Pediatric Rhabdomyolysis.

Pediatric rhabdomyolysis is a common diagnosis that pediatricians need to be able to recognize because prompt treatment can prevent potential complications, such as acute kidney injury. The triggers for rhabdomyolysis are extensive, with viruses being the most common cause in pediatric patients. The pathophysiology behind rhabdomyolysis is complex and still being researched, but having a firm understanding of the cascade that results when muscle injury occurs is essential for proper management. Guidelines for managing pediatric rhabdomyolysis currently do not exist, but this article aims to review the available literature and give clinicians a general approach to aid in history taking, physical examination, diagnosis, acute management, follow-up, and prevention.

Takayasu Arteritis in the pediatric population: a contemporary United States-based single center cohort.

BACKGROUND: Takayasu Arteritis is an idiopathic, chronic, large vessel vasculitis involving the aorta and its primary branches. Few studies have been done in pediatric patients to date with the largest case series of US patients published in 2003 consisting of only 6 patients. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients seen at Cleveland Clinic Children's up until 2012 who met EULAR/PRINTO/PRES classification criteria for childhood Takayasu Arteritis. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients with a mean follow up of 2.3 years were studied. Weight loss, fatigue, and anorexia were the most common presenting complaints. 57.1% of patients were hypertensive at first visit. The most common examintation finding was diminished pulses (61.9%), followed by bruits, and then murmurs. Thoracic aorta stenosis was the most common vascular abnormality. Seven of twenty-one patients responded well to methotrexate and prednisone alone. Ten of twenty-one patients required an additional medication for symptom and disease control (infliximab most commonly). About two-thirds of patients required at least one anti-hypertensive medication. Eight of the twenty-one patients required surgical intervention for severe disease refractory to medications (renal artery stenosis being the most common indication). Almost all patients reported symptomatic improvement after surgical intervention. Two of the eight patients required a second surgery for return of symptoms. Disease sequelae included arterial aneurysms, resolved heart failure, and hypertensive emergencies. CONCLUSION: Our study emphasizes that constitutional symptoms coupled with objective findings of diminished pulses, bruits, and hypertension should raise clinical suspicion for Takayasu Arteritis in pediatric patients. Pharmacologic therapy alone can be successful in controlling disease progression, however surgery was successful in minimizing symptoms when medical therapies failed.