RESUMO
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as an intrinsic system for delivering functional molecules within our body, playing significant roles in diverse physiological phenomena and diseases. Both native and engineered EVs are currently the subject of extensive research as promising therapeutics and drug delivery systems, primarily due to their remarkable attributes, such as targeting capabilities, biocompatibility, and low immunogenicity and mutagenicity. Nevertheless, their clinical application is still a long way off owing to multiple limitations. In this context, the Science Board of the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) of Japan has conducted a comprehensive assessment to identify the current issues related to the quality and safety of EV-based therapeutic products. Furthermore, we have presented several examples of the state-of-the-art methodologies employed in EV manufacturing, along with guidelines for critical processes, such as production, purification, characterization, quality evaluation and control, safety assessment, and clinical development and evaluation of EV-based therapeutics. These endeavors aim to facilitate the clinical application of EVs and pave the way for their transformative impact in healthcare.
RESUMO
Dendritic DNA molecules, referred to as DNA dendrons, consist of multiple covalently linked strands and are expected to improve the cellular uptake and potency of therapeutic oligonucleotides because of their multivalency. In this study, we developed an efficient synthetic method for producing DNA dendrons using strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Integration of the antitumor aptamer AS1411 into DNA dendrons enhanced cellular uptake and antiproliferative activity in cancer cells. These findings demonstrate that the incorporation of multivalent aptamers into DNA dendrons can effectively boost their therapeutic effects.
Assuntos
Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos , Proliferação de Células , Dendrímeros , Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/química , Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/farmacologia , Humanos , Dendrímeros/química , Dendrímeros/farmacologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Azidas/química , Alcinos/química , Alcinos/farmacologia , Reação de Cicloadição , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , OligodesoxirribonucleotídeosRESUMO
It was previously demonstrated that polypod-like nanostructured DNA (polypodna) comprising three or more oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) were useful for the delivery of ODNs containing cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) motifs, or CpG ODNs, to immune cells. Although the immunostimulatory activity of single-stranded CpG ODNs is highly dependent on CpG motif sequence and position, little is known about how the position of the motif affects the immunostimulatory activity of CpG motif-containing nanostructured DNAs. In the present study, four series of polypodna were designed, each comprising a CpG ODN with one potent CpG motif at varying positions and 2-5 CpG-free ODNs, and investigated their immunostimulatory activity using Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9)-positive murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. Polypodnas with the CpG motif in the 5'-overhang induced more tumor necrosis factor-α release than those with the motif in the double-stranded region, even though their cellular uptake were similar. Importantly, the rank order of the immunostimulatory activity of single-stranded CpG ODNs changed after their incorporation into polypodna. These results indicate that the CpG ODN sequence as well as the motif location in nanostructured DNAs should be considered for designing the CpG motif-containing nanostructured DNAs for immune stimulation.
Assuntos
DNA , Nanoestruturas , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos , Receptor Toll-Like 9 , Camundongos , Nanoestruturas/química , Animais , Células RAW 264.7 , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/química , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/farmacologia , DNA/química , DNA/imunologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/química , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Ilhas de CpG , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Cytosolic DNA sensors (CDSs) recognize DNA molecules that are abnormally located in the cytosol, thus leading to the activation of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and the induction of type 1 interferon. In turn, type 1 interferon evokes defensive reactions against viral infections and activates the immune system; therefore, the use of agonists of CDSs as cancer therapeutics and vaccine adjuvants is expected. Double-stranded DNA molecules with dozens to thousands of bases derived from bacteria and viruses are agonists of CDSs. However, DNA is a water-soluble molecule with a high molecular weight, resulting in poor cellular uptake and endosomal escape. In contrast, long single-stranded DNA (lssDNA) obtained by rolling circle amplification is efficiently taken up and localized to endosomes. Here we constructed a CDS-targeting lssDNA via the facilitation of its intracellular transport from endosomes to the cytosol. An endosome-disrupting GALA peptide was used to deliver the lssDNA to the cytosol. A peptide-oligonucleotide conjugate (POC) was successfully obtained via the conjugation of the GALA peptide with an oligonucleotide complementary to the lssDNA. By hybridization of the POC to the complementary lssDNA (POC/lssDNA), the CDS-STING pathway in dendritic cells was efficiently stimulated. GALA peptide-conjugated DNA seems to be a helpful tool for the delivery of DNA to the cytosol.
Assuntos
DNA de Cadeia Simples , Peptídeos , Citosol/metabolismo , DNA de Cadeia Simples/metabolismo , Peptídeos/química , DNA/genética , Interferons/genética , Interferons/metabolismo , Oligonucleotídeos/metabolismoRESUMO
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are nano-sized vesicles secreted from various cells that contain bioactive metabolites and function as key regulators for intercellular communication. sEVs modulate diverse biological and pathological processes in the body, and the amount of circulating sEVs has been reported to correlate with certain disease progression. Therefore, the identification of small molecular compounds that can control sEV production may become a novel therapeutic strategy. In this study, a rapid, highly sensitive sEV quantification method utilizing fusion proteins consisting of Gaussia luciferase (gLuc) reporter protein and sEV markers (CD63 and CD82) was developed. A total of 480 compounds were screened to identify potent inducers and inhibitors of gLuc activity. Two novel compounds, KPYC08425 and KPYC12163, showed significant and dose-dependent changes in gLuc activity with minimal cytotoxicity based on the LDH assay. The efficacy of these two compounds was further evaluated by protein quantification of the isolated sEVs. Further evaluation of KPYC12163 suggested that the autolysosomal pathway may be involved in its inhibitory effect on sEV production.