Protein Microarrays as a Tool to Analyze Antibody Responses to Variant Surface Antigens Expressed on the Surface of Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Erythrocytes.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) remain the gold standard for measuring antibodies, but are time-consuming and use significant amounts of precious sample and reagents. Protein microarrays represent an appealing alternative, particularly for studies focused on large gene families such as those encoding variant surface antigens in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Such microarrays represent an ideal high-throughput platform to study antibody responses to hundreds of malaria parasite variant surface antigens at once, providing critical insights into the development of natural immunity to malaria. We describe the essential background and approach to run an assay using a P. falciparum microarray populated with variant surface antigens. This allows the user to define serologic profiles and identify serodominant antigens that represent promising targets for vaccine or therapeutic development.

The Controlled Human Malaria Infection Experience at the University of Maryland.

Controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) is a powerful tool to evaluate the efficacy of malaria vaccines and pharmacologics. Investigators at the University of Maryland, Baltimore, Center for Vaccine Development (UMB-CVD) pioneered the technique in the 1970s and continue to advance the frontiers of CHMI research. We reviewed the records of 338 malaria-naive volunteers who underwent CHMI at UMB-CVD with Plasmodium falciparum from 1971 until 2017. These 338 volunteers underwent 387 CHMI events, including 60 via intradermal injection or direct venous inoculation (DVI) of purified, cryopreserved sporozoites. No volunteer suffered an unplanned hospitalization or required intravenous therapy related to CHMI. Median prepatency period was longer in challenges using NF54 (9 days) than in those using 7G8 (8 days), P = 0.0006 by the log-rank test. With dose optimization of DVI, the prepatent period did not differ between DVI and mosquito bite challenge (log-rank test, P = 0.66). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected P. falciparum infection 3 days earlier than thick smears (P < 0.001), and diagnosis by ultrasensitive PCR was associated with less severe symptoms than smear-based diagnosis (39% versus 0%, P = 0.0003). Historical studies with NF54 showed a shorter median prepatency period of 10.3 days than more recent studies (median 11.0 days, P = 0.02) despite significantly lower salivary gland scores in earlier studies, P = 0.0001. The 47-year experience of CHMI at UMB-CVD has led to advancements in sporozoite delivery, diagnostics, and use of heterologous challenge. Additional studies on new challenge strains and genomic data to reflect regional heterogeneity will help advance the use of CHMI as supporting data for vaccine licensure.

An ultrasensitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay to detect asymptomatic low-density Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in small volume blood samples.

BACKGROUND: Highly sensitive, scalable diagnostic methods are needed to guide malaria elimination interventions. While traditional microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are suitable for the diagnosis of symptomatic malaria infection, more sensitive tests are needed to screen for low-density, asymptomatic infections that are targeted by interventions aiming to eliminate the entire reservoir of malaria infection in humans. METHODS: A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR) was developed for multiplexed detection of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene and ribosomal RNA of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Simulated field samples stored for 14 days with sample preservation buffer were used to assess the analytical sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, 1750 field samples from Southeastern Myanmar were tested both by RDT and ultrasensitive RT-PCR. RESULTS: Limits of detection (LoD) were determined under simulated field conditions. When 0.3 mL blood samples were stored for 14 days at 28 °C and 80% humidity, the LoD was less than 16 parasites/mL for P. falciparum and 19.7 copies/µL for P. vivax (using a plasmid surrogate), about 10,000-fold lower than RDTs. Of the 1739 samples successfully evaluated by both ultrasensitive RT-PCR and RDT, only two were RDT positive while 24 were positive for P. falciparum, 108 were positive for P. vivax, and 127 were positive for either P. vivax and/or P. falciparum using ultrasensitive RT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS: This ultrasensitive RT-PCR method is a robust, field-tested screening method that is vastly more sensitive than RDTs. Further optimization may result in a truly scalable tool suitable for widespread surveillance of low-level asymptomatic P. falciparum and P. vivax parasitaemia.

Urine pH: the effects of time and temperature after collection.

The Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs provide criteria for specimen validity testing, including urine pH cut-offs, to report a urine specimen as adulterated or invalid. Since the urine pH criteria for invalid classifications, > or = 3 and < 4.5 or > or = 9 and < 11, became effective in November 2004, a number of specimens with results within the upper invalid limits, typically in the range of 9.1 to 9.3, have been reported with no evidence of adulteration. This study evaluated the hypothesis that these pH findings were the result of exposure to increased environmental temperatures during specimen standing and transport. Indeed, increased storage temperatures were associated with increased urine pH, with the magnitude of the change related to both storage time and temperature. The pH values of specimens stored at -20 degrees C are relatively stable, whereas pH results > 9 are achieved at storage temperatures of room temperature or higher. It is noteworthy that no condition(s) produced a specimen with a pH > 9.5. Degradation of nitrogenous urine analytes is most likely responsible for the noted increases in pH. These findings are intended to supplement information used by the Medical Review Officers who are responsible for interpreting such marginally invalid pH results.

Novel comparison of capillary electrophoresis versus immunoassay in the measurement of total percent carbohydrate deficient transferrin.

OBJECTIVES: Novel comparison of CDT isoforms as determined by CE with an FDA-approved immunoassay kit. DESIGN AND METHODS: Subjects (n=51) were categorized by drinking status based on AUDIT questionnaire responses. CDT isoform analyses by CE were compared to a commercially available, FDA-approved immunoassay. The analytical specificity of the immunoassay kit was assessed by analysis with IEF. RESULTS: Because of the poor correlation between % CDT as measured by CE and the TIA immunoassay and between subject-reported drinking levels and results from the TIA assay, extraction column eluants from the immunoassays were analyzed by IEF for analytical specificity. % CDT by TIA included some trisialo-Tf, a non-CDT fraction, in the % CDT determination. CONCLUSIONS: Total % CDT by CE, which separates all isoforms is more analytically specific than immunoassays because it does not include trisialo-Tf in the CDT calculation.

Inflammatory cytokine response to Vibrio vulnificus elicited by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronic alcohol users is associated with biomarkers of cellular oxidative stress.

Vibrio vulnificus is the leading cause of death in the United States associated with the consumption of raw seafood, particularly oysters. In epidemiological studies, primary septicemia and inflammation-mediated septic shock caused by V. vulnificus is strongly associated with liver disease, often in the context of chronic alcohol abuse. The present study was undertaken to determine whether clinical biomarkers of liver function or cellular oxidative stress are associated with peripheral blood mononuclear cell inflammatory cytokine responses to V. vulnificus. Levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha elicited in response to V. vulnificus and measured in cell supernatants were not associated with the liver biomarkers aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or the AST/ALT ratio. In contrast, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were associated with the release of all four cytokines (IL-1 beta [R(2) = 0.382; P = 0.006], IL-6 [R(2) = 0.393; P = 0.005], IL-8 [R(2) = 0.487; P = 0.001], and TNF-alpha [R(2) = 0.292; P = 0.021]). Those individuals with below-normal GSH levels produced significantly less proinflammatory cytokines in response to V. vulnificus. We hypothesize that persons with markers for cellular oxidative stress have increased susceptibility to V. vulnificus septicemia.