The aged tumor microenvironment limits T cell control of cancer.

The etiology and effect of age-related immune dysfunction in cancer is not completely understood. Here we show that limited priming of CD8+ T cells in the aged tumor microenvironment (TME) outweighs cell-intrinsic defects in limiting tumor control. Increased tumor growth in aging is associated with reduced CD8+ T cell infiltration and function. Transfer of T cells from young mice does not restore tumor control in aged mice owing to rapid induction of T cell dysfunction. Cell-extrinsic signals in the aged TME drive a tumor-infiltrating age-associated dysfunctional (TTAD) cell state that is functionally, transcriptionally and epigenetically distinct from canonical T cell exhaustion. Altered natural killer cell-dendritic cell-CD8+ T cell cross-talk in aged tumors impairs T cell priming by conventional type 1 dendritic cells and promotes TTAD cell formation. Aged mice are thereby unable to benefit from therapeutic tumor vaccination. Critically, myeloid-targeted therapy to reinvigorate conventional type 1 dendritic cells can improve tumor control and restore CD8+ T cell immunity in aging.

Prediction of anastomotic leakage after left-sided colorectal cancer surgery: a pilot study utilizing quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy.

BACKGROUND: Anastomotic leakage (AL) occurs with some frequency in all types of colorectal cancer surgery and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and recurrence rates. Complications might be prevented by monitoring intra-operative bowel perfusion at the anastomotic site. A pilot study concerning the objective and quantitative measurement of tissue perfusion by monitoring regional tissue saturation of oxygen (rSO2) was conducted, using the In Vivo Optical Spectroscopy (INVOS™) system (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA). METHODS: This study evaluated the ability of the INVOS™ system to predict AL after left-sided colorectal cancer surgery. rSO2 measurements of the oral side of the site of bowel anastomosis were taken before anastomosis in 73 patients. Clinical factors, including rSO2, were analyzed to identify risk factors for AL. RESULTS: Among 73 patients, 6 (8.2%) experienced AL. The rSO2 values of the oral anastomotic site were significantly lower in AL patients than in non-AL patients. In the multivariate analysis, the rSO2 value of the oral anastomotic site was an independent risk factor for AL. CONCLUSION: Monitoring the rSO2 at the anastomotic site enabled the prediction of AL. A prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of the INVOS™ system for monitoring intestinal rSO2 is in progress.

The characteristics of residual pneumoperitoneum after laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the popularity of laparoscopic surgery, it remains unclear whether residual pneumoperitoneum influences the patient's postoperative course. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of residual pneumoperitoneum. METHODS: This retrospective study included 201 Japanese patients who had undergone elective laparoscopic colorectal surgery. The patients were divided into groups, with and without anastomotic failure; the non-anastomotic failure group was further divided into subgroups, with and without residual pneumoperitoneum. Patient characteristics were compared between the various groups. RESULTS: The group with residual pneumoperitoneum included 57 patients (30.3%). Percutaneous drainage was required for one patient with residual pneumoperitoneum. Univariate analyses revealed that residual pneumoperitoneum was associated with low values for body mass index (BMI) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA). Furthermore, relative to the group with anastomotic failure, the group without anastomotic failure but with residual pneumoperitoneum had lower values for inflammatory markers. CONCLUSION: Low BMI and SFA values were identified as risk factors for residual pneumoperitoneum. Inflammatory markers may be useful as indicators for avoiding emergent surgery when it is difficult to differentiate between asymptomatic residual pneumoperitoneum and free air related to anastomotic failure.

Tumor budding as a predictive marker for 5-fluorouracil response in adjuvant-treated stage III colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Tumor budding (TB) has been described as an adverse prognostic marker for operable colorectal cancer (CRC); however, a limited number of studies have demonstrated the prognostic significance of TB in patients with drug therapy. This study was conducted to determine the predictive power of TB in stage III CRC patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: We retrospectively collected clinicopathological data including TB of 237 stage III colorectal cancer patients at Hiroshima University Hospital between July 1, 2006 and June 31, 2019. Differential disease-free survival (DFS) was investigated according to TB status. RESULTS: This study included 237 patients with a median age of 67 years, comprising patients who underwent surgery alone (n = 65), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) monotherapy (n = 129), and oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy (n = 43). Overall, 81 patients developed disease recurrence, and 33 patients died of cancer-related causes. The TB status was categorized into two groups: 99 with low budding (< 5 buds) and 138 with high budding (≥ 5 buds). Overall, the low budding cases demonstrated significantly better DFS. In the 5-FU monotherapy group, low-risk patients (T1, T2, or T3 and N1) with low budding showed a remarkably higher 3-year DFS (91%) compared to high budding (55%). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that TB could play a subsidiary role in selecting patients who could maintain a favorable prognosis with 5-FU monotherapy in stage III CRC.

Tumor Endothelial Cell-Mediated Antigen-Specific T-cell Suppression via the PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway.

Tumor endothelial cells (TEC) play multiple roles in the regional specialization of vascular structure and physiology. Because TECs in the tumor microenvironment come in contact with circulating immune cells, they might influence not only trafficking but also the antitumor cellular immune response. In a mouse tumor implantation model with B16 melanoma cells, TECs expressed MHC class II, costimulating molecules, and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), suggesting that they are antigen (Ag)-presenting cells with suppressive activity. Furthermore, TECs were able to take up and present tumor-derived ovalbumin (OVA) peptide on MHC class I molecules. In functional assays, B16-OVA tumor-derived TECs significantly suppressed the proliferation and Ag-specific cytotoxicity of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells relative to those of B16 tumor-derived TECs. This suppressive activity required cell-cell contact and was abrogated by PD-L1 blockade. TECs impaired proinflammatory cytokine production of CD8+ T cells, including IL2, TNFα, and IFNγ. B16-OVA tumor-derived TECs induced immunosuppressive CD4+ T cells that suppressed OVA-specific CD8+ T-cell proliferation via inhibitory cytokines, including IL10 and TGFß. Deficiency of PD-L1 in TECs, but not in hematopoietic cells, impaired suppression and apoptosis of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, resulting in inhibition of tumor development in vivo model. These data suggest that TECs might regulate the immune response of tumor Ag-specific CD8+ T cells via the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and induce immune suppressive CD4+ T cells in an Ag-specific manner, contributing to tumor immune evasion. IMPLICATIONS: The findings of this study might encourage the further development of novel anticancer therapies and strategies.

The prognostic value of organ/space surgical site infection in stage I colorectal cancer recurrence.

PURPOSE: Evidence on risk factors for postoperative recurrence in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) confined to pathological stage I is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the risk factors for recurrence in patients with stage I CRC. METHODS: Data on clinicopathological factors and blood tests of patients diagnosed with pathological stage I CRC at Hiroshima University Hospital between April 1, 2010, and December 31, 2018, were retrospectively obtained. The statistical significance between the clinical factors and postoperative recurrence was also investigated. RESULTS: A total of 244 patients were included. The median observation period was 45 months. There were 17 patients (6.6%) with a postoperative recurrence (8 local and 9 distant recurrences). In the log-lank test, rectal cancer (p = 0.004), pT2 (p = 0.020) and organ/space surgical site infection (SSI) (p = 0.008) were significantly associated with postoperative recurrence. In a multivariate analysis, rectal cancer (hazard ratio [HR] 3.678, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.184-11.425, p = 0.024) and organ/space SSI (HR 3.137, 95% CI 1.013-9.713, p = 0.047) were independently associated with a higher recurrence rate. Among 18 patients with organ/space SSI, 4 recurrences occurred, all of which were distant metastases. CONCLUSION: Organ/space SSI significantly affects the postoperative recurrence in patients with stage I CRC.

Preoperative incremental maximum squeeze pressure as a predictor of fecal incontinence after very low anterior resection for low rectal cancer.

PURPOSE: Very low anterior resection (VLAR) is performed widely, but some patients are left with fecal incontinence (FI), which compromises their quality of life (QOL) severely. This study sought to identify the predictive factors of postoperative FI after VLAR, which remain unclear. METHODS: We evaluated the anorectal manometry data of patients who underwent VLAR to identify the risk factors for postoperative FI among the various clinicopathological factors and manometric characteristics. FI and QOL were analyzed using the Wexner score and EORTC QLQ-C30, respectively. RESULTS: The subjects of this study were 40 patients who underwent VLAR for low rectal cancer between April, 2015 and May, 2018. There were 11 (27%) patients in the major-FI group and 29 (73%) in the minor-FI group. Multivariate analysis revealed that low preoperative incremental maximum squeeze pressure (iMSP) was an independent risk factor for postoperative major-FI. Postoperative QOL tended to be worse in the major-FI group. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative low iMSP increases the risk of major-FI and impaired QOL after VLAR. This highlights the importance of performing preoperative anorectal manometry to evaluate the patient's anal function as well as to select the most appropriate operative procedure and early multifaceted treatment such as medication, rehabilitation, and biofeedback for postoperative FI.

Simultaneous Liver-Kidney Transplantation in Patient with a History of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is the development of thrombocytopenia caused by exposure to heparin. Here, we report the case of a 58-year-old male with HIT who then underwent a successful simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation (SLKT). CASE REPORT The patient had end-stage hepatitis due to a hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and was on hemodialysis due to nephropathy related to HCV. Furthermore, he was diagnosed with HIT caused by the administration of heparin for hemodialysis during these treatments. Fortunately, there was no evidence of thromboses and HIT antibody converted negative immediately. Four years after the occurrence of HIT, SLKT was performed for liver and kidney failure. Although the donor was heparinized, the donor grafts were flushed on a backtable by an organ preservation solution without heparin to reduce residual heparin. The subsequent transplantation was uneventful. After the operation, anticoagulation with argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor, was started instead of heparin. In the postoperative course, neither thrombosis nor graft dysfunction occurred. CONCLUSIONS SLKT in a patient who had a history of HIT could be performed safely.

Postoperative Portal Hypertension Enhances Alloimmune Responses after Living-Donor Liver Transplantation in Patients and in a Mouse Model.

Controlling portal vein pressure in living-donor liver transplantation has received increased attention owing to its potential importance for graft survival. Portal hypertension may lead to the activation of liver-resident APCs, including liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), which have immunological tolerogenic capacity. We investigated the effects of portal hypertension on graft survival and the antidonor immune response using clinical data and a mouse model. We categorized patients (n = 136) according to their portal vein pressure values at the end of surgery. Using propensity score-matching analyses, we found that portal hypertension was significantly associated with a higher antidonor immune response and incidence of acute rejection. To investigate the mechanism, we performed an allogeneic coculture assay using a 70% hepatectomized (HTx) mouse model with or without a portosystemic shunt. Liver cells from HTx mice without a shunt exhibited a significantly greater anti-BALB/c B6 T cell response than those from sham-operated mice or HTx mice with a shunt. LSECs from sham-operated mice, but not from HTx mice, suppressed the B6 T cell alloresponse in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, LSECs from HTx mice without a shunt showed significantly downregulated MHC class I/II and programmed death-ligand 1 expression, and those from mice with a shunt showed recovered expression of these molecules. Postoperative portal hypertension enhances alloimmune responses in recipients after living-donor liver transplantation, likely due, in part, to the impaired immune-suppression capacity of LSECs.

Is laparoscopic colorectal surgery with continuation of antiplatelet therapy safe without increasing bleeding complications?

PURPOSE: The number of patients on antiplatelet therapy (APT) who need surgery is increasing; however, it is unclear whether APT should be continued for abdominal surgery, particularly laparoscopic colorectal surgery. We investigated the safety of continuing APT for patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery. METHODS: We collected retrospective data from 529 patients who underwent laparoscopic colorectal surgery at Hiroshima University between January, 2013 and December, 2018. We analyzed information related to APT. Thirty-six pairs were matched by the propensity score method between patients on APT (APT+) and those not on APT (APT-). We compared the surgical outcomes of both groups. RESULTS: Among 463 patients eligible for the study, 48 were on APT for cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease, and 36 continued to take aspirin. In the case-matched comparison, the amount of intraoperative blood loss in the APT+ group was not significantly higher than that in the APT- group, and the incidences of bleeding complications, thromboembolic complications, and other complications were not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSION: In a case-matched comparison, continuation of aspirin during laparoscopic colorectal surgery did not increase perioperative complications. In laparoscopic colorectal surgery, continuation of aspirin is an acceptable strategy for patients with thromboembolic risk caused by interruption of APT.

Surgical techniques for advanced transverse colon cancer using the pincer approach of the transverse mesocolon.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer, not only early cancer but also advanced cancer, has become standardized by some randomized controlled studies. However, cases involving advanced transverse colon cancer were excluded from these studies due to the technical difficulty of the surgery. Hence, laparoscopic surgery for advanced transverse colon cancer is still a theme that we need to overcome. To solve these issues, it is necessary to establish a standardized approach and surgical technique. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES: The advantage of our method, which approaches from both sides of the transverse mesocolon, is that it is easier to achieve hemostasis when active bleeding occurs because this approach provides space for ligating and sealing. This allows the surgeon to perform lymphadenectomy around the superior mesenteric artery and vein. CONCLUSIONS: We introduced the usefulness of the "Pincer approach of the transverse mesocolon" to standardize laparoscopic surgery for advanced transverse colon cancer.

Isolation of tumor endothelial cells from murine cancer.

Tumor endothelial cells (TECs), which constitute the lining of the tumor blood vessels, have various characteristics as tumor constituent cells. In this study, we describe a novel method for the isolation of highly pure, fresh TECs, which form a small population within the tumor. Tumors were first dissected from tumor-bearing mice and digested to a single cell suspension with Collagenase Type II; the single cells were then separated by density gradient centrifugation. TECs were enriched by CD31-positive selection using magnetic activated cell sorting and subsequently purified by fluorescence activated cell sorting. The high purity of the obtained cells was verified by flow cytometry. Upon cell culture, the isolated cells showed a polygonal shape and a cobblestone appearance, which are features of the endothelial cells. Furthermore, a functional assay revealed that the TECs suppressed the proliferation of CD8+ T cells in vitro. We believe that the isolation method described in this study will enable the further elucidation of the characteristics of TECs.

Effect of bevacizumab plus XELOX (CapeOX) chemotherapy on liver natural killer cell activity in colorectal cancer with resectable liver metastasis.

AIM: We investigated the chemotherapy effect of resectable colorectal cancer with liver metastasis (CRLM) on the function of intrahepatic immune cells. METHODS: We classified patients into adjuvant chemotherapy (bevacizumab+CapeOX) after hepatectomy group (group A) and neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by hepatectomy group (group B), and collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and liver mononuclear cells (LMNC) to ascertain phenotypic and functional differences. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in lymphocyte fractions of either PBMC or LMNC between groups, except for the significantly lower percentage of natural killer (NK) cells in LMNC in group B than in group A. Significantly higher percentage of natural-killer group 2, member D (NKG2D)- positive NK cells in PBMC and percentage of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-, NKp30-, and signal regulatory protein ß (SIRPß)-positive NK cells in LMNC were found in group B. Furthermore, significantly higher expressions of NKG2D and SIRPß in peripheral blood NK cells and of NKp46 and CD122 in liver NK cells were found in group B. When LMNC were incubated with interleukin (IL)-2 in vitro, no difference was observed in the expression of these molecules in NK cells between groups. Consistently, there was no difference in the cytotoxic activity of those LMNC against a colon adenocarcinoma cell line between groups. CONCLUSION: Colorectal cancer with liver metastasis patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy showed enhanced expression of activation markers on peripheral blood and liver NK cells in comparison with patients who did not receive therapy; however, the difference in those function remains unclear. These results suggest that neoadjuvant chemotherapy does not have a negative impact on intrahepatic immune cells in resectable CRLM patients.

A case of ascending colon cancer accompanied with tumor thrombosis in the superior mesenteric vein treated with right hemicolectomy and greater saphenous vein grafting.

INTRODUCTION: The occurrence of colorectal cancer with tumor thrombosis in the mesenteric vein is very rare. Here, we report a case of ascending colon cancer with tumor thrombosis in the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) that was treated by complete resection. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A 48-year-old woman was initially admitted due to anemia. Ascending colon cancer coinciding with tumor thrombosis in the SMV was detected. Right hemicolectomy, tumor thrombectomy, and greater saphenous vein grafting of the SMV were performed. She underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy with capecitabine plus oxaliplatin and did not have any recurrence. DISCUSSION: Due to the high incidence of liver metastasis, the presence of venous tumor thrombosis may influence the patient's length of survival. CONCLUSION: Complete resection of the primary cancer with tumor thrombosis and systemic chemotherapy should be considered for better prognosis.

Odd-even effect in two dimensions induced by the bicomponent blends of isobutenyl compounds.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) investigation was performed for the blends of isobutenyl compounds, in which the long alkyl chains were connected with ester or carbamoyl linkages. Each component by itself did not show the odd-even effect of alkyl chain length, whereas after blending them, the 2D structures drastically changed and modulated to exhibit odd-even effect. Star, lozenge, twist-like, and linear structures were found, dependent on the blend ratio and alkyl chain length. The blend ratio dependence of 2D structures was explained in terms of homogeneous and heterogeneous dimerization due to the interdigitation of alkyl chains.

[A woman with beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration identified by the WDR45 mutation presenting as Rett-like syndrome in childhood].

Beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN) is one of the neurodegenerative disorders characterized by iron deposition in the brain and is the only known disease in humans to be caused by an aberration in autophagocytosis. Here, we present the case of a 42-year-old woman with BPAN identified by the WDR45 mutation. From early childhood, she was recognized as having global developmental delay, and she frequently sucked her hand, which was considered to be a stereotypical movement. She had a febrile convulsion at 6 months of age but there was no history of epilepsy. The delay in language development was more severe than the delay in motor development; she was able to dress herself, walk unaided, and follow simple instructions until adolescence. After the age of 20, her movement ability rapidly declined. By the time she was 42 years old, she was bedridden and unable to communicate. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 21 years revealed no abnormality except non-specific cerebral atrophy. However, MRI at 39 years revealed abnormalities in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra, with neurodegeneration and iron accumulation in the brain. Genetic analysis for WDR45 revealed that she had a splice site mutation (NM_007075.3: c.830 + 2 T > C) which was previously reported, and a diagnosis of BPAN was confirmed. For specific therapies to be developed for BPAN in the future, it is necessary to establish early diagnosis, including genetic analysis.

[Supplementation of L-carnitine to the severe motor and intellectual disabilities fed with enteral carnitine-deficient formulas for years].

OBJECTIVE: We clarified the asymptomatic deficiency of serum free-carnitine in the severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMIDs) fed with enteral carnitine-deficient formulas for years, and investigated the adequate method to supply enteral L-carnitine and maintain its normal levels. METHODS: In 45 SMIDs who has been fed with carnitine-deficient formulas and/or receiving valproate, the serum free-carnitine levels were examined. To the carnitine deficient cases we introduced L-carnitine and/or a carnitine-supplemented formula to normalize and maintain the serum free-carnitine levels. RESULTS: Thirty-one out of 34 cases (91.2%) fed with carnitine-deficient formulas for years had serum free-carnitine deficiency. Supplement of 15 - 30 mg/kg/day L-carnitine was effective to normalize the serum free-carnitine levels within 3 months. After successful supplementation, smaller dosage of L-carnitine (100 or 300 mg/day) was enough to maintain the normal levels. Replacement of the carnitine-deficient formulas to carnitine-supplemented ones was also useful to normalize the serum free-carnitine levels. CONCLUSIONS: Smaller dosage of L-carnitine or a carnitine-supplemented formula is sufficient to normalize and maintain the serum free-carnitine levels in SMIDs fed with carnitine-deficient formulas for years.

Pseudolymphoma of the liver: a case report and literature review.

Pseudolymphoma is a benign lymphocytic tumor-like lesion, and its occurrence in the liver is rare. Here, we report the case of a 78-year-old woman with pseudolymphoma of the liver. She had a history of tremors for several years. Therefore, she underwent computed tomography (CT) for screening, and liver tumors were incidentally identified. She did not have any history of liver disease. Liver function test results and tumor marker levels were all within normal limits, and viral markers for hepatitis were negative. Contrast-enhanced CT revealed four nodules measuring up to 13 mm in diameter with ring enhancement in both lobes of the liver. On magnetic resonance imaging, the lesions showed slightly high intensity on T2-weighted images and high intensity on diffusion-weighted images. Because of atypical imaging findings, the tumors could not be definitively diagnosed. Therefore, we performed laparoscopic limited resection of segments 2, 3, 4, and 8 of the liver. The final pathological diagnosis was pseudolymphoma of the liver. The patient has had no signs of recurrence for 6 months after the surgery. Although pseudolymphoma of the liver is rare, it is necessary to consider it in the differential diagnosis of a liver tumor.

Biobased carbon content of resin extracted from polyethylene composite by carbon-14 concentration measurements using accelerator mass spectrometry.

An estimation procedure for biobased carbon content of polyethylene composite was studied using carbon-14 ((14)C) concentration ratios as measured by accelerated mass spectrometry (AMS). Prior to the measurement, additives and fillers in composites should be removed because they often contain a large amount of biobased carbon and may shift the estimation. Samples of resin with purity suitable for measurement were isolated from composites with a Soxhlet extractor using heated cyclohexanone. After cooling of extraction solutions, the resin was recovered as a fine semi-crystalline precipitate, which was easily filtered. Recovery rates were almost identical (99%), even for low-density polyethylene and linear low-density polyethylene, which may have lower crystallinity. This procedure could provide a suitable approach for estimation of biobased carbon content by AMS on the basis of the standard ASTM D 6866. The biobased carbon content for resin extracted from polyethylene composites allow for the calculation of biosynthetic polymer content, which is an indicator of mass percentage of the biobased plastic resin in the composite.

[A case of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with peritoneal dissemination treated successfully with surgical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy].

A 72-year-old woman was diagnosed with liver dysfunction during a medical examination. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan showed multiple nodules in the left lobe, anterior segment, andposterior segment of the liver, leading to a diagnosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Extended left lobectomy and partial hepatectomy in the anterior and posterior segment with lymph node dissection was performed. At the time of the operation, small nodules on the peritoneum near the stomach were resected; these nodules were diagnosed as peritoneal disseminations of ICC. The histopathological diagnosis was moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma (T4N0M1, Stage IVB). Adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 was administered for 18 months. Thirty months after the operation, multiple lung metastases were detected by using CT, and chemotherapy with gemcitabine was initiated. Thirty-six months after chemotherapy with gemcitabine, the patient is alive and at home despite her lung metastases, which grew slightly in size. Herein, we report a long-term survival case of ICC with peritoneal dissemination that was successfully treated with surgical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy.