Relationships between plasma biomarkers, tau PET, FDG PET, and volumetric MRI in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease patients.

INTRODUCTION: The "A/T/N" (amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration) framework provides a biological basis for Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis and can encompass additional changes such as inflammation ("I"). A spectrum of T/N/I imaging and plasma biomarkers was acquired in a phase 2 clinical trial of rasagiline in mild to moderate AD patients. We evaluated these to understand biomarker distributions and relationships within this population. METHODS: Plasma biomarkers of pTau-181, neurofilament light chain (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), other inflammation-related proteins, imaging measures including fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET), flortaucipir PET, and volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cognitive endpoints were analyzed to assess characteristics and relationships for the overall population (N = 47 at baseline and N = 21 for longitudinal cognitive comparisons) and within age-decade subgroups (57-69, 70-79, 80-90 years). RESULTS: Data demonstrate wide clinical and biomarker heterogeneity in this population influenced by age and sex. Plasma pTau-181 and GFAP correlate with tau PET, most strongly in left inferior temporal cortex (p = 0.0002, p = 0.0006, respectively). In regions beyond temporal cortex, tau PET uptake decreased with age for the same pTau-181 or GFAP concentrations. FDG PET and brain volumes correlate with tau PET in numerous regions (such as inferior temporal: p = 0.0007, p = 0.00001, respectively). NfL, GFAP, and all imaging modalities correlate with baseline MMSE; subsequent MMSE decline is predicted by baseline parahippocampal and lateral temporal tau PET (p = 0.0007) and volume (p = 0.0006). Lateral temporal FDG PET (p = 0.006) and volume (p = 0.0001) are most strongly associated with subsequent ADAS-cog decline. NfL correlates with FDG PET and baseline MMSE but not tau PET. Inflammation biomarkers are intercorrelated but correlated with other biomarkers in only the youngest group. DISCUSSION: Associations between plasma biomarkers, imaging biomarkers, and cognitive status observed in this study provide insight into relationships among biological processes in mild to moderate AD. Findings show the potential to characterize AD patients regarding likely tau pathology, neurodegeneration, prospective clinical decline, and the importance of covariates such as age. Highlights: Plasma pTau-181 and GFAP correlated with regional and global tau PET in mild to moderate AD.NfL correlated with FDG PET and cognitive endpoints but not plasma pTau-181 or tau PET.Volume and FDG PET showed strong relationships to tau PET, one another, and cognitive status.Temporal volumes most strongly predicted decline in both MMSE and ADAS-cog.Volume and plasma biomarkers can enrich for elevated tau PET with age a significant covariate.

Clinical and biological relevance of glial fibrillary acidic protein in Alzheimer's disease.

INTRODUCTION: There is a tremendous need for identifying reliable blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) that are tied to the biological ATN (amyloid, tau and neurodegeneration) framework as well as clinical assessment and progression. METHODS: One hundred forty-four elderly participants underwent 18F-AV45 positron emission tomography (PET) scan, structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, and blood sample collection. The composite standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) was derived from 18F-AV45 PET to assess brain amyloid burden, and the hippocampal volume was determined from structural MRI scans. Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), phosphorylated tau-181 (ptau-181), and neurofilament light (NfL) measured by single molecular array (SIMOA) technology were assessed with respect to ATN framework, genetic risk factor, age, clinical assessment, and future functional decline among the participants. RESULTS: Among the three plasma markers, GFAP best discriminated participants stratified by clinical diagnosis and brain amyloid status. Age was strongly associated with NfL, followed by GFAP and ptau-181 at much weaker extent. Brain amyloid was strongly associated with plasma GFAP and ptau-181 and to a lesser extent with plasma NfL. Moderate association was observed between plasma markers. Hippocampal volume was weakly associated with all three markers. Elevated GFAP and ptau-181 were associated with worse cognition, and plasma GFAP was the most predictive of future functional decline. Combining GFAP and ptau-181 together was the best model to predict brain amyloid status across all participants (AUC = 0.86) or within cognitively impaired participants (AUC = 0.93); adding NfL as an additional predictor only had a marginal improvement. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that GFAP is of potential clinical utility in screening amyloid pathology and predicting future cognitive decline. GFAP, NfL, and ptau-181 were moderately associated with each other, with discrepant relevance to age, sex, and AD genetic risk, suggesting their relevant but differential roles for AD assessment. The combination of GFAP with ptau-181 provides an accurate model to predict brain amyloid status, with the superior performance of GFAP over ptau-181 when the prediction is limited to cognitively impaired participants.

Reduction in GABAB on glia induce Alzheimer's disease related changes.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by beta-amyloid plaques (Aß), neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), and neuroinflammation. Data have demonstrated that neuroinflammation contributes to Aß and NFT onset and progression, indicating inflammation and glial signaling is vital to understanding AD. A previous investigation demonstrated a significant decrease of the GABAB receptor (GABABR) in APP/PS1 mice (Salazar et al., 2021). To determine if changes in GABABR restricted to glia serve a role in AD, we developed a mouse model with a reduction of GABABR restricted to macrophages, GAB/CX3ert. This model exhibits changes in gene expression and electrophysiological alterations similar to amyloid mouse models of AD. Crossing the GAB/CX3ert mouse with APP/PS1 resulted in significant increases in Aß pathology. Our data demonstrates that decreased GABABR on macrophages leads to several changes observed in AD mouse models, as well as exacerbation of AD pathology when crossed with existing models. These data suggest a novel mechanism in AD pathogenesis.

An essential role for bacterial nitric oxide synthase in Staphylococcus aureus electron transfer and colonization.

Nitric oxide (NO•) is a ubiquitous molecular mediator in biology. Many signalling actions of NO• generated by mammalian NO• synthase (NOS) result from targeting of the haem moiety of soluble guanylate cyclase. Some pathogenic and environmental bacteria also produce a NOS that is evolutionary related to the mammalian enzymes, but a bacterial haem-containing receptor for endogenous enzymatically generated NO• has not been identified previously. Here, we show that NOS of the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, in concert with an NO•-metabolizing flavohaemoprotein, regulates electron transfer by targeting haem-containing cytochrome oxidases under microaerobic conditions to maintain membrane bioenergetics. This process is essential for staphylococcal nasal colonization and resistance to the membrane-targeting antibiotic daptomycin and demonstrates the conservation of NOS-derived NO•-haem receptor signalling between bacteria and mammals.