[Opportunities and challenges for the high-quality development of hernia and abdominal wall surgery in China].

Hernia and abdominal wall surgery is a relatively new subspecialty in surgery. Although it started late in China, after 25 years of rapid development, it has made remarkable achievements and has become an important part of surgery, laying a solid foundation for the further development of the discipline. At the same time, one should also be soberly aware of the present deficiencies in this field. The development of the field should be more detailed and in-depth from the following aspects: correct understanding of new concepts of hernia and abdominal wall surgery, establishment of hernia patient registration and quality control system, technological innovation and development of technical equipment, especially the expansion of robot surgical systems, materials science progression to hernia and abdominal wall surgery. Faced with this challenge, China is expected to achieve high-quality development in the field of hernia and abdominal surgery.

[Influencing factors of small intestinal ischemia in elderly patients with incarcerated hernia].

Objective: To investigate the factors influencing small intestinal ischemia in elderly patients with incarcerated hernia. Methods: The clinical data of 105 elderly patients admitted for surgical procedures of incarcerated hernia at Department of General Surgery, Huadong Hospital between January 2014 and December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 60 males and 45 females, aged (86.1±4.3) years (range: 80 to 96 years). They were divided into normal group (n=55) and ischemic group (n=50) according to intraoperative intestinal canal condition. The t test, χ2 test and Fisher's exact probability method were used for the univariate analysis of the factors that influence intestinal ischemia in patients, and Logistic regression was used for multifactorial analysis. Results: In all patients, 18 patients (17.1%) had irreversible intestinal ischemia with bowel resection. Six patients died within 30 days, 3 cases from severe abdominal infection, 2 cases from postoperative exacerbation of underlying cardiac disease, and 1 case from respiratory failure due to severe pulmonary infection. The results of the univariate analysis showed that there were differences in gender, history of intussusception, duration of previous hernia, white blood cell count, neutrophil percentage, C-reactive protein, type of incarcerated hernia, and preoperative intestinal obstruction between the two groups (all P<0.05). The Logistic regression results showed that the short time to the previous hernia (OR=0.892, 95%CI 0.872 to 0.962, P=0.003), high C-reactive protein (OR=1.022, 95%CI 1.007 to 1.037, P=0.003), non-indirect incarcerated hernia (OR=10.571, 95%CI 3.711 to 30.114, P<0.01) and preoperative intestinal obstruction (OR=6.438, 95%CI 1.762 to 23.522, P=0.005) were independent risk factors for the development of intestinal ischemia in elderly patients with incarcerated hernia. Conclusions: The short duration of the previous hernia, the high values of C-reactive proteins, the non-indirect incarcerated hernia, and the preoperative bowel obstruction are influencing factors for bowel ischemia in elderly patients with incarcerated hernia. A timely operation is necessary to reduce the incidence of intestinal necrosis and improve the prognosis.

[Microbiota structure and diversity in Aedes albopictus at different developmental stages].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diversity and composition of microflora in laboratory-reared Aedes albopictus at different developmental stages and larval habitat waters. METHODS: The larval habitat waters and different developmental stages of laboratory-reared A. albopictus were collected, and the V3 and V4 regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene were sequenced using Illumina Miseq next-generation sequencing. The abundance and diversity of the microflora were examined using alpha diversity index in A. albopictus at different developmental stages, and the difference in the microflora compositions was compared in A. albopictus at different developmental stages using principal component analysis (PCA). In addition, the species composition and relative abundance of microflora in A. albopictus at different developmental stages were described using histograms and Venn diagrams. RESULTS: A total of 16 phyla, 30 classes, 72 orders, 129 families and 224 genera of bacteria were detected in larval habitat waters and different developmental stages of A. albopictus. The highest bacterial diversity was seen in larval A. albopictus, with Chao index of 125.20 ± 30.48 and Shannon diversity index of 2.04 ± 0.39, which were comparable to those (Chao index of 118.52 ± 15.07 and Shannon diversity index of 2.15 ± 0.30) in larval habitat waters (t = 0.35 and -0.41, both P values > 0.05). The bacterial abundance and evenness were significantly greater in female adults than in male adults (Chao index: 42.50 ± 3.54 vs. 18.50 ± 2.13, t = 8.23, P < 0.05; Shannon diversity index: 1.25 ± 1.67 vs. 0.50 ± 0.05, t = 6.00, P < 0.05). Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota and Finnicutes were four common phyla of bacteria at each developmental stage of A. albopictus, with Proteobacteria dominated at the pupal stage (90.36%), Bacteroidota dominated at the adult stage (46.01% in female adults and 86.11% in male adults), and Actinobacteriota dominated at the larval stage (32.10%). Elizabethkingia and Rahnella 1 were common dominant genera of bacteria at each developmental stage of A. albopictus, with Rahnellal as the major component at the pupal stage (87.56%), Elizabethkingia as the main component at the adult stage (46.01% in female adults and 86.11% in male adults, respectively), and Microbacteria as the dominant bacterial genus at the larval stage (12.11%). In addition, Delftia, Elizabethkingia, Romboutsia, Serratia, Rahnella 1, Enterococcus and Microbacterium were common genera of bacteria at each developmental stage of A. albopictus, with Edaphobaculum dominated at the larval stage (17.54%) and Sphingobacterium dominated in larval habitat waters (13.93%). CONCLUSIONS: There are differences in the composition of symbiotic bacteria at different developmental stages of A. albopictus; however, similar microflora diversity is maintained at the phylum level. The microflora diversity is comparable in larvae and larval habitat waters of A. albopictus.

[Surveillance of Culex mosquitoes in Jiangsu Province from 2018 to 2019].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution and density of Culex mosquito populations and the resistance of Culex pipiens pallens to insecticides in Jiangsu Province in 2018 and 2019. METHODS: During the period from June to October in 2018 and 2019, six counties (districts, cities) were sampled in southern, northern and central Jiangsu Province as surveillance sites. The density of Culex mosquitoes was measured overnight using the light trapping technique. In addition, Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes were collected from Hai'an of Nantong City and Yandu District of Yancheng City, central Jiangsu Province, and the sensitivity of female first filial generations to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), malation, proposur, beta cypermethrin and deltamethrin was tested using the standard WHO insecticide susceptibility test assay. RESULTS: A total of 104 423 Culex mosquitoes were captured in six surveillance sites of Jiangsu Province in 2018 and 2019, and Culex quinquefasciatus (49.11%), Culex pipiens pallens (28.38%), and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (21.04%) were predominant species. The density of Culex mosquitoes started to increase since early June, peaked in July and tended to be low in late October. Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes captured from Hai'an was susceptible to malation, while those from Yandu District were moderately resistant to malation. Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes from both Yandu and Hai'an were moderately resistant to proposur, and were resistant to DDT, beta cypermethrin and deltamethrin. CONCLUSIONS: Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex pipiens pallens and Culex tritaeniorhynchus are predominant Culex species in Jiangsu Province. Culex pipiens pallens is resistant to DT, beta cypermethrin and deltamethrin in central Jiangsu Province.

[Study on emergency metabolic changes of Anopheles sinensis larvae following exposure to deltamethrin].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the changes of small molecular metabolites in the larvae of a deltamethrin-sensitive strain of Anopheles sinensis following exposure to deltamethrin, so as to provide the scientific basis for investigating the metabolic pathway and screening metabolic markers of deltamethrin in An. sinensis. METHODS: The 50% and 75% lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC75) of deltamethrin against the larvae of a deltamethrin-sensitive strain of An. sinensis were calculated in laboratory. The type and content of An. sinensis larvae metabolites were detected using high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) following exposure to deltamethrin at LC50 and LC75 for 30 min and 24 h, and the changes of metabolites were analyzed. RESULTS: The LC50 and LC75 values of deltamethrin were 4.36 × 10-3 µg/mL and 1.12 × 10-2 µg/mL against thelarvae of a deltamethrin-sensitive strain of An. sinensis. Following exposure of the larvae of a deltamethrin-sensitive strain of An. sinensis to deltamethrin at LC50 and LC75 for 30 min, the differential metabolites mainly included organic oxygen compounds, carboxylic acid and its derivatives, fatty acyl and pyrimidine nucleotides, with reduced glucose levels. Following exposure for 24 h, the differential metabolites mainly included organic oxygen compounds, carboxylic acid and its derivatives, aliphatic acyl and purine nucleotides, with increased glucose level detected. CONCLUSIONS: Carbohydrate, carboxylic acid and its derivatives, fatty acyls, amino acids and their derivatives may play important roles in deltamethrin metabolism in the larvae of a deltamethrin-sensitive strain of An. sinensis.

[Strategies and studies of malaria vector control in Jiangsu Province].

Malaria was one of the major infectious diseases in Jiangsu Province, where Anopheles sinensis and An. anthropophagus are main vectors for malaria transmission. Following the concerted efforts for decades, the goal of malaria elimination was achieved in Jiangsu Province in 2019, and the vector control strategy has played a vital role during the progress towards malaria elimination in Jiangsu Province. Hereby, we review the historical distribution and ecological features of An. sinensis and An. anthropophagus and describe vector control strategies at different stages of malaria control in Jiangsu Province. In addition, the advances in the research of vector biology and control in Jiangsu Province are discussed, including vector identification, strain colonization, susceptibility to malaria parasites and insecticide resistance.

Ultrasonography in diagnosis and analysis of chronic pain following anterior open inguinal herniorrhaphy.

BACKGROUND: Chronic pain as a complication following inguinal herniorrhaphy has attracted increasing attention in recent years. There is evidence that the chronic pain seriously affects patients' quality of life. However, there are few imaging studies and diagnostic techniques of the chronic pain. The aim of this study is to explore the etiology and to analysis ultrasonographic imaging description of chronic pain following anterior open inguinal herniorrhaphy. METHODS: One hundred fifty two patients with the chronic pain following anterior open inguinal herniorrhaphy were performed by ultrasonography to identify the main causes of postoperative chronic pain. Positive ultrasonic diagnoses were confirmed to be correct by the pain relieved when the patients underwent re-operation and other clinical operations. Positive diagnoses which appeared simultaneously were grouped for pairwise comparisons. RESULTS: Two hundred sixteen positive ultrasonic diagnoses, 12 categories of postoperative chronic pain were found. They were encapsulated effusion, scrotal wall edema, testitis, hydrocele testis, restricted motion of spermatic cord at the reconstructed deep inguinal ring, varicocele, scar sutured into pubic tubercle, shrinking mesh, accumulational mesh or mesh plug, recurrent hernia, cyst of spermatic cord and epididymal cyst. In the pairwise comparison groups, encapsulated effusion with scrotal wall edema, varicocele with restricted motion of spermatic cord at the reconstructed deep inguinal ring, and shrinking mesh with recurrent hernia had significant differences in each intragroup comparisons(P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonography provieds important value in the diagnosis of chronic pain following anterior open inguinal herniorrhaphy. Some positive diagnoses occur simultaneously, which is necessary for doctors to consider comprehensively.

Outcomes of Controlled Donation After Cardiac Death Compared With Donation After Brain Death in Liver Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Controlled donation after cardiac death (CDCD) is increasingly common for liver transplantation due to donor shortage. However, the outcomes, in terms of grafts and recipients, remain unclear. The current study is a systematic review and meta-analysis that compared CDCD with donation after brain death (DBD). METHODS: We conducted an electronic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database (from January 2007 to May 2017). Studies reporting Maastricht category III or IV CDCD liver transplantation were screened for inclusion. We appraised studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and meta-analyzed using a fixed or random effects model. RESULTS: A total of 21 studies, with 12,035 patients, were included in data analysis. CDCD did not differ from DBD in patient survival (hazard ration: 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.98 to 1.47; P = .07), graft survival (hazard ratio: 1.24; 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.56; P = .06), primary nonfunction (odds ratio [OR]: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.00 to 3.03; P = .05), hepatic artery thrombosis (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.78 to 1.74; P = .45). However, CDCD was associated with biliary complications (OR: 2.48; 95% CI: 2.05 to 3.00), retransplantation (OR: 2.54; 95% CI: 1.99 to 3.26), and peak alanine aminotransferase (weighted mean difference: 330.88; 95% CI: 259.88 to 401.87). A subgroup analysis that included only hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive recipients showed no significant difference between CDCD and DBD in biliary complications (P = .16), retransplantion (P = .15), HCV recurrence (P = .20), and peak alanine aminotransferase (P = .06). CONCLUSIONS: CDCD transplantation is the most viable alternative to DBD transplantation in the current critical shortage of liver organs. HCV infection may not be the inferior factor of postoperative outcomes and survival.

Effects of propofol and surgery on neuropathology and cognition in the 3xTgAD Alzheimer transgenic mouse model.

BACKGROUND: Previous work suggests that anaesthesia and surgery amplify the pathology and cognitive impairment of animals made vulnerable via age or specific transgenes. We hypothesized that surgery under propofol anaesthesia, a widely used i.v. general anaesthetic, has minimal delayed cognitive and neuroinflammatory sequelae in a vulnerable mouse transgenic model. METHODS: We conducted caecal ligation and excision surgery in cognitively presymptomatic (11-month-old) 3xTgAD mice under i.p. propofol anaesthesia. Age-matched 3xTgAD control mice received vehicle or propofol without surgery. Morris water maze testing was conducted 3 and 15 weeks later. Brains were examined with quantitative immunohistochemistry for amyloid ß plaques, tau pathology, and microglial activation. Acute changes in neuroinflammatory cytokines were assessed in separate cohorts at 6 h. RESULTS: We detected no significant differences between groups in escape latencies at either 3 or 15 weeks, but detected a significant effect of surgery in the probe test at both 3 and 15 weeks. Spatial working memory was unaffected at 16 weeks in any group. No effects of either propofol alone or propofol with surgery were detected on plaque formation, tau aggregates, or neuroinflammation. Acute biochemical assays detected no effects in brain interleukin-10 or interleukin-6 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery in a vulnerable transgenic mouse under propofol anaesthesia was associated with minimal to no changes in short- and long-term behaviour and no changes in neuropathology. This suggests that propofol anaesthesia is associated with better cognitive outcomes in the aged, vulnerable brain compared with inhalation anaesthesia.

Mechanisms of OGT2115 inhibition of invasion and migration in KB oral cancer cells.

The article "Mechanisms of OGT2115 inhibition of invasion and migration in KB oral cancer cells" by S. Shen, J.-X. Tang, published in Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2017; 21 (1): 55-60 has been withdrawn.

Mechanisms of OGT2115 inhibition of invasion and migration in KB oral cancer cells. Retracted

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the heparanase inhibitor OGT2115 on the tumorigenic properties of KB oral cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We treated KB cells with different concentrations of OGT2115. Then proliferation, invasion, and migration were detected using different assays. Cell cycle was explored using flow cytometry. RESULTS: We found that the treatment inhibited proliferation, invasion, and migration in a dose-dependent manner. OGT2115 also increased the apoptosis of KB cells and blocked cell cycle in S-phase. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the use of the heparanase inhibitor OGT2115 to inhibit several tumorigenic activities of KB oral cancer cells.

[Prospects of hernia and abdominal wall surgery in China].

In recent 20 years, hernia and abdominal wall surgery has made great progress in China. However, what we've done still leaves much to be desired. Related guidelines of hernia disease had been conducted, but China is short of multi-center, prospective, and large-sample research evidence. These guidelines are still with low evidence level, and contents need additional modified to well meet Chinese real situation. In terms of treatment of inguinal and abdominal wall incisional hernia, some consensus has been reached from certain key issues globally, but further exploration are still needed. To stand at top of the world, we are a long distance. We should not only strengthen training and quality control but also establish patient registration system and overall management process.

Does murine spermatogenesis require WNT signalling? A lesson from Gpr177 conditional knockout mouse models.

Wingless-related MMTV integration site (WNT) proteins and several other components of the WNT signalling pathway are expressed in the murine testes. However, mice mutant for WNT signalling effector ß-catenin using different Cre drivers have phenotypes that are inconsistent with each other. The complexity and overlapping expression of WNT signalling cascades have prevented researchers from dissecting their function in spermatogenesis. Depletion of the Gpr177 gene (the mouse orthologue of Drosophila Wntless), which is required for the secretion of various WNTs, makes it possible to genetically dissect the overall effect of WNTs in testis development. In this study, the Gpr177 gene was conditionally depleted in germ cells (Gpr177(flox/flox), Mvh-Cre; Gpr177(flox/flox), Stra8-Cre) and Sertoli cells (Gpr177(flox/flox), Amh-Cre). No obvious defects in fertility and spermatogenesis were observed in these three Gpr177 conditional knockout (cKO) mice at 8 weeks. However, late-onset testicular atrophy and fertility decline in two germ cell-specific Gpr177 deletion mice were noted at 8 months. In contrast, we did not observe any abnormalities of spermatogenesis and fertility, even in 8-month-old Gpr177(flox/flox), Amh-Cre mice. Elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected in Gpr177 cKO germ cells and Sertoli cells and exhibited an age-dependent manner. However, significant increase in the activity of Caspase 3 was only observed in germ cells from 8-month-old germ cell-specific Gpr177 knockout mice. In conclusion, GPR177 in Sertoli cells had no apparent influence on spermatogenesis, whereas loss of GPR177 in germ cells disrupted spermatogenesis in an age-dependent manner via elevating ROS levels and triggering germ cell apoptosis.

The adipocytokine resistin stimulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in pancreatic acinar cells via NF-κB activation.

BACKGROUND: Resistin, an adipocytokine secreted by fat tissues, has been associated with the inflammatory response, though its role in inflammation during acute pancreatitis (AP) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: The proinflammatory response following acinar cell injury impacts pancreatitis severity, necessitating better understanding of functional consequences associated with pancreatic acinar cell resistin exposure and resultant effects on proinflammatory signaling. METHODS: Amylase-secreting rat pancreatic acinar AR42J cells were subjected to 1, 10, or 100 ng/ml recombinant rat resistin treatments. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by amylase secretion and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) mRNA and protein expressions were determined by real-time real time-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Nuclear NF-κB p65 subunit protein level was measured by western blotting. RESULTS: Significantly increased amylase secretion and LDH release was observed in the 100 ng/ml resistin treatment (p<0.01). Both TNF-α and IL-6 protein expression levels increased in a concentration-dependent manner when treated with resistin. Pretreatment of resistin- treated AR42J cells with the NF-κB inhibitor PDTC, which decreases the NF-κB p65 subunit protein expression levels in the nuclei, produced significantly lower mRNA expression levels for both TNF-α and IL-6 compared with those produced by resistin-treated cells (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Resistin exhibits some cytotoxic activity in rat pancreatic acinar AR42J cells and stimulates proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-6 production via NF-κB activation. Thus, overproduction of obesity-related circulating resistin and associated lowgrade inflammation may result in mild injury to pancreatic acini, increasing AP severity and risk.

Preparation of TiO(2)/Ag colloids with ultraviolet resistance and antibacterial property using short chain polyethylene glycol.

TiO(2)/Ag nano-antibacterial material was prepared at low temperature using polyethylene glycol (PEG-600) as reducing and stabilizing agent. The size and shape as well as the optical properties of the nano-materials were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-vis spectroscopy (UV-vis). The results showed that the average particle size of TiO(2) among these nano-materials was around 50-150 nm, and the average particle size of nano-silver was around 20 nm. Formation of Ag nano-particles on the surface of TiO(2) was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the antibacterial activity was also investigated. By the antibacterial activity study and ultraviolet resistance test, it is noted that growth inhibition rates against E. coli was 99.99% as the concentration of nano-particles dispersion solution was 10 ppm, the minimum UV protective effect could be achieved as the concentration was 290 ppm.

Actin-induced perturbation of PS lipid-cholesterol interaction: A possible mechanism of cytoskeleton-based regulation of membrane organization.

To obtain insight into the potential role of the cytoskeleton on lipid mixing behavior in plasma membranes, the current study explores the influence of physisorbed actin filaments (F-actin) on lipid-lipid phase separations in planar model membrane systems containing raft-mimicking lipid mixtures of well-defined compositions using a complementary experimental approach of epifluorescence microscopy, fluorescence anisotropy, wide-field single molecule fluorescence microscopy, and interfacial rheometry. In particular, we have explored the impact of F-actin on cholesterol (CHOL)-phospholipid interactions, which are considered important for the formation of CHOL-enriched lipid raft domains. By using epifluorescence microscopy, we show that physisorbed filamentous actin (F-actin) alters the domain size of lipid-lipid phase separations in the presence of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylserine (POPS) and cholesterol (CHOL). In contrast, no actin-induced modification in lipid-lipid phase separations is observed in the absence of POPS or when POPS is replaced by another anionic lipid, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylglycerol (POPG). Wide-field single molecule fluorescence microscopy on binary lipid mixtures indicate that PS and PG lipids show similar electrostatic interactions with physisorbed actin filaments. Complementary fluorescence anisotropy experiments on binary PS lipid-containing lipid mixtures are provided to illustrate the actin-induced segregation of anionic lipids. The similarity of electrostatic interactions between actin and both anionic lipids suggests that the observed differences in actin-mediated perturbations of lipid phase separations are caused by distinct PS lipid-CHOL versus PG lipid-CHOL interactions. We hypothesize that the actin cytoskeleton and some peripheral membrane proteins may alter lipid-lipid phase separations in plasma membranes in a similar way by interacting with PS lipids.

Correlated fluctuations of microparticles in viscoelastic solutions: quantitative measurement of material properties by microrheology in the presence of optical traps.

The Brownian motions of microscopic particles in viscous or viscoelastic fluids can be used to measure rheological properties. This is the basis of recently developed one- and two-particle microrheology techniques. For increased temporal and spatial resolution, some microrheology techniques employ optical traps, which introduce additional forces on the particles. We have systematically studied the effect that confinement of particles by optical traps has on their auto- and cross-correlated fluctuations. We show that trapping causes anticorrelations in the motion of two particles at low frequencies. We demonstrate how these anticorrelations depend on trap strength and the shear modulus of viscoelastic media. We present a method to account for the effects of optical traps, which permits the quantitative measurement of viscoelastic properties in one- and two-particle microrheology over an extended frequency range in a variety of viscous and viscoelastic media.

Polymer-induced bundling of F actin and the depletion force.

The inert polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG) induces a "bundling" phenomenon in F actin solutions when its concentration exceeds a critical onset value C(o). Over a limited range of PEG molecular weight and ionic strength, C(o) can be expressed as a function of these two variables. The process is reversible, but hysteresis is also observed in the dissolution of the bundles, with ionic strength having a large influence. Additional actin filaments are able to join the previously formed bundles. PEG polymers are not incorporated into the actin bundles. Estimates of the Asakura-Oosawa depletion force, Coulomb repulsion, and van der Waals potential are combined in order to explain the bundling effect and hysteresis. Conjectures are presented concerning the apparent limit in bundle size.