Bystander-application of a novel nasal swab optimized for drug delivery is safe and non-traumatic for the general population.

OBJECTIVE: The PN Naloxone Nasal Swab (Pocket Naloxone Corp., Bethesda, MD) is a swab optimized for drug delivery and intended for use by non-medical personnel for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose. The aim of this study (PNC-20-003) is to determine the safety of this nasal swab in a real-world environment. METHODS: This was a single-institution, quantitative-qualitative prospective trial performed at an outpatient clinic. Patients with normal or abnormal nasal structure were recruited. A non-medically trained individual placed the nasal (soaked in fluorescein dye) on each side of the patient's nose. Endoscopy with recording was performed before and after swab placement. An independent reviewer rated degree of staining, mucosal bleeding, and trauma at nasal subsites. RESULTS: Videos from 32 nasal cavities (16 participants) were reviewed. All cavities had high intensity staining at the septum and the inferior turbinate. No patients had staining within the middle meatus, agger nasi, or olfactory regions. In patients with normal anatomy, obstructive nasal anatomy or prior nasal surgery, all cavities had staining near the nasal septum. Only 7 cavities (22 %) had minor bleeding defined as ooze that stopped in 1-2min, and 3 (9 %) had minor trauma defined as mucosal disruption less than 5mm. There were no significant differences in comparing pre- and post-swab nasal cavity, trauma, or bleeding exams. CONCLUSIONS: These study results showed that this swab is atraumatic to the nasal mucosal membranes when administered by non-medical personnel. Analysis suggests contact with targeted sites for drug absorption regardless of anatomy.

Contour Map Point Distribution and Surgeon Experience Level Affect Accuracy of Surgical Navigation in a Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Reliable use of surgical navigation depends upon the registration process. The gold standard is paired-point registration with bone-anchored fiducials, but contour-map registration is more practical. Surgeons may employ variable contour maps and less experienced team members often perform this critical step. The impact of these practices on target registration error (TRE) is not well-studied. METHODS: A dry lab set-up consisting of a navigation system (Fusion ENT, Medtronic, Jacksonville, FL) and a sinus phantom with 2 mm radiopaque spheres in the sphenoid and ethmoid regions was developed. A CT (0.625 mm slice thickness) was obtained. Registration was performed with a contour-based protocol. Accuracy was determined using the software's distance measurement tool. Registration was performed with narrow-field (NF; forehead points medial to the mid-pupillary line) and wide field (WF; entire forehead) contour maps. An experienced rhinologist and a resident surgeon performed each registration in triplicate and TRE at the sphenoid and ethmoid markers was measured in triplicate. RESULTS: WF mapping had a lower TRE than NF (1.09 mm [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.96-1.22] vs 1.68 mm [95% CI 1.50-1.86]). The experienced surgeon had a lower TRE compared to the resident (1.21 mm [95% CI 1.08-1.34] vs 1.54 mm [95% CI 1.35-1.74]). CONCLUSIONS: In this navigation model, wide field mapping offers better accuracy than narrow-field mapping, and an experienced surgeon seemed to achieve better accuracy than a resident surgeon. These observations have potential implications for the use of this technology in the operating room.

Are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs effective enough for postoperative pain control after functional endoscopic sinus surgery and septoplasty? A randomized, controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and septoplasty are commonly performed procedures without standardized postoperative pain regimens. There is reluctance to prescribe opioids for postoperative pain given their potential for abuse. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been demonstrated to reduce or even obviate the need for opioid pain medications after otolaryngologic surgeries, but prospective validation is lacking. METHODS: A randomized, controlled study comparing the efficacy of diclofenac sodium to hydrocodone/acetaminophen (APAP) after ESS with or without septoplasty was performed. Participants were given a 100-mm visual analog pain scale (VAS) at postoperative days (PODs) 1, 2, 3, and 5 after ESS. Two-sample t tests were used to compare pain scores between groups. RESULTS: One hundred patients enrolled, and 74 patients provided pain scores to the survey. Pain was greatest for both groups on POD 1. Treatment with diclofenac sodium vs hydrocodone/APAP did not statistically impact pain scores at PODs 1, 2, 3, or 5. No cases of epistaxis requiring an emergency room visit or return to the operating room were noted during the study period. CONCLUSION: Diclofenac sodium may be non-inferior to hydrocodone/APAP in treating pain after ESS with or without septoplasty in opioid naive patients without pre-existing pain conditions. Further studies with larger samples are warranted to investigate the potential superiority of diclofenac to hydrocodone/APAP in certain patients after ESS and septoplasty.

Management of Postsurgical Empty Nose Syndrome.

Empty nose syndrome (ENS) is a controversial condition associated with disruption of nasal airflow caused by excessive loss of turbinate tissue. ENS arises after total or near-total inferior turbinate resection. Patients present with intense fixation on the perception of nasal obstruction. Diagnostic tools to assess for empty nose syndrome include a validated patient questionnaire and the office cotton test. Treatment involves topical moisturization, behavioral/psychiatric assessment/treatment, and surgical reconstruction. Current data show promising long-term efficacy after surgical intervention. Postprocedural ENS is best prevented by minimizing inferior and middle turbinate tissue loss.

Comparative Outcomes in Functional Rhinoplasty With Open vs Endonasal Spreader Graft Placement.

IMPORTANCE: Spreader grafts are commonly used for nasal valve stenosis. There is debate among practitioners regarding the optimal approach for spreader graft placement. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine whether an endonasal spreader graft placement leads to equivalent postoperative outcomes using a standardized nasal obstruction symptom score and whether there is a significant difference in operative time between the 2 approaches. DESIGN: A retrospective review of functional rhinoplasties by a single facial plastic surgeon over a 2-year period was conducted. SETTING: Facial plastic surgery practice at a tertiary academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty patients with a single surgeon over a 22-month period with a minimum of 1-year follow-up were included in the study. Age, sex, and preoperative Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scores of patients were equivalent between the 2 groups. For time analysis, 56 of 107 patients were analyzed, with exclusion of patients undergoing combined procedures and autologous cartilage grafting from sites besides the nasal septum. INTERVENTIONS: Patients who underwent functional rhinoplasty through either an open or an endonasal (closed) approach were compared. Preoperative approach decision was based on the need for cosmetic tip, dorsal, or anterior septal work, and all decisions were made before the development of this study. Main outcome measures were as follows: improvement in NOSE scores recorded preoperatively and at 1-year minimum postoperative follow-up as well as difference in operative times. RESULTS: No significant difference (P = 0.92) was found between patients having open or endonasal spreader graft placement in NOSE score improvement. Open rhinoplasty was associated with significantly longer operative times (P < 0.001), and performance of additional maneuvers such as strut grafts, osteotomies, and dorsal hump reduction was not found to independently affect operative times significantly. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Spreader grafts can be placed through an endonasal or open approach with similar outcomes in a standardized measure. Open rhinoplasty is associated with prolonged operative times and therefore increased operative costs. In properly selected patients, endonasal spreader graft placement may lead to significant cost savings when open rhinoplasty is not otherwise indicated.