Factors related to stunting in children under 2 years old in the Papua, Indonesia: Does the type of residence matter?

OBJECTIVES: To analyze factors related to stunting in Papua region. METHODS: Secondary data from the 2021 Indonesian National Nutrition Status Survey were used in this study. Samples of 2,937 Papuan children under the age of two were gathered for the study. This study analyzed independent variables (type of residence, mother's age, marriage, mother's education, employment, wealth, child's age, gender, and early breastfeeding initiation (EBFI) with stunting. The relationship was analyzed using logistic regression tests. RESULTS: Stunting is more common among children in Papua's rural areas than in urban (AOR 1.168, 95% CI, 1.128-1.209). Stunting is more common in children who mother do not work than in mothers who do (AOR 1.174, 95% CI, 1.142- 1.207). Stunting is more common in children aged 12-23 months compared to children <12 months (AOR 3.381, 95% CI, 3.291-3.474). Compared to girls, boys are more likely to become stunted (AOR 1.348, 95% CI, 1,314-1,383). Children under the age of two who do not experience EBFI are at higher risk than those who have (AOR 1.078, 95% CI, 1.050-1.106). CONCLUSION: There are eight variables associated with stunting, namely residence, age of mother, mother's education, mother's occupation, economic status, child's age, gender, and EBFI. Prioritization of stunting interventions in Papua should be targeted at mothers who living in rural, having low education, and not doing early breastfeeding initiation.

Stunting Among Children Under Two Years in the Islands Areas: A Cross-sectional Study of the Maluku Region in Indonesia, 2021.

BACKGROUND: The Maluku region encompasses thousands of islands. The study analyzed factors related to stunting among children under two years old in the Maluku Region of Indonesia. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. METHODS: This cross-sectional study examined 4764 children under two years. In addition to nutritional status (stature), the study analyzed ten independent variables (province, residence, maternal age, marital status, maternal education, employment, wealth, children's age, gender, and early initiation of breastfeeding [EIBF]). Finally, the contribution of various factors to stunting was examined using logistic regression. RESULTS: Children in Maluku province were 1.13 times more likely than those in North Maluku province to become stunted. In addition, children aged 12-13 months were 4.09 times more likely than<12 months, and boys were 1.87 times more likely than girls to have the patterns of stunting. Children in rural areas were 1.10 times more likely to become stunted than those in urban areas (95% confidence interval: 1.06, 1.14). Divorced/widowed mothers were 1.88 times more likely than married mothers. Mothers of all education levels were more likely than those without formal education, and unemployed mothers were 1.07 times more likely than employed mothers to have stunted children. The possibility of becoming stunted was lower when the children were wealthier. CONCLUSION: Nine variables were related to stunted incidence, including province, residence, maternal age, marital status, maternal education, employment, wealth, children's age, and gender.

Pathway Analysis of Growth Faltering Pattern Based on Height for Age in Children Under Five in Indonesia Based on Indonesian National Health Survey 2013.

Growth failure has a severe impact on public health problems. Stunting is a particular growth failure contributing to the child mortality and morbidity of non-communicable diseases in adults. Objective: To analyze the determinants of growth failure patterns in children under five years in Indonesia. The further analysis was taken from 6,020 samples, based on the Indonesian National Health Survey (Riskesdas) 2013 (cross-sectional survey with a multistage cluster sampling method). Inclusion criteria are data that have completed records. The exclusion criteria were data having no outlier in anthropometric measurement. Nutrition status is analyzed using WHO AnthroPlus 2009. Data analysis is taken by path analysis in SPSS 21. The growth curve height for the under five-year children in Indonesia is less than the WHO growth standard. The mean height for age z-score (HAZ) has declined in linear patterns among the first five years of life. The determinant of growth is divided into two age groups. Overall, socioeconomic status has an indirect effect adjusted by both age and gender with r 0.10. In children <36 mo, the nutrition status of the mother has a direct and indirect effect on the birth nutrition status with r 0.17, while low birth weight, breastfeeding status, infectious disease, and immunization are the direct factor to HAZ score. In children aged 37-59 mo, infectious disease is a direct factor. Socioeconomic status, BMI of a mother, breastfeeding status, immunization, and infectious disease are the determinants of growth failure patterns in Indonesia.

The Influence of Iron Depletion and Chronic Energy Deficiency on the Risk of Hypothyroidism in Pregnant Women Living in Iodine Deficiency Disorders Endemic Areas in Badegan Ponorogo District East Java, Indonesia.

Several minerals are needed for thyroid hormone to work properly, such as iodine and iron. Iron is one of important essential trace elements that serves as co-factor for thyroid peroxidase (TPO). Those with iron deficiency have lower ferritin serum level than those who are normal. In particular, pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency (CED) have higher anemia risk than the otherwise. The study aimed to measure ferritin level, CED and hypothyroidism among pregnant women living in iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) endemic areas. A total of 37 pregnant women aged 18-45 y-oldwith pregnancy of 2 to 8 mo living in ID Dendemic of Dayakan and Watu Bonang Villages of Ponorogo District were include dinthestudy. Two different measurements were taken namely, anthropometric measurement of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) or upper circumference (UAC) which is more correct term to use, and blood markers of iodine and iron status were assessed using thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), and bloodferritin. Among pregnant women, 27% had hypothyroidism and 54.05% had iron depletion, with 30% had both conditions. The hypothyroidism was higher in pregnant women had CED than those non-CED, 50% vs. 18.5%. No significant correlation (p≥0.05) between hypothyroidism and both ferritin and CED, but adjusted odds ratio (AOR) was found at 7.7 (95% CI: 1.2-52.9), indicated more than four times higher risk of hypothyroidism in pregnant women with CED than the otherwise. Hypothyroidism in pregnant women living in Ponorogo was not caused by iron deficiency, but allegedly by lack of other nutritional intake. Conclusion: Integrated and sustainable efforts to improve nutritional status is needed since pre-conception and throughout pregnancy.