Vaccine confidence and hesitancy in Brazil.

Despite the overall benefits of immunization, vaccine hesitancy has been a growing trend and has been associated with the resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases. The aim of this study was to assess vaccine confidence and hesitancy in Brazil, as part of a wider project to map vaccine confidence globally. One thousand subjects were interviewed, either online or face-to-face, based on a general questionnaire regarding perceptions on vaccines and vaccination. Further exploratory questions were used with the subset of respondents who were parents of children aged under 5. Such questions extracted information regarding vaccination behavior, opinions on vaccination and government health services, and vaccine hesitancy. Reasons for hesitancy were classified as relating to confidence, convenience and/or complacency, and the population was also analyzed socio-demographically. The results showed that overall confidence in immunization was higher than confidence in family planning services, community health workers and emergency services. Seventy-six people reported hesitancy to vaccinate. The commonest reasons for hesitancy were issues with confidence (41.4%), efficacy/safety of the vaccine (25.5%) and concerns about adverse events (23.6%). The sociodemographic analysis revealed that vaccine hesitancy was associated with marital status, level of education and income. Despite overall vaccine confidence being high, a clear trend toward lower levels of confidence was associated with higher levels of hesitancy, which warrants on-going monitoring, due to the dynamic and changing nature of vaccine hesitancy.

Vaccine confidence and hesitancy in Brazil / Confiança nas vacinas e hesitação em vacinar no Brasil / Confianza y renuencia a las vacunas en Brasil

Despite the overall benefits of immunization, vaccine hesitancy has been a growing trend and has been associated with the resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases. The aim of this study was to assess vaccine confidence and hesitancy in Brazil, as part of a wider project to map vaccine confidence globally. One thousand subjects were interviewed, either online or face-to-face, based on a general questionnaire regarding perceptions on vaccines and vaccination. Further exploratory questions were used with the subset of respondents who were parents of children aged under 5. Such questions extracted information regarding vaccination behavior, opinions on vaccination and government health services, and vaccine hesitancy. Reasons for hesitancy were classified as relating to confidence, convenience and/or complacency, and the population was also analyzed socio-demographically. The results showed that overall confidence in immunization was higher than confidence in family planning services, community health workers and emergency services. Seventy-six people reported hesitancy to vaccinate. The commonest reasons for hesitancy were issues with confidence (41.4%), efficacy/safety of the vaccine (25.5%) and concerns about adverse events (23.6%). The sociodemographic analysis revealed that vaccine hesitancy was associated with marital status, level of education and income. Despite overall vaccine confidence being high, a clear trend toward lower levels of confidence was associated with higher levels of hesitancy, which warrants on-going monitoring, due to the dynamic and changing nature of vaccine hesitancy.

Apesar dos benefícios globais da imunização, a hesitação em vacinar é uma tendência crescente que tem sido associada ao ressurgimento das doenças imunopreveníveis. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a confiança nas vacinas e a hesitação em vacinar no Brasil, como parte de um projeto mais amplo para mapear a confiança em vacinas em nível global. Foram entrevistadas mil pessoas, direta ou virtualmente, usando um questionário geral sobre percepção em relação às vacinas e à vacinação. Foram utilizadas perguntas exploratórias adicionais no subconjunto de entrevistados que eram pais de crianças abaixo de cinco anos de idade. Essas perguntas produziram informações sobre o comportamento em relação à vacinação, opiniões sobre vacinação e serviços públicos de saúde e hesitação em vacinar. Os motivos da hesitação foram classificados em relação à confiança, conveniência e/ou acomodação, e a população também foi analisada conforme as características sociodemográficas. Os resultados mostraram que a confiança geral na imunização foi maior do que nos serviços de planejamento familiar, agentes comunitários de saúde e serviços de emergência. Setenta e seis pessoas relataram hesitação em vacinar. Os motivos mais frequentes da hesitação diziam respeito a confiança (41,4%), eficácia/segurança da vacina (25,5%) e preocupações com eventos adversos (23,6%). A análise sociodemográfica mostrou que a hesitação em vacinar estava associada ao estado civil, escolaridade e renda. Apesar da alta confiança geral na vacinação, uma clara tendência para níveis de confiança mais baixos esteve associada a níveis mais altos de hesitação, o que justifica o monitoramento permanente dessa tendência, em função da natureza dinâmica da hesitação em vacinar.

A pesar de lo beneficios generales de la inmunización, la renuencia a la vacunación ha sido una tendencia en crecimiento que ha sido asociada con el resurgimiento de las enfermedades prevenibles por vacunación. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la confianza y renuencia a las vacunas en Brasil, como parte de un proyecto más amplio para mapear la confianza en las vacunas globalmente. Mil sujetos fueron entrevistados, bien en línea o cara-a-cara, mediante un cuestionario general respecto a sus percepciones sobre las vacunas y la vacunación. Se utilizaron otras preguntas exploratorias con el subconjunto de encuestados, que eran padres de niños con una edad inferior a los cinco años. Tales preguntas recabaron información respecto al comportamiento sobre la vacunación, opiniones sobre vacunación y servicios de salud gubernamentales, así como su renuencia a las vacunas. Las razones para esta última se clasificaron como aquellas relacionadas con la confianza, conveniencia y/o complacencia, y la población fue también analizada sociodemográficamente. Los resultados mostraron que la confianza general en inmunización fue más alta que la confianza en servicios de planificación familiar, trabajadores de salud comunitarios y servicios de emergencia. Setenta y seis personas informaron de renuencia a la vacunación. Las razones más comunes para la renuencia fueron temas relacionados con la confianza (41,4%), eficacia/seguridad de la vacuna (25,5%) y preocupaciones sobre efectos adversos (23,6%). El análisis sociodemográfico reveló que la renuencia a la vacunación estaba asociada con el estado civil, nivel de educación e ingresos. A pesar de que la confianza general en las vacunas es alta, existe una clara tendencia hacia niveles más bajos de confianza, que estaba asociada con altos niveles de renuencia, lo que garantiza una supervisión permanente, debido a la dinámica y naturaleza cambiante del rechazo a las vacunas.

Pregnancy in HIV vertically infected adolescents and young women: a new generation of HIV-exposed infants.

BACKGROUND: Vertically infected individuals are reaching childbearing age and the new generation of HIV-exposed infants is coming to pediatric care. METHODS: Chart review of pregnancies among HIV vertically infected adolescents and young women. RESULTS: Fifteen pregnancies were reviewed. Girls had HIV diagnosis at median age 10.1 years (range 1.3-20). They started sexual life at median age 15 years (range 13-19); median age at pregnancy was 16.9 years (range 14-21.5); 36.4% had presented an AIDS-defining clinical event; have been followed for median 8.5 years (range 2.9-15.8) and had used median two antiretroviral regimens (range 0-7). Fourteen (93.3%) received antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy; median CD4 cell count during pregnancy was 394 (range 117-651) cells/µl and median viral load was 4800 copies/ml (range 50-100 000); 54% had undetectable viral load near delivery. All patients delivered by elective c-section. Median birth weight was 2650 g (range 2085-3595), median length was 47.3 cm (range 42-51) and median gestational age 38 weeks (range 37-39). All newborn received zidovudine for 6 weeks of life and none was breastfed. Fourteen (93%) infants were considered HIV-uninfected; one was lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This group of adolescents seems to have sexual behavior similar to that of HIV-uninfected. Since this is an experimented antiretroviral population, new drugs may be necessary for adequate viral suppression to avoid HIV mother-to-child transmission. Follow-up of this third generation of HIV-exposed infants needs to be addressed within HIV adolescent care.