Vitamin D and selenium for type 2 diabetes mellitus with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: Dosage and duration insights.

This letter discusses the publication by Feng et al. Iodine, selenium, and vitamin D are closely associated with thyroid hormone production in humans; however, the efficacy of selenium and vitamin D supplementation for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) remains controversial. In the retrospective study we discuss herein, the authors highlighted significant improvements in thyroid function, thyroid antibodies, blood glucose, and blood lipid in T2DM patients with HT following addition of vitamin D and selenium to their antidiabetic regimens, underscoring the value of these supplements. Our team is currently engaged in research exploring the relationship between micronutrients and HT, and we have obtained invaluable insights from the aforementioned study. Based on this research and current literature, we recommend a regimen of 4000 IU/day of vitamin D and 100-200 µg/day of selenium for over three months to six months for patients with HT, particularly for those with concurrent T2DM.

A study on the use of acupoint catgut embedding in the treatment of pre-diabetes: a meta-analysis and data mining approach.

Objective: The efficacy of acupoint catgut embedding (ACE) for the treatment of pre-diabetes remains controversial. Therefore, this study investigated the clinical efficacy and acupoint selection in ACE for the treatment of pre-diabetes. Methods: Eight common databases were searched for relevant literature on ACE for pre-diabetes. Meta-analysis was used to evaluate its efficacy and safety, and data mining was used to explore the protocol for acupoint selection. Results: The meta-analysis revealed that compared with conventional treatment alone, conventional treatment combined with ACE reduced the levels of glycated hemoglobin A1c [mean difference (MD) -0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.67 to -0.24%, p < 0.001], fasting blood glucose (MD -0.61 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.87 to -0.36 mmol/L, p < 0.001), 2-h postprandial glucose (MD -0.77 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.98 to -0.55 mmol/L, p < 0.001), total cholesterol (MD -0.37 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.74 to 0.00 mmol/L, p = 0.049), triglyceride (MD -0.49 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.77 to -0.20 mmol/L, p < 0.001) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MD -0.23 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.33 to -0.12 mmol/L, p < 0.001), and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (MD 0.16 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.27 mmol/L, p = 0.004), whereas changes in the body mass index and the adverse event rates were comparable between groups. Data mining revealed that Pishu (BL20), Weiwanxiashu (EX-B3), Zusanli (ST36), Shenshu (BL23), Sanyinjiao (SP6), Weishu (BL21), and Taixi (KI3) were the core acupoints used in ACE for pre-diabetes. Conclusion: ACE can effectively improve blood glucose and lipid levels in pre-diabetes patients and has a good safety profile. ACE consisting of Pishu (BL20), Weiwanxiashu (EX-B3), Zusanli (ST36), Shenshu (BL23), Sanyinjiao (SP6), Weishu (BL21), and Taixi (KI3), is a promising complementary strategy for the treatment of pre-diabetes.

Zuogui-Jiangtang-Qinggan-Fang alleviates high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating gut microbiome-metabolites-short chain fatty acid composition.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis is affected by dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and the metabolites it generates. Therefore, restoring the equilibrium between the gut microbiome and the generated metabolites may have therapeutic potential for the syndrome. Zuogui Jiangtang Qinggan Fang (ZGJTQGF) is a Chinese herbal formulation used clinically to treat type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) and fatty liver disease. However, its pharmacological mechanisms have not been well characterized. This work aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective mechanism of ZGJTQGF in T2DM with NAFLD mice by incorporating gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids（SCFAs）, and metabolomic analysis, and then to provide strong support for clinical treatment of T2DM with NAFLD. The sequencing of 16 S rRNA revealed that ZGJTQGF therapy modified the composition and abundance of the gut microbiome, raised the level of SCFAs, and restored the intestinal mucosal barrier. The non-targeted metabolomic analysis of liver tissues identified 212 compounds, of which108 were differentially expressed between the HFD and ZGJTQGF groups. Moreover, L-glutamic acid, L-Phenylalanine, Glycine, Taurine, Deoxycholic acid, and citric acid levels were also considerably altered by ZGJTQGF. Our findings suggest that ZGJTQGF ameliorates HFD-induced hepatic steatosis by modulating the gut microbiota composition and its metabolites and boosting the levels of SCFAs. More notably, ZGJTQGF may be a promising medication for preventing and treating NAFLD.