsequent occlusion (odds ratio = 6.8; 95% confidence interval, 2.0-22.8; p = 0.002; sensitivity, 80%; specificity, 63%). Participants rated catheter-resistance monitoring as highly acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: In this pediatric hematology and oncology population, catheter-resistance monitoring is feasible, acceptable, and predicts imminent catheter occlusion. Larger studies are required to validate these findings, assess the predictive value for other clinical outcomes, and determine the impact of pre-emptive therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01737554.

Pulmonary Function After Treatment for Embryonal Brain Tumors on SJMB03 That Included Craniospinal Irradiation.

PURPOSE: The treatment of children with embryonal brain tumors (EBT) includes craniospinal irradiation (CSI). There are limited data regarding the effect of CSI on pulmonary function. METHODS: Protocol SJMB03 enrolled patients 3 to 21 years of age with EBT. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1] and forced vital capacity [FVC] by spirometry, total lung capacity [TLC] by nitrogen washout or plethysmography, and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide corrected for hemoglobin [DLCO(corr)]) were obtained. Differences between PFTs obtained immediately after the completion of CSI and 24 or 60 months after the completion of treatment (ACT) were compared using exact Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and repeated-measures models. RESULTS: Between June 24, 2003, and March 1, 2010, 303 eligible patients (spine dose: ≤ 2345 cGy, 201; >2345 cGy, 102; proton beam, 20) were enrolled, 260 of whom had at least 1 PFT. The median age at diagnosis was 8.9 years (range, 3.1-20.4 years). The median thoracic spinal radiation dose was 23.4 Gy (interquartile range [IQR], 23.4-36.0 Gy). The median cyclophosphamide dose was 16.0 g/m(2) (IQR, 15.7-16.0 g/m(2)). At 24 and 60 months ACT, DLCO(corr) was <75% predicted in 23% (27/118) and 25% (21/84) of patients, FEV1 was <80% predicted in 20% (34/170) and 29% (32/109) of patients, FVC was <80% predicted in 27% (46/172) and 28% (30/108) of patients, and TLC was <75% predicted in 9% (13/138) and 11% (10/92) of patients. DLCO(corr) was significantly decreased 24 months ACT (median difference [MD] in % predicted, 3.00%; P = .028) and 60 months ACT (MD in % predicted, 6.00%; P = .033) compared with the end of radiation therapy. These significant decreases in DLCO(corr) were also observed in repeated-measures models (P = .011 and P = .032 at 24 and 60 months ACT, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A significant minority of EBT survivors experience PFT deficits after CSI. Continued monitoring of this cohort is planned.

Pulmonary function in infants with swallowing dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Swallowing dysfunction can lead to recurring aspiration and is frequently associated with chronic symptoms such as cough and wheezing in infants. Our objective was to describe the characteristics of infants with swallowing dysfunction, determine if pulmonary function abnormalities are detectable, and if they improve after therapy. METHODS: We studied 38 infants with a history of coughing and wheezing who had pulmonary function tests performed within two weeks of their diagnosis of swallowing dysfunction. The raised lung volume rapid thoracoabdominal compression technique was used. After 6 months of therapy, 17 of the infants repeated the tests. RESULTS: Initially, 25 had abnormal spirometry, 18 had abnormal plethysmography, and 15 demonstrated bronchodilator responsiveness. Six months later test were repeated for seventeen patients. Ten patients had continued abnormal spirometry, two patients remained normal, three patients' abnormal spirometry had normalized, and two patients' previously normal studies became abnormal. Eight of the 17 patients had continued abnormal plethysmography, six had continued normal plethysmography, and three patients' normal plethysmography became abnormal. After 6 months of treatment, eight patients demonstrated bronchodilator responsiveness, of which five continued to demonstrate bronchodilator responsiveness and three developed responsiveness. The remainder either continued to be non- bronchodilator responsive (two) or lost responsiveness (three.) The findings of the abnormal tests in most infants tested is complicated by frequent occurrence of other co-morbidities in this population, including gastroesophageal reflux in 23 and passive smoke exposure in 13 of the infants. CONCLUSIONS: The interpretation of lung function changes is complicated by the frequent association of swallowing dysfunction with gastroesophageal reflux and passive smoke exposure in this population. Six months of medical therapy for swallowing dysfunction/gastroesophageal reflux did not significantly improve pulmonary function in these infants. Long-term studies will be necessary to determine which of these changes persists into adulthood.

Pre-hematopoietic stem cell transplant lung function and pulmonary complications in children.

RATIONALE: Pulmonary complications are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. OBJECTIVES: The relationship between pretransplant pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and development of post-transplant pulmonary complications in children was studied. METHODS: This is a retrospective single institution cohort study of 410 patients who underwent pretransplant PFT and were monitored to 10 years posttransplant. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Pulmonary complications were observed in 174 (42%) patients. Children with pulmonary complications had significantly lower forced expiratory flow at 25-75% of vital capacity (P = 0.02) derived using conventional predicted equations for age, and the Global Lung Initiative-2012 predicted equations (P = 0.01). T-cell depletion (P = 0.001), acute grade 3-4 graft-versus-host disease (P = 0.008), and chronic graft-versus-host disease (P = 0.01) increased risk for pulmonary complications. Patients who had pulmonary complications had a 2.8-fold increased risk of mortality (P < 0.0001). The cumulative incidence of death due to pulmonary complications was significantly higher in children who had low lung volumes, FRC less than 50% (P = 0.005), TLC less than 50% (P = 0.0002), residual volume less than 50% (P = 0.007), and T-cell depletion (P = 0.01). Lower FEV1 (P = 0.0005), FVC (P = 0.0005), TLC (P < 0.0001), residual volume less than 50% (P = 0.01), and restrictive lung disease (P = 0.01) predicted worse overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal pretransplant PFT significantly increased risk after transplant. These patients may benefit from modified transplant strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Cigarette smoking and pulmonary function in adult survivors of childhood cancer exposed to pulmonary-toxic therapy: results from the St. Jude lifetime cohort study.

Treatments for childhood cancer can impair pulmonary function. We assessed the potential impact of cigarette smoking on pulmonary function in 433 adult childhood cancer survivors (CCS) who received pulmonary-toxic therapy, using single breath diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide corrected for hemoglobin (DLCOcorr), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and total lung capacity (TLC). FEV1/FVC median values among current [1.00; interquartile range (IQR): 0.94-1.04] and former smokers (0.98; IQR: 0.93-1.04) were lower than those who had never smoked (1.02; IQR: 0.96-1.06; P = 0.003). Median FEV1/FVC values were lower among those who smoked ≥ 6 pack-years (0.99; IQR: 0.92-1.03) and those who smoked <6 pack-years (1.00; IQR: 0.94-1.04), than among those who had never smoked (P = 0.005). Our findings suggest that CCSs have an increased risk for future obstructive and restrictive lung disease. Follow-up is needed to determine whether smoking imparts more than additive risk. Smoking prevention and cessation need to be a priority in this population.

Long-term pulmonary function after metastasectomy for childhood osteosarcoma: a report from the St Jude lifetime cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Complete resection of lung metastases improves survival in patients with osteosarcoma. We evaluated the long-term effect of metastasectomy on pulmonary function of patients treated for osteosarcoma during childhood. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed the medical records of patients who had pulmonary function tests (PFTs) after metastasectomy for osteosarcoma. Patient, tumor, and treatment variables were abstracted along with PFTs. The PFTs were recorded as a percentage of predicted value and were classified as abnormal for forced vital capacity (FVC) < 80%, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) < 80%, total lung capacity (TLC) < 75%, and single breath diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide corrected for hemoglobin (DLCOcorr) < 75%. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients had PFTs performed during follow-up. Mean age at diagnosis of osteosarcoma was 13.2 ± 4.7 years (SD). Fifteen patients had a single thoracotomy, and 6 patients had ≥2 thoracotomies (range 2 to 6). Eighty lesions were resected. Nine patients had ≤2 lesions resected and 12 patients had >2 lesions (range 3 to 12) resected. Mean time from the last surgical procedure to measurement of PFTs was 20.3 ± 9.0 years (SD). Total lung capacity was abnormal for 28.6%, DLCOcorr for 47.4%, FVC for 40%, and FEV1 for 47.6% of the cohort members. Individual PFTs were abnormal in 13.3% (TLC) to 46.7% (DLCOcorr) of patients who had 1 thoracotomy and in 50.0% (DLCOcorr) to 66.7% (FEV1, TLC) of patients with ≥2 thoracotomies. The number of thoracotomies was associated with abnormal TLC (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who underwent pulmonary metastasectomy for osteosarcoma as children often had abnormal PFTs on long-term follow-up, but the reduction in lung volumes and DLCOcorr was relatively mild. Multiple thoracotomies predicted greater impairment of pulmonary function.

Pulmonary outcomes in survivors of childhood central nervous system malignancies: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study.

BACKGROUND: Adult survivors of childhood central nervous system (CNS) tumors may be at risk for pulmonary dysfunction. This study enumerates the incidence of pulmonary dysfunction and explores associations between craniospinal irradiation (CSI) and pulmonary dysfunction among survivors of childhood CNS tumors. METHODS: Participants included Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS) cohort members treated for CNS malignancies when 3.0 for asthma, chronic cough and need for extra oxygen. Rates of fibrosis (RR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0-3.9), chest wall abnormalities (RR 19.0, 95% CI 4.2-85.7), chronic cough (RR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.1) and need for supplemental oxygen (RR 2.5, 95% CI 1.9-3.3) were higher among survivors than among siblings. Survivors treated with CSI were 10.4 (95% CI 7.6-14.4) times more likely than those not exposed to report chest wall deformity. CONCLUSION: Adult survivors of CNS malignancy have high rates of pulmonary dysfunction 5+ years after diagnosis. Survivors treated with CSI should be monitored for pulmonary disease to permit early interventions.