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Photosynthetic dinoflagellates play crucial roles in global primary production and carbon fixation. Despite their success in filling various ecological niches, numerous mysteries about their plastid evolution and plastid genomes remain unsolved. The plastid genome of dinoflagellates presents one of the most complex lineages in the biological realm, mainly due to multiple endosymbiotic plastid events in their evolutionary history. Peridinin-containing dinoflagellates possess the most reduced and fragmented genome, with only a few genes located on multiple "minicircles", whereas replacement plastids in dinoflagellate lineages have undergone different degrees of endosymbiotic gene transfer. Recent advancements in high-throughput sequencing have improved our understanding of plastid genomes and plastid-encoded gene expression in many dinoflagellate species. Plastid transcripts of dinoflagellates exhibit two unconventional processing pathways: the addition of a 3' poly(U) tail and substitutional RNA editing. These pathways are widely employed across dinoflagellate lineages, which are possibly retained from the ancestral peridinin plastid. This mini-review summarizes the developments in the plastid genomes of dinoflagellates and pinpoints the research areas that necessitate further exploration, aiming to provide valuable insights into plastid evolution in these fascinating and important organisms.
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Dinoflagellida , Genomas de Plastídeos , Dinoflagellida/genética , Plastídeos/genética , Simbiose/genética , Evolução Molecular , Edição de RNA , FilogeniaRESUMO
Ecological functions of coastal wetlands are closely linked to microbiome that is affected by anthropogenic pollution, but related systematic research is rare. This study explored microbial community and physicochemical characteristics of sediments in three habitats, mudflat, mangrove and inter-tidal shrimp ponds (gei wai), in a Ramsar using 16S amplicon sequencing. Proteobacteria was the most abundant and Vibrio was detected in all habitats. Microbial diversity in mangrove is higher than mudflat, with gei wai in between. Microbial functions predicted by PICRUSt revealed prevalence of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, with enrichment of nitrogen metabolism in mangrove habitat. Gene annotation identified approximately 800 intrinsic antibiotic resistance genes (iARGs) and dominant mechanism was antibiotic inactivation. Variation partitioning analysis indicated sediment characteristics together with antibiotics and heavy metals shaped microbiomes and iARGs composition in sediments. This study offers insights into variations of sediment microbial diversity, function and iARGs among different habitats in protected wetlands.
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This study examined effects of mangrove plants Kandelia obovata and Aegiceras corniculatum on harmful algal species. While A. corniculatum leaf extract had no inhibitory effect, K. obovata leaf extract significantly inhibited the growth of two harmful algal species Alexandrium tamarense and Karenia mikimotoi. The inhibitory effect was concentration-dependent, with over 90 % inhibition at the highest concentration. Morphological changes and cell size reduction were observed in both microalgae. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species and damage to algal photosynthetic system were found. The allelopathic effect of K. obovata on K. mikimotoi with low-concentration repeated exposure was more effective than high-concentration single exposure. The EC50 of K. obovata (0.33 g L-1) was lower than reported values on other coastal plants. Higher inhibitory effects of K. obovata were found on naked algal species than the armoured ones. These findings suggest potential applications of K. obovata leaf extract in controlling harmful algal blooms.
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Alelopatia , Proliferação Nociva de Algas , Primulaceae , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta , Fotossíntese/efeitos dos fármacos , Dinoflagellida/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Devices (µPADs) have emerged as a new class of microfluidic systems, offering numerous advantages over traditional microfluidic chips. These advantages include simplicity, cost-effectiveness, stability, storability, disposability, and portability. As a result, various designs for different types of assays are developed and investigated. In recent years, µPADs are combined with conventional detection methods to enable rapid on-site detection, providing results comparable to expensive and sophisticated large-scale testing methods that require more time and skilled personnel. The application of µPAD techniques is extensive in environmental quality control/analysis, clinical diagnosis, and food safety testing, paving the way for on-site real-time diagnosis as a promising future development. This review focuses on the recent research advancements in the design, fabrication, material selection, and detection methods of µPADs. It provides a comprehensive understanding of their principles of operation, applications, and future development prospects.
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Constructed wetlands (CWs) are widely used in sewage treatment in rural areas, but there are only a few studies on field-scale CWs in treating wastewater-borne pesticides. In this study, the treatment and metabolic transformation of 29 pesticides in rural domestic sewage by 10 field-scale horizontal flow CWs (HF-CWs), each with a treatment scale of 36â5000 m3/d and operated for 2â10 years, in Guangzhou, Southern China was investigated. The risk of pesticides in treated effluent and main factors influencing such risk were evaluated. Results demonstrated that HF-CWs could remove pesticides in sewage and reduce their ecological risk in effluent, but the degree varied among types of pesticides. Herbicides had the highest mean removal rate (67.35 %) followed by insecticides (60.13 %), and the least was fungicides (53.22 %). In terms of single pesticide compounds, the mean removal rate of butachlor was the highest (73.32 %), then acetochlor (69.41 %), atrazine (68.28 %), metolachlor (58.40 %), and oxadixyl (53.28 %). The overall removal rates of targeted pesticides in each HF-CWs ranged from 11 %â57 %, excluding two HF-CWs showing increases in pesticides in treated effluent. Residues of malathion, phorate, and endosulfan in effluent had high-risks (RQ > 5). The pesticide concentration in effluent was mainly affected by that in influent (P = 0.042), and source control was the key to reducing risk. The main metabolic pathways of pesticide in HF-CWs were oxidation, with hydroxyl group to carbonyl group or to form sulfones, the second pathways by hydrolysis, aerobic condition was conducive to the transformation of pesticides. Sulfones were generally more toxic than the metabolites produced by hydrolytic pathways. The present study provides a reference on pesticides for the purification performance improvement, long-term maintenance, and practical sustainable application of field-scale HF-CWs.
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Praguicidas , Águas Residuárias , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Áreas Alagadas , Águas Residuárias/química , Medição de Risco , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos , ChinaRESUMO
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a global environmental concern, causing significant economic losses in fisheries and posing risks to human health. Algicidal bacteria have been suggested as a potential solution to control HABs, but their algicidal efficacy is influenced by various factors. This study aimed to characterize a novel algicidal bacterium, Maribacter dokdonensis (P4), isolated from a Karenia mikimotoi (Hong Kong strain, KMHK) HAB and assess the impact of P4 and KMHK's doses, growth phase, and algicidal mode and the axenicity of KMHK on P4's algicidal effect. Our results demonstrated that the algicidal effect of P4 was dose-dependent, with the highest efficacy at a dose of 25% v/v. The study also determined that P4's algicidal effect was indirect, with the P4 culture and the supernatant, but not the bacterial cells, showing significant effects. The algicidal efficacy was higher when both P4 and KMHK were in the stationary phase. Furthermore, the P4 culture at the log phase could effectively kill KMHK cells at the stationary phase, with higher algicidal efficacy in the bacterial culture than that of the supernatant alone. Interestingly, P4's algicidal efficacy was significantly higher when co-culturing with xenic KMHK (~90% efficacy at day 1) than that with the axenic KMHK (~50% efficacy at day 1), suggesting the presence of other bacteria could regulate P4's algicidal effect. The bacterial strain P4 also exhibited remarkable algicidal efficacy on four other dinoflagellate species, particularly the armored species. These results provide valuable insights into the algicidal effect of M. dokdonensis on K. mikimotoi and on their interactions.
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Dinoflagellida , Flavobacteriaceae , Água , Humanos , Dinoflagellida/fisiologia , Proliferação Nociva de Algas , BactériasRESUMO
Distribution of heavy metals (HMs) and antibiotics (ABs) in surface sediments of three habitats: mudflat, mangrove and gei wai (inter-tidal shrimp ponds), at Mai Po RAMSAR were determined with inductively coupled plasma and liquid chromatograph tandem - mass spectrometry, respectively. Eight HMs (Cr, As, Pb, Cd, Mn, Ni, Cu and Zn), and ten ABs (tetracyclines, quinolones, macrolides and sulphonamides) were detected in all habitats, with relatively lower concentration in gei wai. Ecological risk assessment based on PNEC revealed that HMs posed a higher ecological risk to microorganisms than ABs. All metals except Mn were above their respective threshold effect levels according to sediment quality guidelines, indicating their potential toxicity to benthos. The enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index on background values suggested sediments were moderately polluted by Zn, Cu and Cd, possibly from anthropogenic inputs. This study implies that HMs pollution must be prevented through proper regulation of agricultural and industrial discharge.
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Metais Pesados , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Cádmio , Sedimentos Geológicos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Metais Pesados/análise , China , EcossistemaRESUMO
In mangrove wetlands, leaves make up a high proportion of the plant biomass and can accumulate heavy metals from contaminated sediment. Despite this, it is still unclear how heavy metal concentrations in leaves change as they develop and how metals in senescence leaves are recycled back into the mangrove ecosystems during decomposition. The present study aims to investigate the dynamics of six heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, and Pb) in leaves of two common mangrove plants, Avicennia marina and Kandelia obovata, at different stages of development (young, mature, and senescent) and leaf litter decomposition (from 0 to 20 weeks). Based on litterbag experiments in a subtropical mangrove swamp, both plant species showed similar trends in alternations of the six heavy metals during leaf development, that was, decreased in Cu and Zn but increased in Pb, while Cr, Ni, and Cd remained steady. All heavy metals in litter gradually increased in concentration during decomposition. By the end of the 20-weeks decomposition, the concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Cd in decayed leaves were comparable to those in sediment, with Cu, Zn, and Cd at approximately 18, 75, and 0.2 mg·kg-1, respectively, while Cr (66 mg·kg-1), Ni (65 mg·kg-1), and Pb (55 mg·kg-1) were lower than those in sediment, indicating that metals were not retained in litter but recycled back to the sediment. Tannins in mangrove leaf litter might chelate heavy metals, affecting their migration and transformation of heavy metals in estuarine mangrove wetlands. The findings of our study provide insight into the interactions between toxic heavy metals and mangrove plant species during leaf development, representing the first example of how most metals would be retained in leaf litter during decomposition, thereby reducing their release to estuarine and marine ecosystems.
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Avicennia , Metais Pesados , Rhizophoraceae , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Áreas Alagadas , Ecossistema , Sedimentos Geológicos , Cádmio , Chumbo , Monitoramento Ambiental , Metais Pesados/análise , Folhas de Planta/química , Plantas , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
The heterogeneity of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in paddy soils seriously hinders the assessment of contamination status and prediction of rice uptake. Their vertical patterns across different environmental conditions and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. In this study, maximum vertical differences of bioavailable As and Cd within 0-30 cm depth in paddy soils were 4.1-fold and four orders of magnitude, respectively. The vertical patterns of As and Cd followed the vertical redox gradient in long-term reduced paddies, but were shaped by the vertical pH gradient derived from acidic wastewater irrigation in partly oxidized soils. Iron(III)- and sulfate-reducing bacteria played key roles in the formation of vertical pH gradient and the immobilization of As and Cd by iron (hydr)oxides and sulfides under varied redox conditions. Soil redox and organic matter determined the transition between these two mechanisms via regulating microbial iron(III) and sulfate reduction processes. The work proposes that soil vertical As and Cd patterns directly affect the accumulation of As and Cd in different rice cultivars with different vertical root patterns. This is the first study elucidating the controlling mechanisms governing the vertical As and Cd patterns in paddy fields, providing important references to identify, manage and remediate contaminated paddy fields.
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Arsênio , Oryza , Poluentes do Solo , Arsênio/análise , Cádmio/análise , Compostos Férricos , Ferro/análise , Oxirredução , Solo , Poluentes do Solo/análise , SulfatosRESUMO
Laguncularia racemosa (a white mangrove) is an exotic mangrove species commonly distributed in southern intertidal zones in China since it was introduced for reforestation purposes in 1999. However, the invasiveness of this exotic species and its cold adaptability have rarely been reported. The present work determined the cold resistance level of L. racemosa and its recovery from cold stress, aiming to speculate its potential invasive capability in China. Results showed that the germination of L. racemosa seeds in sand or in simulated sea field models was significantly inhibited by a series of cold treatments, with no germination at 5 °C and decreased in germination at low temperatures (15-25 °C). Low temperature also reduced net photosynthetic rate (A), water use efficiency (WUE), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal conductance (Gs) of the seedlings of L. racemosa. On the other hand, cold stress up-regulated in leaves of malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Additionally, these physiological and biochemical indexes of cold-stressed L. racemosa could recover to the original levels if the plants were returned to room temperature with a few exceptions. For instance, the cold exposure duration altered seedlings' physiology, but the photosynthetic related activities could not recover if cold treatment lasted for 120 h. This study suggests that L. racemosa can tolerate low temperatures to some extent, thus settle and even invade the coast of China at high latitudes having cold winter, which poses a challenge to the conservation and management of local mangrove ecosystems.
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Combretaceae , Ecossistema , Temperatura Baixa , Combretaceae/fisiologia , Fotossíntese , Folhas de Planta/fisiologia , PlântulaRESUMO
The accumulation process of microplastics (MPs) is a key to understanding their fate in the environment. However, there is limited information about the short-term accumulation of MPs on macrophytes. The ability of macrophyte to attenuate wave and reduce current velocity is potentially facilitating MPs deposition. We hypothesize that the macroalgae retain MPs with their morphologies (filamentous and non-filamentous) being one of the factors to govern retention. Our hypothesis was tested by field observation during the dry season in Hong Kong when the macroalgae communities were the most diverse. MPs per biomass, surface area, or interstitial volume were used to represent the abundances on macroalgae. We found that filamentous algae retained a 2.35 times higher number of MPs when compared with non-filamentous algae if unit per biomass was considered. Other units, however, showed insignificant differences in MPs abundances between algal morphologies. Fibre was the most dominant shape of MPs with no significant difference in their abundances between filamentous and non-filamentous algae, suggesting fibres were retained regardless of the algal morphologies. To further evaluate the potential accumulation in the environment, sediment samples were also collected under the algal mat and immediate vicinity (~50 cm) of the algal mat. We found that sediment collected under the vegetated area contained significantly higher MPs. This was 3.39 times higher than the unvegetated area. Sediment collected under/near filamentous algae retained much higher abundances of MPs than those of non-filamentous algae. Provided that the observed retention of MPs on macroalgae, we speculate macrophyte system is one of the short-term MPs accumulation hotspots where the temporal increase of MPs depends on the seasonality of macrophyte in a given region.
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Alga Marinha , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Monitoramento Ambiental , Sedimentos Geológicos , Microplásticos , Plásticos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) commonly detected in wastewater can potentially lead to a health crisis. Constructed wetlands (CWs) remove ARGs and sulfonamides (SAs) from wastewater, but the importance of plants in the process is seldom reported. We compared the effect of three wetland plant species (Cyperus alternifolius, Juncus effuses, and Cyperus papyrus), sample distance from the root, and SA presence on the environmental abundance of class 1 integron (intI1) and SA resistance genes (sul) using specially designed CW rhizoboxes. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that the relative abundance of the target genes in planted CWs, especially in C. alternifolius planted CWs, was significantly lower than that in unplanted CWs (P < 0.05). The substrate in the rhizosphere or near-/moderate-rhizosphere (closest to the root) showed the lowest average relative abundance of the target genes, while the bulk substrate (without the root) showed the highest abundance of these genes, irrespective of the planted species. Further, the influence of plants was more evident after 8 weeks of wastewater treatment. The trend was the same in SA-treated and untreated groups, although the relative abundance of the target genes was significantly higher in the former (P < 0.05). The weaker correlation between the intI1 and sul genes in the rhizosphere and near-/moderate-rhizosphere in comparison to the bulk substrate in the SA group suggested that the risk of horizontal gene transfer was probably higher in the bulk substrate and unplanted CW. A partial least-squares path model revealed that dissolved organic carbon and oxygen content significantly influenced SA concentration, microbial community, and intI1 genes, and then shaping the sul genes together. Finally, redundancy analysis suggested that abundance of sul genes was influenced by bacteria enriched in the bulk substrate and unplanted CWs. The findings provide new insights into the importance for controlling risk of ARGs by wetland plants.
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Cyperus , Áreas Alagadas , Antibacterianos , Bactérias , Genes Bacterianos , Integrons , Rizosfera , Sulfanilamida , Sulfonamidas , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos , Águas Residuárias/análiseRESUMO
Coastal wetlands trap plastics from terrestrial and marine sources, but the stocks of plastics and their impacts on coastal wetlands are poorly known. We evaluated the stocks, fate, and biological and biogeochemical effects of plastics in coastal wetlands with plastic abundance data from 112 studies. The representative abundance of plastics that occurs in coastal wetland sediments and is ingested by marine animals reaches 156.7 and 98.3 items kg-1, respectively, 200 times higher than that (0.43 items kg-1) in the water column. Plastics are more abundant in mangrove forests and tidal marshes than in tidal flats and seagrass meadows. The variation in plastic abundance is related to climatic and geographic zones, seasons, and population density or plastic waste management. The abundance of plastics ingested by pelagic and demersal fish increases with fish length and dry weight. The dominant characteristics of plastics ingested by marine animals are correlated with those found in coastal wetland sediments. Microplastics exert negative effects on biota abundance and mangrove survival but positive effects on sediment nutrients, leaf drop, and carbon emission. We highlight that plastic pollution is widespread in coastal wetlands and actions are urged to include microplastics in ecosystem health and degradation assessment.
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Microplásticos , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Ecossistema , Monitoramento Ambiental , Sedimentos Geológicos , Plásticos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Áreas AlagadasRESUMO
This study examined the accumulation of As species, Se, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in the halophyte Juncus acutus, collected from three anthropogenically impacted estuaries in NSW, Australia. As concentration ranged from 4 to 22 µg/g at Georges River, 2-16 µg/g at Lake Macquarie and 6 µg/g at Hunter Estuary. Inorganic As was accumulated mainly in roots with low translocation to culm with a greater abundance of AsV. However, AsIII (TF = 0.32) showed greater mobility from the roots to shoots than AsV (TF = 0.04), indicating a higher quantity of AsIII specific transporter assemblages in the plasmalemma of the endodermis or cytoplasmic reduction of AsV to AsIII in culms. Metal(loid)s, including As (90%), were predominantly in root tissues and very limited translocation to culm, indicating the species is a useful phytostabiliser. As and all other metal(loid)s in roots were correlated with sediment loads (p < 0.05, R2 = 0.10-0.52), indicating the species would be an accumulative bioindicator.
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Arsênio , Metais Pesados , Arsênio/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Estuários , Metais Pesados/análise , Plantas Tolerantes a SalRESUMO
Reforestation has been commonly adopted to increase the mangrove areas lost due to developments. A diverse phytoplankton community is critical to mangrove ecosystem functions; however, its compositions in planted mangrove habitats have seldom been reported. The present study, based on the temporal and spatial variations of phytoplankton community and water parameters, evaluated their relationships in a 20-year old artificially planted fringing mangrove in South China. Thirty-one phytoplankton taxa were identified from tidal water collected from three sites along a planted mangrove shoreline: within, and at the edge of mangroves, and at bare shoreline without mangroves. In all three sites, Bacillariophyta (diatom) was the most abundant phylum, dominated by Navicula and Nitzschia at 9.82-83.76% and 2.57-33.97%, respectively. The overall diversity ranged between 0.41 and 1.94. The temporal variations of phytoplankton and water parameters were more obvious than site differences. Higher phytoplankton diversity was found in summer, with increased green algae and cyanobacteria abundance accompanied by riverine discharge. There was site-specific dominance in some phyla between June and January, noticeably Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Dinophyta, and Euglenophyta. A potential toxic dinoflagellate Peridinium sp. was identified during fall and winter, serving as a warning to probable harmful bloom events. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed the abundance of major phytoplankton taxa significantly related to water physiochemical parameters, especially nitrate, ammonium, total phosphorous and orthophosphate. The present study suggests that mangrove vegetation may influence water quality and shape phytoplankton composition, but temporal differences were more significant. Compared with the protected natural mangroves in the National Nature Reserve nearby, this planted fringing mangrove habitat not only had lower nutrients, especially total nitrogen in tidal water, but also had different dominant phytoplankton species and lower species richness. The 20-year old artificially planted mangroves may still not serve the same ecological function as the protected natural mangrove forest.
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Cianobactérias , Diatomáceas , Fitoplâncton , Qualidade da Água , Áreas Alagadas , China , Estações do AnoRESUMO
The effects of and main contributors in rhizosphere and plant species on the degradation of sulfonamides (SAs) in constructed wetland (CW) models for the treatment of domestic wastewater are currently unclear. To investigate the degradation and key rhizosphere factors of mixed SAs with sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfapyridine (SPD), sulfamerazine (SMZ1), sulfamethazine (SMZ2), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) at millimeter distances from the root surface, a multi-interlayer rhizobox experiment planted with Cyperus alternifolius, Juncus effusus, Cyperus papyrus, and an unvegetated control was conducted. There was a higher O2 saturation and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content and a lower SA content in the rhizosphere and near/moderate-rhizosphere (0-3 and 3-8 mm from rhizosphere) than the far/non-rhizosphere (8-40 and 40-90 mm from rhizosphere). Bacterial abundance and community composition was indicative of the microbial degradation of SAs. Both the O2 and DOC contents promoted total bacterial abundance in different zones from CW rhizoboxes. The relative abundance of the most dominant bacteria was significantly correlated with O2, DOC, and SAs, except SMX, which also indicates other dissipation processes for SMX in the rhizosphere. Furthermore, more metabolites and aerobic SA-degrading bacteria were observed in the rhizosphere and near/moderate-rhizosphere than in the far/non-rhizosphere zones, suggesting that the effect of O2 in the rhizosphere is important in the degradation of SAs in CWs.
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Águas Residuárias , Áreas Alagadas , Matéria Orgânica Dissolvida , Rizosfera , SulfonamidasRESUMO
Microplastic pollution is common in marine and coastal ecosystems, especially in mangrove wetlands. However, factors affecting the distribution of microplastics, such as plants, have not been sufficiently studied. We investigated the effect of different plant species on the distribution of sediment microplastics in two Nature Reserves in South China, viz. Futian Mangrove and Mai Po Mangrove. In Futian Mangrove, the abundance of total microplastics among three monospecific mangrove stands dominated by Sonneratia caseolaris, Kandelia obovata, and Sonneratia apetala was similar. The abundance of microplastics in the mudflat was similar to that in the forest interior, except for the fact that more fiber was found in the mudflat than in the interior of Sonneratia apetala. This suggested that the dense pneumatophores at the fringe prevented fibers from entering the mangrove forest. The significant positive dependence (p < 0.05) between the density of Sonneratia pneumatophores and the abundance of fibers highlighted the importance of pneumatophores. The abundance of total microplastics, predominantly in the form of fibers, in sediments at the forest fringe (2835 ± 713 items/kg d.w. and 2070 ± 224 items/kg d.w. in Futian and Mai Po, respectively) was higher than that in the forest interior and mudflat. There was no difference between the two latter locations in both mangroves, which demonstrated the significance of the fringe effect. This paper reports for the first time that the spatial distribution of microplastics in mangrove sediments was affected by plant species, which provides useful information for environmental processes of microplastics in coastal wetlands.
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Poluentes Químicos da Água , Áreas Alagadas , Baías , China , Ecossistema , Monitoramento Ambiental , Sedimentos Geológicos , Microplásticos , Plásticos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
Academic research on dinoflagellate, the primary causative agent of harmful algal blooms (HABs), is often hindered by the coexistence with bacteria in laboratory cultures. The development of axenic dinoflagellate cultures is challenging and no universally accepted method suit for different algal species. In this study, we demonstrated a promising approach combined density gradient centrifugation, antibiotic treatment, and serial dilution to generate axenic cultures of Karenia mikimotoi (KMHK). Density gradient centrifugation and antibiotic treatments reduced the bacterial population from 5.79 ± 0.22 log10 CFU/mL to 1.13 ± 0.07 log10 CFU/mL. The treated KMHK cells were rendered axenic through serial dilution, and algal cells in different dilutions with the absence of unculturable bacteria were isolated. Axenicity was verified through bacterial (16S) and fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing and DAPI epifluorescence microscopy. Axenic KMHK culture regrew from 1000 to 9408 cells/mL in 7 days, comparable with a normal culture. The established methodology was validated with other dinoflagellate, Alexandrium tamarense (AT6) and successfully obtained the axenic culture. The axenic status of both cultures was maintained more than 30 generations without antibiotics. This efficient, straightforward and inexpensive approach suits for both armored and unarmored dinoflagellate species.
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Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Cultura Axênica/métodos , Dinoflagellida/efeitos dos fármacos , Dinoflagellida/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Proliferação Nociva de Algas , Densidade DemográficaRESUMO
Toxic and persistent flame retardant (BDE-209) and aquaculture effluent (AE) are ubiquitous in coastal environments, but how their co-existence influences their fate is not yet investigated. This study investigated AE effects on remediation and uptake of BDE-209 by Kandelia obovata (Ko) and Avicennia marina (Am), true and dominant mangrove species. After 12-months, a significant removal of BDE-209 was achieved in planted mangrove sediment and the removal was significantly enhanced by AE addition, possibly due to the enhancement of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) content in sediment. Residual percentages of parent BDE-209 in Ko and Am planted sediments without AE were 61.4% and 70.9%, respectively, but decreased to 46.9% and 48.0% with AE addition after 12-months. A similar trend was found in unplanted sediment, with 86.5% and 65.3% of BDE-209 retained in sediments without and with AE addition, respectively. The results demonstrated that AE addition not only increased the debromination of BDE-209 in all treated sediments with the production of debrominated congeners (de-PBDEs) like di- to nona-BDEs in unplanted and planted sediments, but also enhanced the take up of BDE-209 in Ko root, and de-PBDEs in both Ko and Am, thus enhancing the phytoremediation of BDE-209 in contaminated sediments.
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Avicennia , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Aquicultura , Sedimentos Geológicos , Éteres Difenil Halogenados/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
Irrigation with treated wastewater (WW) has been promoted to meet global water demands. This study investigates the occurrence and accumulation of targeted phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and antibiotics in soil and Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. irrigated with WW discharged from six hybrid constructed wetlands (HCWs), with evaluation of the associated human health risks. Results revealed that HCWs can effectively reduce the transfer of PAEs and antibiotics to soil and I. aquatica. HCW2 (VF-SF-HF) was found to be most efficient for the removal of PAEs (68.4%-95.3%) and antibiotics (28.5%-99.4%). Among the targeted PAEs, the concentration of bis (2-ethyl) hexylphthalate (DEHP) was the highest in irrigation water, soil and I. aquatica, while benzylphthalate (BBP) exhibited the highest bioconcentration factor (BCFF). Among the targeted antibiotics, the concentration of sulfapyridine (SPD) was highest in various environmental media, while norfloxacin (NFX) exhibited the highest BCFF. The properties of PAEs and antibiotics were found to be responsible for the differential uptake patterns. The estimation of the threshold of toxicological concern and hazard quotient showed that I. aquatica irrigated with HCWs treated wastewater presented a minor risk to human health. However, comprehensive safety evaluation is required for the widespread use of HCWs treated wastewater for irrigation purposes.