High resolution X-ray spectra of the time evolution of emission from metastable electronic states of highly charged Ni-like ions.

Abstract: Metastable levels of highly charged ions that can only decay via highly forbidden transitions can have a significant effect on the properties of high temperature plasmas. For example, the highly forbidden 3d 10 J = 0 - 3d 9 4 s ( 5 2 , 1 2 ) J = 3 magnetic octupole (M3) transition in nickel-like ions can result in a large metastable population of its upper level which can then be ionized by electrons of energies below the ground state ionization potential. We present a method to study metastable electronic states in highly charged ions that decay by x-ray emission in electron beam ion traps (EBIT). The time evolution of the emission intensity can be used to study the parameters of ionization balance dynamics and the lifetime of metastable states. The temporal and energy resolution of a new transition-edge sensor microcalorimeter array enables these studies at the National Institute of Standards and Technology EBIT. Graphical abstract: NOMAD calculated time evolution of the ratio of the Ni-like and Co-like lines in Nd at varying electron densities compared with measured ratios.

In Situ Quantitative Study of Single-Molecule Photoreduction Activities and Kinetics on 1D-1D Heterostructure.

Understanding the underlying catalytic mechanisms with nanometer resolution is of critical importance to the rational design of 1D heterogeneous catalysts. However, a fundamental investigation of photocatalytic activities and kinetics at their individual sites is still challenging. Herein, in situ single-molecule fluorescence microscopy is employed to study the site-specific catalytic activities and dynamics on 1D-1D heterostructure for the first time. For carbon nanotube (CNT)/CdS nanorod composites, it is found that the CdS end with heterojunction exhibits the highest catalytic conversion rate constant of resazurin photoreduction, which is 30%, 7%, and 19% higher than those of the middle segment and the bare end of CdS, and the CNT end with heterojunction, respectively. A similar trend of adsorption abilities is observed in these structures. Such phenomena can be attributed to the different content of defects in these structures. Regarding the dissociation behaviors, the dissociation rate constants of all structures exhibit an opposite trend to those of adsorption and conversion. The direct and indirect dissociation are found to be predominant on CdS and CNT, respectively. Such investigation provides a deep insight into the understanding of site-specific properties on 1D heterogeneous catalysts and helps construct the "structure-dynamics" correlations at the nanoscale.

Selective isoxazolopyrimidine PAT1 (SLC26A6) inhibitors for therapy of intestinal disorders.

A loss of prosecretory Cl- channel CFTR activity in the intestine is considered as the key cause of gastrointestinal problems in cystic fibrosis (CF): meconium ileus, distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS) and constipation. Since CFTR modulators have minimal effects on gastrointestinal symptoms, there is an unmet need for novel treatments for CF-associated gastrointestinal disorders. Meconium ileus and DIOS mainly affect the ileum (distal small intestine). SLC26A6 (putative anion transporter 1, PAT1) is a Cl-/HCO3- exchanger at the luminal membrane of small intestinal epithelial cells which facilitates Cl- and fluid absorption. We recently identified first-in-class PAT1 inhibitors by high-throughput screening. Isoxazolopyrimidine PAT1inh-A01 was a hit compound, which had low potency (IC50 5.2 µM) for SLC26A6 inhibition precluding further preclinical development. Here we performed structure-activity relationship studies to optimize isoxazolopyrimidine SLC26A6 inhibitors and tested a potent inhibitor in mouse models of intestinal fluid absorption. Structure-activity studies of 377 isoxazolopyrimidine analogs identified PAT1inh-A0030 (ethyl 4-(benzyl(methyl)amino)-3-methylisoxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate) as the most potent SLC26A6 inhibitor with a 1.0 µM IC50. Selectivity studies showed that PAT1inh-A030 has no activity on relevant ion transporters/channels (SLC26A3, SLC26A4, SLC26A9, CFTR, TMEM16A). In a closed-loop model of intestinal fluid absorption, intraluminal PAT1inh-A0030 treatment inhibited fluid absorption in the ileum of wild-type and CF mice (CftrdelF508/delF508) with >90% prevention of a decrease in loop fluid volume and loop weight/length ratio at 30 minutes. These results suggest that SLC26A6 is the key transporter mediating Cl- and fluid absorption in the ileum and SLC26A6 inhibitors are novel drug candidates for treatment of CF-associated small intestinal disorders.

Exploring college students' continuance learning intention in data analysis technology courses: the moderating role of self-efficacy.

Introduction: In today's digital economy, data resources have gained strategic recognition. Enterprises view data analytic capabilities as a core organizational competitiveness. This study explored factors influencing college students' continuance learning intention in data analysis technology courses to inform the role of self-efficacy on the relationship between interactivity and continuance learning intention. Methods: The research model underpinning the study was based on the Stimulus-Organism-Response model and flow theory. The model was validated using SmartPLS. A total of 314 valid questionnaires were collected via the standard online survey approach. Results: Among internal factors, study results showed both cognitive interest and self-efficacy had significant positive effects on continuance learning intention. Also, cognitive interest had a significant positive effect on self-efficacy. Among external stimuli, content quality, software quality, and interactivity had significant positive effects on self-efficacy. Software quality did not have a significant effect on cognitive interest. Importantly, self-efficacy registered a significant moderating role on the relationship between interactivity and continuance learning intention.

3D printability and biochemical analysis of revalorized orange peel waste.

Orange peels are often discarded as food waste despite being a nutritious source of vitamins and antioxidants. These orange peel wastes (OPW) are produced in millions of tons globally every year; discarding them results in detrimental environmental and economical impacts. This paper discusses the application of 3D printing technology to effectively upcycle the OPW into edible, healthy snacks for consumption. We aimed to develop a method to enable OPW to formulate 3D-printable inks for direct ink writing (DIW). Using DIW 3D printing, we successfully created edible constructs of rheologically modified inks containing OPW. The formulated ink possessed an initial viscosity of 22.5 kPa.s, a yield stress of 377 Pa, and a storage modulus of 44.24 kPa. To validate the method, we conducted a biochemical analysis of the OPW at each stage of the fabrication process. This study suggested that our ink formulation and 3D printing process did not affect the content of bioflavonoids and antioxidants of the OPW. The cell viability test using human dermal microvascular endothelium (HMEC-1) suggested that the OPW did not exhibit cytotoxicity throughout the entire process of the ink manipulation. Overall, this study has highlighted a potential scenario to revalorize food waste into the food value chain using 3D printing toward more sustainable and circular food manufacturing and consumption.

Integrated model of primary and mental healthcare for the refugee population served by an academic medical centre.

Refugees are at increased risk for developing mental health concerns due to high rates of trauma exposure and postmigration stressors. Moreover, barriers to accessing mental health services result in ongoing suffering within this population. Integrated care-which combines primary healthcare and mental healthcare into one cohesive, collaborative setting-may improve refugees' access to comprehensive physical and mental health services to ultimately better support this uniquely vulnerable population. Although integrated care models can increase access to care by colocating multidisciplinary services, establishing an effective integrated care model brings unique logistic (eg, managing office space, delineating roles between multiple providers, establishing open communication practices between specialty roles) and financial (eg, coordinating across department-specific billing procedures) challenges. We therefore describe the model of integrated primary and mental healthcare used in the International Family Medicine Clinic at the University of Virginia, which includes family medicine providers, behavioural health specialists and psychiatrists. Further, based on our 20-year history of providing these integrated services to refugees within an academic medical centre, we offer potential solutions for addressing common challenges (eg, granting specialty providers necessary privileges to access visit notes entered by other specialty providers, creating a culture where communication between providers is the norm, establishing a standard that all providers ought to be CC'ed on most visit notes). We hope that our model and the lessons we have learned along the way can help other institutions that are interested in developing similar integrated care systems to support refugees' mental and physical health.

Reconstructed human intestinal comet assay, a possible alternative in vitro model for genotoxicity assessment.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the compatibility of reconstructed 3D human small intestinal microtissues to perform the in vitro comet assay. The comet assay is a common follow-up genotoxicity test to confirm or supplement other genotoxicity data. Technically, it can be performed utilizing a range of in vitro and in vivo assay systems. Here, we have developed a new reconstructed human intestinal comet (RICom) assay protocol for the assessment of orally ingested materials. The human intestine is a major site of food digestion and adsorption, first-pass metabolism as well as an early site of toxicant first contact and thus is a key site for evaluation. Reconstructed intestinal tissues were dosed with eight test chemicals: ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), ethyl nitrosourea (ENU), phenformin hydrochloride (Phen HCl), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), 1,2-dimethylhydrazine hydrochloride (DMH), potassium bromate (KBr), glycidamide (GA), and etoposide (Etop) over a span of 48 h. The RICom assay correctly identified the genotoxicity of EMS, ENU, KBr, and GA. Phen HCl, a known non-genotoxin, did not induce DNA damage in the 3D reconstructed intestinal tissues whilst showing high cytotoxicity as assessed by the assay. The 3D reconstructed intestinal tissues possess sufficient metabolic competency for the successful detection of genotoxicity elicited by BaP, without the use of an exogenous metabolic system. In contrast, DMH, a chemical that requires liver metabolism to exert genotoxicity, did not induce detectable DNA damage in the 3D reconstructed intestinal tissue system. The genotoxicity of Etop, which is dependent on cellular proliferation, was also undetectable. These results suggest the RICom assay protocol is a promising tool for further investigation and safety assessment of novel ingested materials. We recommend that further work will broaden the scope of the 3D reconstructed intestinal tissue comet assay and facilitate broader analyses of genotoxic compounds having more varied modes of actions.

Small molecule inhibitors of intestinal epithelial anion exchanger SLC26A3 (DRA) with a luminal, extracellular site of action.

The anion exchanger protein SLC26A3 (down-regulated in adenoma, DRA) is expressed in the luminal membrane of intestinal epithelial cells in colon, where it facilitates the absorption of Cl- and oxalate. We previously identified a 4,8-dimethylcoumarin class of SLC26A3 inhibitors that act from the SLC26A3 cytoplasmic surface, and demonstrated their efficacy in mouse models of constipation and hyperoxaluria. Here, screening of 50,000 new compounds and 1740 chemical analogs of active compounds from the primary screen produced five novel classes of SLC26A3-selective inhibitors (1,3-dioxoisoindoline-amides; N-(5-sulfamoyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetamides; thiazolo-pyrimidin-5-ones; 3-carboxy-2-phenylbenzofurans and benzoxazin-4-ones) with IC50 down to 100 nM. Kinetic washout and onset of action studies revealed an extracellular site of action for the thiazolo-pyrimidin-5-one and 3-carboxy-2-phenylbenzofuran inhibitors. Molecular docking computations revealed putative binding sites for these inhibitors. In a loperamide model of constipation in mice, orally administered 7-(2-chloro-phenoxymethyl)-3-phenyl-thiazolo [3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one (3a) significantly increased stool weight, pellet number and water content. SLC26A3 inhibitors with an extracellular site of action offer the possibility of creating non-absorbable, luminally acting inhibitors with minimal systemic exposure following oral administration. Our findings also suggest that inhibitors of related SLC26 anion transporters with an extracellular site of action might be identified for pharmacological modulation of selected epithelial ion transport processes.

Green Extraction of Orange Peel Waste Reduces TNFα-Induced Vascular Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction.

Orange peel waste (OPW) is known to contain an abundant amount of polyphenols compounds such as flavonoids, well-reported for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. While OPW is generally regarded as a food waste, the opportunity to extract bioactive compounds from these "wastes" arises due to their abundance, allowing the investigation of their potential effects on endothelial cells. Hence, this study aims to use a green extraction method and pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) to extract bioactive compounds from OPW. Liquid chromatography with UV detection (LC/UV) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) were subsequently used to identify the bioactive compounds present. Through the optimization of the extraction temperature for PHWE, our results demonstrated that extraction temperatures of 60 °C and 80 °C yield distinct bioactive compounds and resulted in better antioxidant capacity compared to other extraction temperatures or organic solvent extraction. Despite having similar antioxidant capacity, their effects on endothelial cells were distinct. Specifically, treatment of endothelial cells with 60 °C OPW extracts inhibited TNFα-induced vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in vitro, suggesting that OPW possess vasoprotective effects likely mediated by anti-inflammatory effects.

Valorization of avocado seeds with antioxidant capacity using pressurized hot water extraction.

The pulp of avocado (Persea Americana) is widely consumed as the primary food source, while the seed is often discarded as food waste. Increased consumption of avocado would inevitably results in production of waste by-products such as avocado seeds, hence the ability to extract phytochemicals from such waste, and upcycling to potential nutraceutical products is of great interest. The overall aim of this study is to explore avocado seeds as potential functional food through the combined use of a green extraction method, chemical standardization and pattern recognition tools, and biological characterization assays. Specifically, this study utilized an organic solvent-free extraction method, pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) to extract phytochemicals from avocado seeds and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) was used to identify the phytochemicals present in the avocado seeds. Our results demonstrated that avocado seed extracts have antioxidant activity and inhibited oxidative stress-induced metabolomics changes in endothelial cells, suggesting that avocado seed extracts have vasoprotective actions.

Influencing Factors on College Students' Willingness to Spread Internet Public Opinion: Analysis Based on COVID-19 Data in China.

Following COVID-19 outbreak, Internet public opinion has tended to proliferate. From a theoretical perspective, however, the spread law of Internet public opinion in major epidemic prevention and control may provide optimization strategies on how best to channel Internet public opinion. Specifically, this article aims at exploring key factors affecting our theoretical understanding on the spread of Internet public opinion on a major epidemic situation amongst college students. A questionnaire survey on college students was conducted via online research data collection platform located in Changsha, China, amassing three hundred and nineteen valid questionnaires. Smart PLS was applied to verify a theoretical model vis-à-vis the reliability and validity of the measuring instrument. Results show that adult attachment and social motivation have significant positive influences on the consciousness of social participation. Evidently, adult attachment, emotional orientation and risk perception also have significant positive influences on emotional motivation. Emotional motivation plays a mediating role in the relationship between affective disposition and dissemination willingness. Additionally, social motivation, consciousness of social participation and emotional motivation significantly influence one's dissemination willingness in a positive way. The consciousness of social participation plays a mediating role in the relationship between social motivation and dissemination willingness. Social motivation plays a moderating role in the relationship between risk perception and dissemination willingness. Altogether, theoretical rationalization to enhance understanding and guide the initiation and spread of Internet public opinion of major public health emergencies accurately has now been provided by this work.

Improving Depression Screening in Primary Care: A Quality Improvement Initiative.

The increase in depression during the COVID-19 pandemic underscores the importance of systematic approaches to identify individuals with mental health concerns. Primary care is often underutilized for depression screening, and it is not clear how practices can successfully increase screening rates. This study describes a quality improvement initiative to increase depression screening in five Family Medicine clinics. The initiative included four Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles that resulted in implementing a standardized workflow for depression screening, collaborative efforts with health information technology to prompt providers to perform screening via the medical record, delivering educational materials for providers and clinic staff and conducting follow-up education. Between September 2020 and April 2021 there were 23,745 clinic encounters with adult patients that were analyzed to determine whether patients were up-to-date on depression screening following their visit. A multi-level logistic regression model was constructed to determine the changes in likelihood of a patient being up-to-date on screening over the study period, while controlling for patient demographics and comorbidities. The average proportion of up-to-date patients increased from 61.03% in September 2020 to 82.33% in April 2021. Patients aged 65+ and patients with comorbidities were more likely to be up-to-date on screening; patients with telemedicine visits had lower odds of being up-to-date on depression screening. Overall, this paper describes a feasible, effective intervention to increase depression screening in a primary care setting. Additionally, we discuss lessons learned and recommendations to inform the design of future interventions.

Adolescent Relational Roots of Adult Blood Pressure: A Fourteen-Year Prospective Study.

Intensity in adolescent romantic relationships was examined as a long-term predictor of higher adult blood pressure in a community sample followed from age 17 to 31. Romantic intensity in adolescence--measured via quantity of time spent alone with a partner and duration of the relationship--was predicted by parents' psychologically controlling behavior, and was in turn found to predict higher resting adult systolic and diastolic blood pressure even after accounting for relevant covariates. The prediction to adult blood pressure was partially mediated via conflict in non-romantic adult friendships and intensity in adult romantic relationships. Even after accounting for these mediators, however, a direct path from adolescent romantic intensity to higher adult blood pressure remained. Neither family income in adolescence nor trait measures of personality assessed in adulthood accounted for these findings. Results are interpreted both as providing further support for the view that adolescent social relationship qualities have substantial long-term implications for adult health, as well as suggesting a potential physiological mechanism by which adolescent relationships may be linked to adult health outcomes.

A longitudinal examination of tablet self-management technology acceptance by patients with chronic diseases: Integrating perceived hand function, perceived visual function, and perceived home space adequacy with the TAM and TPB.

BACKGROUND: Health information technologies (HITs) are increasingly being used to support the self-management of chronic diseases. However, patients' initial or continued acceptance of such technologies is not always achieved. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a theory-driven HIT acceptance model to examine factors affecting acceptance of HIT (measured by behavioral intention; BI) for disease self-management among patients with chronic diseases, in which we also focused on three additional, previously unexplored factors related to perceived hand function (PHF), perceived visual function (PVF), and perceived space adequacy (PSA) and a longitudinal scrutinization of changes in the effects of these factors on acceptance over time. METHODS: The theoretical basis of our acceptance model was drawn from the technology acceptance model and the theory of planned behavior. The model was further extended by including patients' PHF, PVF (related to patients with chronic diseases who are mostly elderly), and PSA (related to the patients' home environment). The model was tested in the context of type 2 diabetes and hypertension self-management via a touchscreen tablet-based system over a 24-week period. A questionnaire was administered at four time points (baseline and 8, 16, and 24 weeks after implementation) to collect data from 151 patients with coexisting type 2 diabetes and hypertension. We tested the model at each time point using partial least squares structural equation modeling. RESULTS: Perceived usefulness of the self-management system influenced BI directly at 8 and 24 weeks and indirectly at 8, 16, and 24 weeks. Perceived ease of use indirectly affected BI at 8, 16, and 24 weeks. Attitude directly affected BI at 8, 16, and 24 weeks. Perceived behavioral control directly influenced BI at baseline and 8 and 16 weeks. Subjective norms indirectly influenced BI at 8, 16, and 24 weeks. PHF and PVF indirectly influenced BI over the entire study period. PSA influenced BI directly at 16 weeks and indirectly at 8, 16, and 24 weeks. CONCLUSION: The effects of the proposed factors in our model on patient-focused HIT acceptance changed over a longer time period, emphasizing the importance of further investigation of the longitudinal mechanisms influencing technology acceptance behavior. It is recommended that healthcare practitioners consider such changes when implementing comparable technologies. Moreover, beyond technology attributes, the characteristics, needs, and limitations of older adults and elderly patient users and their home environments should also be considered in the design and implementation of patient-focused HIT systems for chronic disease self-management at home.

Influence of leadership empowering behavior on employee innovation behavior: The moderating effect of personal development support.

The main purpose of this study is to explore the influence of leadership empowering behavior (personal development support, participative decision making and delegation of authority) and thriving at work (vigor, learning) on employee innovation behavior and analyze the moderating effect of personal development support on participative decision making and innovation behavior. The questionnaire survey method is used to survey Chinese industrial workers, and a total of 290 valid questionnaires are collected. The model is verified using SmartPLS. Results show that the personal development support and participative decision making dimensions of leadership empowering behavior have a significant positive influence on employee innovation behavior. Vigor and learning has a significant positive influence on employee innovation behavior, and personal development support has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between participative decision making and innovative behavior.

Pressurized Hot Water Extraction of Okra Seeds Reveals Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Vasoprotective Activities.

Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench (okra) is a commonly consumed vegetable that consists of the seeds and peel component which are rich in polyphenolic compounds. The aim of this study is to utilize pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) for the extraction of bioactive phytochemicals from different parts of okra. A single step PHWE was performed at various temperatures (60 °C, 80 °C, 100 °C and 120 °C) to determine which extraction temperature exhibits the optimum phytochemical profile, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. The optimum temperature for PHWE extraction was determined at 80 °C and the biological activities of the different parts of okra (Inner Skin, Outer Skin and Seeds) were characterized using antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS), α-glucosidase and vasoprotective assays. Using PHWE, the different parts of okra displayed distinct phytochemical profiles, which consist of primarily polyphenolic compounds. The okra Seeds were shown to have the most antioxidant capacity and antidiabetic effects compared to other okra parts, likely to be attributed to their higher levels of polyphenolic compounds. Similarly, okra Seeds also reduced vascular inflammation by downregulating TNFα-stimulated VCAM-1 and SELE expression. Furthermore, metabolite profiling by LC/MS also provided evidence of the cytoprotective effect of okra Seeds in endothelial cells. Therefore, the use of PHWE may be an alternative approach for the environmentally friendly extraction and evaluation of plant extracts for functional food applications.

SLC26A6-selective inhibitor identified in a small-molecule screen blocks fluid absorption in small intestine.

SLC26A6 (also known as putative anion transporter 1 [PAT1]) is a Cl-/HCO3- exchanger expressed at the luminal membrane of enterocytes where it facilitates intestinal Cl- and fluid absorption. Here, high-throughput screening of 50,000 synthetic small molecules in cells expressing PAT1 and a halide-sensing fluorescent protein identified several classes of inhibitors. The most potent compound, the pyrazolo-pyrido-pyrimidinone PAT1inh-B01, fully inhibited PAT1-mediated anion exchange (IC50 ~350 nM), without inhibition of the related intestinal transporter SLC26A3 (also known as DRA). In closed midjejunal loops in mice, PAT1inh-B01 inhibited fluid absorption by 50%, which increased to >90% when coadministered with DRA inhibitor DRAinh-A270. In ileal loops, PAT1inh-B01 blocked fluid absorption by >80%, whereas DRAinh-A270 was without effect. In colonic loops, PAT1inh-B01 was without effect, whereas DRAinh-A270 completely blocked fluid absorption. In a loperamide constipation model, coadministration of PAT1inh-B01 with DRAinh-A270 increased stool output compared with DRAinh-A270 alone. These results provide functional evidence for complementary and region-specific roles of PAT1 and DRA in intestinal fluid absorption, with PAT1 as the predominant anion exchanger in mouse ileum. We believe that PAT1inh-B01 is a novel tool to study intestinal ion and fluid transport and perhaps a drug candidate for small intestinal hyposecretory disorders such as cystic fibrosis-related meconium ileus and distal intestinal obstruction syndrome.

AI in patient flow: applications of artificial intelligence to improve patient flow in NHS acute mental health inpatient units.

INTRODUCTION: Growing demand for mental health services, coupled with funding and resource limitations, creates an opportunity for novel technological solutions including artificial intelligence (AI). This study aims to identify issues in patient flow on mental health units and align them with potential AI solutions, ultimately devising a model for their integration at service level. METHOD: Following a narrative literature review and pilot interview, 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted with AI and mental health experts. Thematic analysis was then used to analyse and synthesise gathered data and construct an enhanced model. RESULTS: Predictive variables for length-of-stay and readmission rate are not consistent in the literature. There are, however, common themes in patient flow issues. An analysis identified several potential areas for AI-enhanced patient flow. Firstly, AI could improve patient flow by streamlining administrative tasks and optimising allocation of resources. Secondly, real-time data analytics systems could support clinician decision-making in triage, discharge, diagnosis and treatment stages. Finally, longer-term, development of solutions such as digital phenotyping could help transform mental health care to a more preventative, personalised model. CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations were formulated for NHS trusts open to adopting AI patient flow enhancements. Although AI offers many promising use-cases, greater collaborative investment and infrastructure are needed to deliver clinically validated improvements. Concerns around data-use, regulation and transparency remain, and hospitals must continue to balance guidelines with stakeholder priorities. Further research is needed to connect existing case studies and develop a framework for their evaluation.

Applications of artificial intelligence to improve patient flow on mental health inpatient units - Narrative literature review.

BACKGROUND: Despite a growing body of research into both Artificial intelligence and mental health inpatient flow issues, few studies adequately combine the two. This review summarises findings in the fields of AI in psychiatry and patient flow from the past 5 years, finds links and identifies gaps for future research. METHODS: The OVID database was used to access Embase and Medline. Top journals such as JAMA, Nature and The Lancet were screened for other relevant studies. Selection bias was limited by strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESEARCH: 3,675 papers were identified in March 2020, of which a limited number focused on AI for mental health unit patient flow. After initial screening, 323 were selected and 83 were subsequently analysed. The literature review revealed a wide range of applications with three main themes: diagnosis (33%), prognosis (39%) and treatment (28%). The main themes that emerged from AI in patient flow studies were: readmissions (41%), resource allocation (44%) and limitations (91%). The review extrapolates those solutions and suggests how they could potentially improve patient flow on mental health units, along with challenges and limitations they could face. CONCLUSION: Research widely addresses potential uses of AI in mental health, with some focused on its applicability in psychiatric inpatients units, however research rarely discusses improvements in patient flow. Studies investigated various uses of AI to improve patient flow across specialities. This review highlights a gap in research and the unique research opportunity it presents.

Cultural Considerations in Caring for Refugees and Immigrants.

This article describes the different ways culture affects health care, in terms of patient-related factors, health care provider-related factors, and health care system-related factors. This article also reviews interventions and best practices that draw on the incorporation of culture into health care and that thus may be effective for building cross-cultural understanding between providers and their immigrant and refugee patients.