Effects of 1α,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Pro-inflammatory Cytokines of Palmitic Acid Treated Thp-1 Cells.

The level of saturated fatty acids, such as palmitic acid (PA), correlates with chronic inflammation in obese and metabolic syndrome patients. However, low level of vitamin D3 is observed in those conditions. The aim of this study is to investigate effects of 1α,25(OH)2 D3 on PA-treated THP-1 cells. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, we measure mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, Interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and chemokine IL-8 under PA and 1α,25(OH)2 D3 influence. PA, at all concentrations (25-100 µM), enhanced LPS stimulatory effect on those mRNA expression compared to LPS-treated and -untreated cells. Combination with 1α,25(OH)2 D3 increased cytokine expression at high (10-6 M) and high-normal (10-8 M) concentrations compared to PA + LPS and LPS alone, both for 2 and 24 h. However, low-normal (10-10 M) and low (10-12 M) levels of 1α,25(OH)2 D3 could not enhance PA effect, but mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine was higher than LPS-treated cells. Upstream pathway of 1α,25(OH)2 D3 , which is cholecalciferol, also gave the similar result. Further, inhibition of calcium pathway does not play a role in this mechanism. Thus, these findings support pro-inflammatory effect of PA and vitamin D3 on innate immune response, especially on fat-induced inflammation. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The effect of vitamin D3 on chronic inflammation in obesity is uncertain. This study shows an in vitro possibility that vitamin D3 could exaggerate inflammation when combined with high SFAs. The idea of using vitamin D3 supplement to modulate inflammation in fat-related inflammation needs further refined experiments before its clinical application.

An ELISA assay using a combination of recombinant proteins from multiple strains of Orientia tsutsugamushi offers an accurate diagnosis for scrub typhus.

BACKGROUND: Scrub typhus (ST) is a disease caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium, Orientia tsutsugamushi, an organism that requires a BSL3 laboratory for propagation. The disease is hallmarked by an eschar at the site of the chigger bite, followed by the development of fever, malaise, myalgia, anorexia, and papulomacular rash. Indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA) is the gold standard for scrub typhus diagnosis, however, the subjectivity of the assay, the need for a specialized laboratory and instruments has limited the wide use of the test in resource limited areas. METHODS: A recombinant-protein based enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the most abundant and immunodominant protein for the detection of Orientia specific antibodies in serum has been developed. The performance of the assay was evaluated using prospectively collected acute sera from 248 randomly selected patients in Thailand. The ELISA assay was evaluated using two different cutoff values. RESULTS: The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve generated cutoff values gave slightly better consistency with diagnosis of ST than those cutoff values established by averaging ELISA optical density of known negatives at 99% confidence interval. Both cutoff values provided similar statistical parameters when compared with the diagnosis of ST, indicating the validity of both calculations to derive cutoff values. These results suggest that both IgG and IgM ELISA performed well to accurately diagnose scrub typhus cases in endemic areas using only acute serum samples. CONCLUSIONS: We have successfully developed an ELISA assay for the detection of Orientia-specific antibodies in serum that could provide effective screening of acute sera under clinical setup and it is also a useful assay to estimate seroprevalence in various endemic areas.