Selective Upcycling of Polyolefins into High-Value Nitrogenated Chemicals.

The selective upcycling of polyolefins to create products of increased value has emerged as an innovative approach to carbon resource stewardship, drawing significant scientific and industrial interest. Although recent advancements in recycling technology have facilitated the direct conversion of polyolefins to hydrocarbons or oxygenated compounds, the synthesis of nitrogenated compounds from such waste polyolefins has not yet been disclosed. Herein, we demonstrate a novel approach for the upcycling of waste polyolefins by efficiently transforming a range of postconsumer plastic products into nitriles and amides. This process leverages the catalytic properties of manganese dioxide in combination with an inexpensive nitrogen source, urea, to make it both practical and economically viable. Our approach not only opens new avenues for the creation of nitrogenated chemicals from polyolefin waste but also underscores the critical importance of recycling and valorizing carbon resources originally derived from fossil fuels. This study provides a new upcycling strategy for the sustainable conversion of waste polyolefins.

Genetic and multi-omic resources for Alzheimer disease and related dementia from the Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center.

The Knight-Alzheimer Disease Research Center (Knight-ADRC) at Washington University in St. Louis has pioneered and led worldwide seminal studies that have expanded our clinical, social, pathological, and molecular understanding of Alzheimer Disease. Over more than 40 years, research volunteers have been recruited to participate in cognitive, neuropsychologic, imaging, fluid biomarkers, genomic and multi-omic studies. Tissue and longitudinal data collected to foster, facilitate, and support research on dementia and aging. The Genetics and high throughput -omics core (GHTO) have collected of more than 26,000 biological samples from 6,625 Knight-ADRC participants. Samples available include longitudinal DNA, RNA, non-fasted plasma, cerebrospinal fluid pellets, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The GHTO has performed deep molecular profiling (genomic, transcriptomic, epigenomic, proteomic, and metabolomic) from large number of brain (n = 2,117), CSF (n = 2,012) and blood/plasma (n = 8,265) samples with the goal of identifying novel risk and protective variants, identify novel molecular biomarkers and causal and druggable targets. Overall, the resources available at GHTO support the increase of our understanding of Alzheimer Disease.

4EBP1-mediated SLC7A11 protein synthesis restrains ferroptosis triggered by MEK inhibitors in advanced ovarian cancer.

Loss of ferroptosis contributes to the development of human cancer, and restoration of ferroptosis has been demonstrated as a potential therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment. However, the mechanisms of how ferroptosis escape contributes to ovarian cancer (OV) development are not well elucidated. Here, we show that ferroptosis negative regulation signatures correlated with the tumorigenesis of OV and were associated with poor prognosis, suggesting that restoration of ferroptosis represents a potential therapeutic strategy in OV. High-throughput drug screening with a kinase inhibitor library identified MEK inhibitors as ferroptosis inducers in OV cells. We further demonstrated that MEK inhibitor-resistant OV cells were less vulnerable to trametinib-induced ferroptosis. Mechanistically, mTOR/eIF4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1) signaling promoted solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) protein synthesis, leading to ferroptosis inhibition in MEK inhibitor-resistant cells. Dual inhibition of MEK and mTOR/4EBP1 signaling restrained the protein synthesis of SLC7A11 via suppression of the mTOR/4EBP1 axis to reactivate ferroptosis in resistant cells. Together, these findings provide a promising therapeutic option for OV treatment through ferroptosis restoration by the combined inhibition of MEK and mTOR/4EBP1 pathways.

Targeting AURKA to induce synthetic lethality in CREBBP-deficient B-cell malignancies via attenuation of MYC expression.

Loss-of-function mutations in CREBBP, which encodes for a histone acetyltransferase, occur frequently in B-cell malignancies, highlighting CREBBP deficiency as an attractive therapeutic target. Using established isogenic cell models, we demonstrated that CREBBP-deficient cells are selectively vulnerable to AURKA inhibition. Mechanistically, we found that co-targeting CREBBP and AURKA suppressed MYC transcriptionally and post-translationally to induce replication stress and apoptosis. Inhibition of AURKA dramatically decreased MYC protein level in CREBBP-deficient cells, implying a dependency on AURKA to sustain MYC stability. Furthermore, in vivo studies showed that pharmacological inhibition of AURKA was efficacious in delaying tumor progression in CREBBP-deficient cells and was synergistic with CREBBP inhibitors in CREBBP-proficient cells. Our study sheds light on a novel synthetic lethal interaction between CREBBP and AURKA, indicating that targeting AURKA represents a potential therapeutic strategy for high-risk B-cell malignancies harboring CREBBP inactivating mutations.

Nardilysin-regulated scission mechanism activates polo-like kinase 3 to suppress the development of pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) develops through step-wise genetic and molecular alterations including Kras mutation and inactivation of various apoptotic pathways. Here, we find that development of apoptotic resistance and metastasis of KrasG12D-driven PDAC in mice is accelerated by deleting Plk3, explaining the often-reduced Plk3 expression in human PDAC. Importantly, a 41-kDa Plk3 (p41Plk3) that contains the entire kinase domain at the N-terminus (1-353 aa) is activated by scission of the precursor p72Plk3 at Arg354 by metalloendopeptidase nardilysin (NRDC), and the resulting p32Plk3 C-terminal Polo-box domain (PBD) is removed by proteasome degradation, preventing the inhibition of p41Plk3 by PBD. We find that p41Plk3 is the activated form of Plk3 that regulates a feed-forward mechanism to promote apoptosis and suppress PDAC and metastasis. p41Plk3 phosphorylates c-Fos on Thr164, which in turn induces expression of Plk3 and pro-apoptotic genes. These findings uncover an NRDC-regulated post-translational mechanism that activates Plk3, establishing a prototypic regulation by scission mechanism.

Therapeutic future of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy: An ongoing way to explore.

Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is one of the most common corneal diseases that causes loss of visual acuity in the world. FECD is a genetically and pathogenetically heterogeneous disease that results in the failure of corneal endothelial cells to maintain fluid balance and functional homeostasis of the cornea. Corneal edema, central guttae formation, and bullae development are common corneal pathologies. Currently, the mainstay of FECD treatment is surgery. However, limited sources of corneal graft and postsurgical complications remain problematic. In recent years, with advances in medical science and technology, there have been a few promising trials of new treatment modalities for FECD. In addition to new surgical methods, novel modalities can be classified into pharmacological-associated treatment, cell therapy-associated treatment, and gene therapy-associated treatment. In this article, our primary focus is on the most recent clinical trials related to FECD, and we present a stepwise approach to enhance FECD management and ultimately improve patient outcomes. We thoroughly searched for FECD clinical trials and reviewed the study designs, methodologies, and outcomes of each trial conducted within the past decade. It is imperative for physicians to stay up-to-date with these cutting-edge treatment approaches.

Investigation of topical amniotic membrane suspension and ReGeneraTing Agent on early corneal stromal healing in rats.

Innovative topical bioregenerative materials promoting corneal stromal healing provide valuable alternatives for treating patients with deep corneal ulcers, and particularly beneficial for those with a higher anaesthetic risk. This study aimed to investigate the effects of topical amniotic membrane suspension (AMS) and ReGeneraTing Agent (RGTA) on surgically induced deep stromal ulcers in rats. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 treatment groups: control group (topical normal saline, TID); AMS group (topical AMS, TID); RGTA group (topical RGTA, Q2D). Corneal microsurgery was used to create deep stromal ulcer. Evaluations were performed by corneal opacity grading, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. One-way ANOVA and Dunnett's test were used for statistical analysis. By the seventh day of treatment, both the AMS and RGTA groups showed significantly greater thickness in corneal stroma (both p-value < 0.05) than the control group. Additionally, the RGTA group exhibited a significantly higher degree of myofibroblast infiltration in the stroma and a greater level of corneal opacity (p < 0.05). No significant differences in the count of inflammatory cells were noted. In conclusion, both AMS and RGTA have demonstrated effectiveness in promoting the early stages of stromal wound healing and wound defect recovery in our research. Both AMS and RGTA have good potential for treating deep corneal ulcers in small animals practice. Further research is necessary to investigate the long-term effects and mechanism of using topical AMS and RGTA on treating deep corneal ulcer in clinical practice.

Circulating blood circular RNA in Parkinson's Disease; a systematic study.

We aimed to identify circRNAs associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) by leveraging 1,848 participants and 1,789 circRNA from two of the largest publicly available studies with longitudinal clinical and blood transcriptomic data. To comprehensively understand changes in circRNAs we performed a cross-sectional study utilizing the last visit of each participant, and a longitudinal (mix model) analysis that included 1,166 participants with at least two time points. We identified 192 circRNAs differentially expressed in PD participants compared to healthy controls, with effects that were consistent in the mixed models, mutation carriers, and diverse ancestry. Finally, we included the 149 circRNA in a model with a ROC AUC of 0.825, showing that have the potential to aid the diagnosis of PD. Overall, we demonstrated that circRNAs play an important role in PD and can be leveraged as biomarkers.

Characterizing the Robustness of Distinct Clinical Assessments in Identifying Dry Eye Condition of Animal Models.

PURPOSE: The study aims to characterize the robustness of distinct clinical assessments in identifying the underlying conditions of dry eye disease (DED), with a specific emphasis on the involvement of conjunctival goblet cells. METHODS: Seven rabbits receiving surgical removal of the lacrimal and Harderian glands were divided into two groups, one with ablation of conjunctival goblet cells by topical soaking of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to the bulbar conjunctiva (n = 3) and one without (n = 4), and the conditions of DED were assessed weekly using Schirmer test, tear breakup time (TBUT), tear osmolarity, and National Eye Institute (NEI) fluorescein staining grading. After 8 weeks, the rabbits were sacrificed, and the eyes were enucleated for histopathological examination. RESULTS: Histopathological analysis revealed corneal epithelial thinning in both groups. While TCA soaking significantly decreased the density of conjunctival goblet cells, DED rabbits without TCA also showed a partial reduction in goblet cell density, potentially attributable to dacryoadenectomy. Both groups showed significant decreases in Schirmer test and TBUT, as well as an increase in tear osmolarity. In DED rabbits with TCA soaking, tear osmolarity increased markedly, suggesting that tear osmolarity is highly sensitive to loss and/or dysfunction of conjunctival goblet cells. Fluorescein staining was gradually and similarly increased in both groups, suggesting that fluorescein staining may not reveal an early disruption of the tear film until the prolonged progression of DED. CONCLUSION: The Schirmer test, TBUT, tear osmolarity, and NEI fluorescein grading are distinct, yet complementary, clinical assessments for the evaluation of DED. By performing these assessments in definitive DED rabbit models, both with and without ablation of conjunctival goblet cells, the role of these cells in the homeostasis of tear osmolarity is highlighted. Characterizing the robustness of these assessments in identifying the underlying conditions of DED will guide a more appropriate management for patients with DED.

Pharmacological modulation of RB1 activity mitigates resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer.

Resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy leads to poor prognosis of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC), representing an unmet clinical need that demands further exploration of therapeutic strategies to improve clinical outcomes. Here, we identified a noncanonical role of RB1 for modulating chromatin activity that contributes to oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC). We demonstrate that oxaliplatin induces RB1 phosphorylation, which is associated with the resistance to neoadjuvant oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in LARC. Inhibition of RB1 phosphorylation by CDK4/6 inhibitor results in vulnerability to oxaliplatin in both intrinsic and acquired chemoresistant CRC. Mechanistically, we show that RB1 modulates chromatin activity through the TEAD4/HDAC1 complex to epigenetically suppress the expression of DNA repair genes. Antagonizing RB1 phosphorylation through CDK4/6 inhibition enforces RB1/TEAD4/HDAC1 repressor activity, leading to DNA repair defects, thus sensitizing oxaliplatin treatment in LARC. Our study identifies a RB1 function in regulating chromatin activity through TEAD4/HDAC1. It also provides the combination of CDK4/6 inhibitor with oxaliplatin as a potential synthetic lethality strategy to mitigate oxaliplatin resistance in LARC, whereby phosphorylated RB1/TEAD4 can serve as potential biomarkers to guide the patient stratification.

Inhibition of ferroptosis by POLE2 in gastric cancer cells involves the activation of NRF2/GPX4 pathway.

Gastric cancer results in great cancer mortality worldwide, and inducing ferroptosis dramatically improves the malignant phenotypes of gastric cancer. DNA polymerase epsilon subunit 2 (POLE2) plays indispensable roles in tumorigenesis; however, its involvement and molecular basis in ferroptosis and gastric cancer are not clear. Human gastric cancer cells were infected with lentiviral vectors to knock down or overexpress POLE2, and cell ferroptosis was detected. To further validate the involvement of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), lentiviral vectors were used. POLE2 expression was elevated in human gastric cancer cells and tissues and closely correlated with clinicopathological features in gastric cancer patients. POLE2 knockdown was induced, while POLE2 overexpression inhibited ferroptosis of human gastric cancer cells, thereby modulating the malignant phenotypes of gastric cancer. Mechanistic studies revealed that POLE2 overexpression elevated NRF2 expression and activity and subsequently activated GPX4, which then prevented lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in human gastric cancer cells. In contrast, either NRF2 or GPX4 silence significantly prevented POLE2 overexpression-mediated inductions of cell proliferation, migration, invasion and inhibition of ferroptosis. POLE2 overexpression inhibits ferroptosis in human gastric cancer cells through activating NRF2/GPX4 pathway, and inhibiting POLE2 may be a crucial strategy to treat gastric cancer.

Cyanopyridoimidazole/1,2-Aminothiol Click Reaction: A Novel Bioorthogonal Reaction for Synthesis of Radiotracers.

We herein described the design and synthesis of the cyanopyridoimidazoles (CPIs) as new bioorthogonal click reagents toward 1,2-aminothiol groups. Kinetic and density functional theory-based studies of the synthetic compounds revealed that incorporating an electron-withdrawing substituent into the CPI scaffold lowers its lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy, consequently increasing reactivity. Optimized CPI 8a showed rapid reactivity and high stability in physiological conditions and has been demonstrated to be suitable for various radiotracer synthetic methods. Based on the new bioorthogonal reaction, a [67Ga]Ga-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen-targeted probe was successfully prepared for in vivo imaging of prostate cancer in an animal model.

Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction.

Synapses are specialized junctions between cells that mediate neurotransmission to modify brain activity and body function. Studies on synapse structure and function play an important role in understanding how neurons communicate and the consequences of their dysfunction in neurological disorders. The Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction is an excellent model for dissecting the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the synapse, with its large size, accessibility, and well-characterized genetics. This protocol describes the steps required for morphological and immunohistochemical analysis of the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction including its dissection and multiplex labeling of synaptic proteins. This technique can be used to assess the impact of genetic manipulations on synaptic development, integrity, and plasticity, thus providing a valuable tool for probing complex neurological processes in a whole animal system.

Integrative multiomics enhancer activity profiling identifies therapeutic vulnerabilities in cholangiocarcinoma of different etiologies.

OBJECTIVES: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogeneous malignancy with high mortality and dismal prognosis, and an urgent clinical need for new therapies. Knowledge of the CCA epigenome is largely limited to aberrant DNA methylation. Dysregulation of enhancer activities has been identified to affect carcinogenesis and leveraged for new therapies but is uninvestigated in CCA. Our aim is to identify potential therapeutic targets in different subtypes of CCA through enhancer profiling. DESIGN: Integrative multiomics enhancer activity profiling of diverse CCA was performed. A panel of diverse CCA cell lines, patient-derived and cell line-derived xenografts were used to study identified enriched pathways and vulnerabilities. NanoString, multiplex immunohistochemistry staining and single-cell spatial transcriptomics were used to explore the immunogenicity of diverse CCA. RESULTS: We identified three distinct groups, associated with different etiologies and unique pathways. Drug inhibitors of identified pathways reduced tumour growth in in vitro and in vivo models. The first group (ESTRO), with mostly fluke-positive CCAs, displayed activation in estrogen signalling and were sensitive to MTOR inhibitors. Another group (OXPHO), with mostly BAP1 and IDH-mutant CCAs, displayed activated oxidative phosphorylation pathways, and were sensitive to oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors. Immune-related pathways were activated in the final group (IMMUN), made up of an immunogenic CCA subtype and CCA with aristolochic acid (AA) mutational signatures. Intratumour differences in AA mutation load were correlated to intratumour variation of different immune cell populations. CONCLUSION: Our study elucidates the mechanisms underlying enhancer dysregulation and deepens understanding of different tumourigenesis processes in distinct CCA subtypes, with potential significant therapeutics and clinical benefits.

A modified SELEX approach to identify DNA aptamers with binding specificity to the major histocompatibility complex presenting ovalbumin model antigen.

Aptamers have sparked significant interest in cell recognition because of their superior binding specificity and biocompatibility. Cell recognition can be mediated by targeting the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) that presents short peptides derived from intracellular antigens. Although numerous antibodies have demonstrated a specific affinity for the peptide-MHC complex, the number of aptamers that exhibit comparable characteristics is limited. Aptamers are usually selected from large libraries via the Systemic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX), an iterative process of selection and PCR amplification to enrich a pool of aptamers with high affinity. However, the success rate of aptamer identification is low, possibly due to the presence of complementary sequences or sequences rich in guanine and cytosine that are less accessible for primers. Here, we modified SELEX by employing systemic consecutive selections with minimal PCR amplification. We also modified the analysis by selecting aptamers that were identified in multiple selection rounds rather than those that are highly enriched. Using this approach, we were able to identify two aptamers with binding specificity to cells expressing the ovalbumin alloantigen as a proof of concept. These two aptamers were also discovered among the top 150 abundant candidates, despite not being highly enriched, by performing conventional SELEX. Additionally, we found that highly enriched aptamers tend to contain fractions of the primer sequence and have minimal target affinity. Candidate aptamers are easily missed in the conventional SELEX process. Therefore, our modification for SELEX may facilitate the identification of aptamers for more application in diverse biomedical fields. Significance: we modify the conventional method to improve the efficiency in the identification of the aptamer, a single strand of nucleic acid with binding specificity to the target molecule, showing as a proof of concept that this approach is particularly useful to select aptamers that can selectively bind to cells presenting a particular peptide by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the cell surface. Given that cancer cells may express mutant peptide-MHC complexes that are distinct from those expressed by normal cells, this study sheds light on the potential application of aptamers to cancer cell targeting.

Neuroligin 2 governs synaptic morphology and function through RACK1-cofilin signaling in Drosophila.

Neuroligins are transmembrane cell adhesion proteins well-known for their genetic links to autism spectrum disorders. Neuroligins can function by regulating the actin cytoskeleton, however the factors and mechanisms involved are still largely unknown. Here, using the Drosophila neuromuscular junction as a model, we reveal that F-Actin assembly at the Drosophila NMJ is controlled through Cofilin signaling mediated by an interaction between DNlg2 and RACK1, factors not previously known to work together. The deletion of DNlg2 displays disrupted RACK1-Cofilin signaling pathway with diminished actin cytoskeleton proteo-stasis at the terminal of the NMJ, aberrant NMJ structure, reduced synaptic transmission, and abnormal locomotion at the third-instar larval stage. Overexpression of wildtype and activated Cofilin in muscles are sufficient to rescue the morphological and physiological defects in dnlg2 mutants, while inactivated Cofilin is not. Since the DNlg2 paralog DNlg1 is known to regulate F-actin assembly mainly via a specific interaction with WAVE complex, our present work suggests that the orchestration of F-actin by Neuroligins is a diverse and complex process critical for neural connectivity.

A General Strategy To Access Alternating Styrene/Substituted Styrene Copolymers by Using a Traceless Controlling Group.

We herein report a synthetic strategy for alternating copolymers of styrene and substituted styrenes by utilizing α-styryl boronate pinacol ester (StBpin) as the co-monomer through radical alternating copolymerization followed by protodeboronation. The excellent alternating polymerization behavior of the StBpin co-monomer in such a radical polymerization system is considered to be attributed to the steric hindrance and radical stabilization exerted by the Bpin group. This strategy is effective with a wide range of substituted styrene co-monomers regardless of the electronic nature of the substituents, and the protodeboronation of the alternating Bpin-containing polymers is highly efficient without polymer backbone alternation. RAFT living polymerization was also compatible with this approach. Thus, this strategy provides a way to build-up alternating copolymers consisting of similar styrene-type co-monomers, which has been inaccessible by conventional synthetic methods.

Cold atmospheric pressure plasma: A potential physical therapy for rheumatoid arthritis hyperplastic synovium.

The most significant pathological change in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is synovial hyperplasia within the joint. The production of a series of degrading enzymes and oxidative stress caused by synovial hyperplasia lead to severe bone and cartilage damage in rheumatoid joints. The core effector cell in hyperplastic synovium is fibroblast-like synovium cells, which can invade cartilage, cause inflammation, destroy joints, and show tumor-like anti-apoptosis characteristics. This study focused on the effect of cold atmospheric pressure plasma on proliferative synovium, and the results showed that no synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis, or inflammatory infiltration was observed after cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) treatment. The molecular and cellular mechanisms also reveal the spontaneous reactive oxygen species (ROS) cascade inducing apoptosis in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLS) cells. This study proposes a potential physical therapy method for treating proliferative synovium and also provides ideas for the application of CAP in other types of tumor diseases.

Enhancer remodeling activates NOTCH3 signaling to confer chemoresistance in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Acquired resistance to chemotherapy is one of the major causes of mortality in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, effective strategies are limited and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, through transcriptomic profiling analysis of 23 tumor tissues, we found that NOTCH3 was aberrantly highly expressed in chemoresistance NPC patients, with NOTCH3 overexpression being positively associated with poor clinical outcome. Mechanistically, using an established NPC cellular model, we demonstrated that enhancer remodeling driven aberrant hyperactivation of NOTCH3 in chemoresistance NPC. We further showed that NOTCH3 upregulates SLUG to induce chemo-resistance of NPC cells and higher expression of SLUG have poorer prognosis. Genetic or pharmacological perturbation of NOTCH3 conferred chemosensitivity of NPC in vitro and overexpression of NOTCH3 enhanced chemoresistance of NPC in vivo. Together, these data indicated that genome-wide enhancer reprogramming activates NOTCH3 to confer chemoresistance of NPC, suggesting that targeting NOTCH3 may provide a potential therapeutic strategy to effectively treat advanced chemoresistant NPC.

Proteome wide association studies of LRRK2 variants identify novel causal and druggable proteins for Parkinson's disease.

Common and rare variants in the LRRK2 locus are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) risk, but the downstream effects of these variants on protein levels remain unknown. We performed comprehensive proteogenomic analyses using the largest aptamer-based CSF proteomics study to date (7006 aptamers (6138 unique proteins) in 3107 individuals). The dataset comprised six different and independent cohorts (five using the SomaScan7K (ADNI, DIAN, MAP, Barcelona-1 (Pau), and Fundació ACE (Ruiz)) and the PPMI cohort using the SomaScan5K panel). We identified eleven independent SNPs in the LRRK2 locus associated with the levels of 25 proteins as well as PD risk. Of these, only eleven proteins have been previously associated with PD risk (e.g., GRN or GPNMB). Proteome-wide association study (PWAS) analyses suggested that the levels of ten of those proteins were genetically correlated with PD risk, and seven were validated in the PPMI cohort. Mendelian randomization analyses identified GPNMB, LCT, and CD68 causal for PD and nominate one more (ITGB2). These 25 proteins were enriched for microglia-specific proteins and trafficking pathways (both lysosome and intracellular). This study not only demonstrates that protein phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) and trans-protein quantitative trail loci (pQTL) analyses are powerful for identifying novel protein interactions in an unbiased manner, but also that LRRK2 is linked with the regulation of PD-associated proteins that are enriched in microglial cells and specific lysosomal pathways.