Cisplatin-induced activation of TGF-ß signaling contributes to drug resistance.

Growing evidence suggests an association between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a hallmark of tumor malignancy, and chemoresistance to a number of anti-cancer drugs. However, the mechanism of EMT induction in the process of acquiring anti-cancer drug resistance remains unclear. To address this issue, we obtained a number of cisplatin-resistant clones from LoVo cells and found that almost all of them lost cell-cell contacts. In these clones, the epithelial marker E-cadherin was downregulated, whereas the mesenchymal marker N-cadherin was upregulated. Moreover, the expression of EMT-related transcription factors, including Slug, was elevated. On the other hand, the upregulation of other mesenchymal marker Vimentin was weak, suggesting that the mesenchymal-like phenotypic changes occurred in these cisplatin-resistant clones. These mesenchymal-like features of cisplatin-resistant clones were partially reversed to parental epithelial-like features by treatment with transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) receptor kinase inhibitors, indicating that TGF-ß signaling is involved in cisplatin-induced the mesenchymal-like phenotypic changes. Moreover, cisplatin was observed to enhance the secretion of TGF-ß into the culture media without influencing TGF-ß gene transcription. These results suggest that cisplatin may induce the mesenchymal-like phenotypic changes by enhancing TGF-ß secretion, ultimately resulting in drug resistance.

Bisprenyl naphthoquinone and chlorinated calcimycin congener bearing thiazole ring from an actinomycete of the genus Phytohabitans.

A bisprenyl naphthoquinone, phytohabinone (1), and a calcimycin congener with unusual modifications, phytohabimicin (2), were isolated from the culture extract of Phytohabitans sp. RD003013. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by NMR and MS analyses, and the absolute configuration of 2 was established by using electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation. The prenylation pattern of 1 was unprecedented among the known prenylated naphthoquinones. Compound 2 represents a spiroacetal core of polyketide origin substituted with a thiazole carboxylic acid and a dichrolopyrrole moiety, which is an unprecedented modification pattern in the known calcimycin family natural products. Remarkably, 2 showed moderate antimicrobial activity against a Gram-negative bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum while calcimycin was inactive. Additionally, 2 inhibits the migration of EC17 cancer cells at noncytotoxic concentrations.

Phytohabitols A-C, δ-Lactone-Terminated Polyketides from an Actinomycete of the Genus Phytohabitans.

Phytohabitols A-C (1-3), new terminally δ-lactonized linear polyketides, were isolated from the culture extract of a rare actinomycete of the genus Phytohabitans. The structures of 1-3, substituted with multiple methyl and hydroxy groups on a conjugated and a skipped diene-containing backbone, were elucidated by NMR and MS spectroscopic analyses. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by chemical derivatization and chiral anisotropic analysis, coupled with ROESY and J-based configuration analysis. In addition, closely similar 1H and 13C NMR data and optical rotations among 1-3 supported the same stereochemistry of these polyketides. The related streptomycetes metabolites lagunapyrones B, C, and D have α-pyrone rings on the linear part in place of the δ-lactone, but their chirality at the C19-C21 stereocenters were opposite from those described here, posing a question on the previous assignment made solely by comparison of the optical rotations of four possible diastereomers. Compounds 1-3 inhibited migration of cancer cells with IC50 values of 15, 11, and 8.3 µM, respectively, at noncytotoxic concentrations. In addition, 1-3 displayed potent antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi with IC50 values of 12, 6.4, and 18 µM, comparable to a commonly used therapeutic drug, benznidazole (IC50 16 µM).

Isolation of Caldorazole, a Thiazole-Containing Polyketide with Selective Cytotoxicity under Glucose-Restricted Conditions.

Caldorazole (1) was isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Caldora sp. collected on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan. Its structure was determined to be a new polyketide that contained two thiazole rings and an O-methylenolpyruvamide moiety. Caldorazole (1) showed strong cytotoxicity toward tumor cells that had been seeded at a high density. Cell death induced by 1 in HeLa and A431 cells was also observed only in the presence of the glycolysis blocker 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG). Co-treatment with 1 and 2DG remarkably decreased ATP levels in these cells. Furthermore, 1 selectively inhibited complex I in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Thus, 1 was demonstrated to exert cytotoxicity toward human tumor cells by blocking mitochondrial respiration.

Hybrid molecule between platanic acid and LCL-161 as a yes-associated protein degrader.

Dysregulated yes-associated protein (YAP) is involved in several malignant cancers. However, discovering a druggable YAP inhibitor(s) is difficult because YAP itself does not have any enzymatic activity. In such cases, targeted protein degradation strategies based on hybrid molecules that bind to the target protein and an E3 ubiquitin ligase are useful for suppressing proteins that exhibit aberrant activation and/or excessive expression. Upon screening YAP-interacting small compounds, we identified HK13, a platanic acid, as a novel compound that interacts with YAP. Next, we synthesized hybrid compounds of platanic acid and LCL-161, which reportedly shows a high affinity for cIAP, one of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Among these compounds, HK24 possessed the ability to inhibit the growth of YAP overexpressing NCI-H290 cells. This inhibitory activity may be mediated by YAP degradation, although HK24 exhibited weak YAP degradation. Furthermore, we confirmed involvement of proteasome pathway in HK24-dependent YAP degradation by culturing NCI-H290 cells in the presence of a proteasome inhibitor. Therefore, it is possible that platanic acid is a potential candidate for molecular medicine targeting YAP.

Androgen receptor antagonists produced by Streptomyces overcome resistance to enzalutamide.

Prostate cancer (PC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death in men in Western countries. Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is a major driver of PC; therefore, androgen deprivation by medical and surgical castration is the standard treatment for patients with PC. However, over time, most patients will progress to metastatic castration-resistant PC. Enzalutamide is the only AR antagonist approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant PC. However, resistance to enzalutamide also develops in most patients with castration-resistant PC. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new AR antagonists with new structures. For this purpose, we conducted both in silico and natural product screenings. From the in silico screening, we obtained T5853872 and more potent compound, STK765173. From the natural product screening, the novel compound arabilin was isolated from Streptomyces sp. MK756-CF1. Unlike STK765173, arabilin could overcome resistance to enzalutamide. Furthermore, we also extracted a novel compound, antarlide A, and its geometric isomers from Streptomyces sp. BB47. Antarlides A-F have novel 22-membered-ring macrocyclic structures, while antarlides G and H have 20-membered-ring structures. Both antarlides B and G showed potent AR antagonist activity in prostate cancer cells and could overcome resistance to enzalutamide.

Involvement of miR-3180-3p and miR-4632-5p in palmitic acid-induced insulin resistance.

Insulin resistance is defined as a failure to trigger the activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway by normal levels of insulin; therefore, it is well linked to metabolic disorders. Although multiple mechanisms contribute to insulin resistance, one major cause is elevated concentrations of plasma free fatty acids, which are known to suppress insulin signaling. However, the underlying mechanism is still elusive. Here, we found that palmitic acid increased the expression of two miRNAs, miR-3180-3p and miR-4632-5p, in HepG2 cells. Transfection of HepG2 cells with miR-3180-3p or miR-4632-5p reduced insulin-induced activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway. Moreover, palmitic acid or two miRNAs inhibited insulin-induced phosphorylation of Tyr612 on IRS-1 without affecting insulin receptor activation. Therefore, two miRNAs are suggested to be involved in palmitic acid-induced insulin resistance through suppression of insulin-induced IRS-1 phosphorylation. Identification of miR-3180-3p and miR-4632-5p targets could provide valuable information for the development of therapeutic drugs for type 2 diabetes.

Corrigendum to "Interaction between goniothalamin and peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 triggering endoplasmic reticulum stress" [Heliyon 6 (10) (October 2020) e05200].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05200.].

Cyclopeptides from the Mushroom Pathogen Fungus Cladobotryum varium.

Three new cyclopeptides with serial Phe residues were identified with the aid of HPLC-DAD analysis, from the culture broth of Cladobotryum varium, a fungal pathogen causing mushroom cobweb disease. Cladoamides A (1) and B (2) have two consecutive N-methylphenylalanine units in the destruxin class cyclic depsipentapeptide framework, while cladoamide C (3) has a three consecutive Phe motif in a cyclopentapeptide structure. Of these three cyclopeptides, 1 showed potent autophagy-inducing activity at 10 µg/mL, comparable to a positive control, rapamycin. For the determination of the absolute configurations of the Ile residues in 1 and 3, new conditions for separating Ile and allo-Ile, using a pentafluorophenyl-bonded solid phase and methanolic solvent, were established within the analytical scheme of the advanced Marfey's method, thus offering a convenient alternative to the C3 Marfey's method, which requires elution with a three-solvent mixture. The sequence of two d-Phe and one l-Phe in 3 was determined through NMR chemical shift prediction by DFT-based calculations and chemical synthesis, which demonstrated the significance of noncovalent interactions in the accurate calculation of stable conformers for peptides with multiple aromatic rings.

Narciclasine is a novel YAP inhibitor that disturbs interaction between YAP and TEAD4.

Yes-associated protein (YAP) is involved in development, cell growth, cell size, and homeostasis and plays a key role in the progression of various cancers. Among them, constitutive activation of YAP can often be observed in malignant mesothelioma, which arises in the pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium because of inactivation of the Hippo pathway. To date, however, only less-effective treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery are available for patients with malignant mesothelioma. In this study, we identified narciclasine as a novel YAP inhibitor that prevents YAP from interacting with TEAD4 because it competes with TEAD4 for binding to YAP. Furthermore, narciclasine could perturb the cell growth and colony formation of malignant mesothelioma NCI-H290 cells in addition to inhibiting their growth in nude mice. Therefore, narciclasine might be a potential seed for a novel antitumor drug against malignant mesothelioma and other cancers in which hyperactivation and/or overexpression of YAP are observed.

A chemical genomics-aggrephagy integrated method studying functional analysis of autophagy inducers.

Macroautophagy/autophagy plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of various human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson disease (PD) and Huntington disease (HD). Chemical autophagy inducers are expected to serve as disease-modifying agents by eliminating cytotoxic/damaged proteins. Although many autophagy inducers have been identified, their precise molecular mechanisms are not fully understood because of the complicated crosstalk among signaling pathways. To address this issue, we performed several chemical genomic analyses enabling us to comprehend the dominancy among the autophagy-associated pathways followed by an aggresome-clearance assay. In a first step, more than 400 target-established small molecules were assessed for their ability to activate autophagic flux in neuronal PC12D cells, and we identified 39 compounds as autophagy inducers. We then profiled the autophagy inducers by testing their effect on the induction of autophagy by 200 well-established signal transduction modulators. Our principal component analysis (PCA) and clustering analysis using a dataset of "autophagy profiles" revealed that two Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs, memantine and clemastine, activate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses, which could lead to autophagy induction. We also confirmed that SMK-17, a recently identified autophagy inducer, induced autophagy via the PRKC/PKC-TFEB pathway, as had been predicted from PCA. Finally, we showed that almost all of the autophagy inducers tested in this present work significantly enhanced the clearance of the protein aggregates observed in cellular models of PD and HD. These results, with the combined approach, suggested that autophagy-activating small molecules may improve proteinopathies by eliminating nonfunctional protein aggregates.Abbreviations: ADK: adenosine kinase; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATF4: activating transcription factor 4; BECN1: beclin-1; DDIT3/CHOP: DNA damage inducible transcript 3; EIF2AK3/PERK: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; EIF2S1/eIF2α: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERN1/IRE1α: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; FDA: Food and Drug Administration; GSH: glutathione; HD: Huntington disease; HSPA5/GRP78: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5; HTT: huntingtin; JAK: Janus kinase, MAP1LC3B/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAP2K/MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; MAP3K8/Tpl2: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MPP+: 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MTORC: MTOR complex; NAC: N-acetylcysteine; NGF: nerve growth factor 2; NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate; PCA: principal component analysis; PD: Parkinson disease; PDA: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PIK3C3: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PMA: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; PRKC/PKC: protein kinase C; ROCK: Rho-associated coiled-coil protein kinase; RR: ribonucleotide reductase; SIGMAR1: sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STK11/LKB1: serine/threonine kinase 11; TFEB: Transcription factor EB; TGFB/TGF-ß: Transforming growth factor beta; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; XBP1: X-box binding protein 1.

Interaction between goniothalamin and peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 triggering endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress is one of the pathways involved in cell cytotoxicity. In this study, goniothalamin, one of styryllactone compounds found in plant Goniothalamus spp., was observed to trigger ER stress in HeLa cell line. In addition, we demonstrated that peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type2 (MFE2) was a specific goniothalamin-binding protein using an in vitro goniothalamin-linked bead pull-down assay. Since MFE2 has been reported to be an important mediator enzyme for peroxisomal ß-oxidation of a very long chain fatty acid metabolism, therefore computational molecular docking analysis was performed to confirm the binding of goniothalamin and MFE2. The results indicated that goniothalamin structure binds to scp-2 domain, enoyl-CoA hydratase 2 domain and (3R)-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase domain of MFE2. To further determine the effect of MFE2 on ER stress induction, MFE2 knockdown by siRNA in HeLa cell was conducted. The results implied that MFE2 triggered CHOP, a key mediator of ER stress-induced apoptosis, expression. Therefore, these data inferred that goniothalamin may interrupt the MFE2 function resulting in lipid metabolism perturbation associated with ER stress-independent activation of unfolded protein response. This is the first report to show that goniothalamin binds directly to MFE2 triggering ER stress activation probably through the lipid metabolism perturbation.

Generation of incednine derivatives by mutasynthesis.

The macrolactam antibiotic incednine, isolated from Streptomyces sp. ML694-90F3, contains a (S)-3-aminobutyric acid moiety in its polyketide aglycon. In this study, we performed mutasynthesis to generate incednine derivatives. We successfully obtained 28-methylincednine by feeding 3-aminopentanoic acid into culture of a strain in which the glutamate 2,3-aminomutase gene idnL4, whose product is responsible for supplying 3-aminobutyric acid, was disrupted. 28-Methylincednine showed similar suppressive activity of the antiapoptotic function of oncoprotein Bcl-xL to that of incednine. Thus, this study highlights the applicability of the mutasynthesis approach in generation of novel ß-amino acid-containing macrolactam polyketide derivatives.

Screening and identification of inhibitors of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced activation of the IRE1α-XBP1 branch.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the subsequent adaptive cellular response, termed the unfolded protein response (UPR), have been implicated in several diseases, including cancer. In this review, I present a brief introduction to ER stress and the UPR and then summarize the importance of the IRE1α-XBP1 branch as a target for anticancer drug discovery. In addition, I introduce our approach to the identification of inhibitors against the IRE1α-XBP1 branch from microbial cultures. As a result of our screening, toyocamycin has been identified and toyocamycin showed anticancer activity against multiple myeloma.

Ktedonoketone and 2'-oxosattabacin, benzenoid metabolites from a thermophilic bacterium Thermosporothrix hazakensis in the phylum Chloroflexi.

A thermophilic bacterium Thermosporothrix hazakensis NBRC 105916 which belongs to the class Ktedonobacteria was investigated to explore its biosynthetic potential of secondary metabolites. UV-guided fractionation led to the identification of a new benzenoid metabolite designated ktedonoketone (6) and an α-diketone metabolite 2'-oxosattabacin (7) along with five known compounds. Compound 7 was previously described as a synthetic compound, but this is the first finding as a natural product. Compound 7 induced adipocyte differentiation at 10-20 µM and autophagy at 1-10 µM. Compound 6 showed weak inducing activity of adipocyte differentiation. The biosynthetic origin of hazakacin (3), an acyloin-type compound, was elucidated by 13C-labeled precursor-feeding experiments.

14-3-3εa directs the pulsatile transport of basal factors toward the apical domain for lumen growth in tubulogenesis.

The Ciona notochord has emerged as a simple and tractable in vivo model for tubulogenesis. Here, using a chemical genetics approach, we identified UTKO1 as a selective small molecule inhibitor of notochord tubulogenesis. We identified 14-3-3εa protein as a direct binding partner of UTKO1 and showed that 14-3-3εa knockdown leads to failure of notochord tubulogenesis. We found that UTKO1 prevents 14-3-3εa from interacting with ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM), which is required for notochord tubulogenesis, suggesting that interactions between 14-3-3εa and ERM play a key role in regulating the early steps of tubulogenesis. Using live imaging, we found that, as lumens begin to open between neighboring cells, 14-3-3εa and ERM are highly colocalized at the basal cortex where they undergo cycles of accumulation and disappearance. Interestingly, the disappearance of 14-3-3εa and ERM during each cycle is tightly correlated with a transient flow of 14-3-3εa, ERM, myosin II, and other cytoplasmic elements from the basal surface toward the lumen-facing apical domain, which is often accompanied by visible changes in lumen architecture. Both pulsatile flow and lumen formation are abolished in larvae treated with UTKO1, in larvae depleted of either 14-3-3εa or ERM, or in larvae expressing a truncated form of 14-3-3εa that lacks the ability to interact with ERM. These results suggest that 14-3-3εa and ERM interact at the basal cortex to direct pulsatile basal accumulation and basal-apical transport of factors that are essential for lumen formation. We propose that similar mechanisms may underlie or may contribute to lumen formation in tubulogenesis in other systems.

Nonthmicin, a Polyether Polyketide Bearing a Halogen-Modified Tetronate with Neuroprotective and Antiinvasive Activity from Actinomadura sp.

Nonthmicin (1), a new polyether polyketide bearing a chlorinated tetronic acid, was isolated from the culture extract of a soil-derived Actinomadura strain. The structure of 1 was elucidated by interpretation of NMR and MS spectroscopic data, and the absolute configuration of 1 was proposed on the basis of the crystal structure of its dechloro congener ecteinamycin (2) also isolated from the same strain. Tetronic acids modified by halogenation have never been reported from natural products. Compounds 1 and 2 were found to have neuroprotective activity and antimetastatic properties at submicromolar concentrations in addition to antibacterial activity.

Protein kinase A inhibition facilitates the antitumor activity of xanthohumol, a valosin-containing protein inhibitor.

Xanthohumol (XN), a simple prenylated chalcone, can be isolated from hops and has the potential to be a cancer chemopreventive agent against several human tumor cell lines. We previously identified valosin-containing protein (VCP) as a target of XN; VCP can also play crucial roles in cancer progression and prognosis. Therefore, we investigated the molecular mechanisms governing the contribution of VCP to the antitumor activity of XN. Several human tumor cell lines were treated with XN to investigate which human tumor cell lines are sensitive to XN. Several cell lines exhibited high sensitivity to XN both in vitro and in vivo. shRNA screening and bioinformatics analysis identified that the inhibition of the adenylate cyclase (AC) pathway synergistically facilitated apoptosis induced by VCP inhibition. These results suggest that there is crosstalk between the AC pathway and VCP function, and targeting both VCP and the AC pathway is a potential chemotherapeutic strategy for a subset of tumor cells.

Involvement of the MEK/ERK pathway in EGF-induced E-cadherin down-regulation.

E-cadherin is a major component of the epithelial adherens junction. However, the regulatory mechanism of E-cadherin expression is still poorly understood. In this study, we found that EGF decreased E-cadherin expression at both mRNA and protein levels in colorectal carcinoma LoVo cells. Since E-cadherin down-regulation is a well-known hallmark of the EMT (Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition), we investigated whether EGF induced E-cadherin down-regulation during the EMT. EGF was unable to affect the expression of mesenchymal markers (such as N-cadherin, vimentin or fibronectin) or EMT-regulating transcription factors (such as SNAIL, SLUG, ZEB1, ZEB2 or TWIST), suggesting that EGF induced E-cadherin down-regulation via an EMT-independent mechanism. On the other hand, the MEK inhibitor U0126 was found to suppress EGF-induced E-cadherin down-regulation at the transcriptional level, suggesting that the MEK/ERK pathway is involved in EGF-induced E-cadherin down-regulation. Moreover, we also found that EGF disrupted cell-cell contact, stimulated cells to form an elongated shape with filamentous protrusions, and induced cell migration in LoVo cells. These effects were suppressed by U0126. Therefore, EGF is suggested to induce E-cadherin down-regulation at the transcriptional level through the MEK/ERK pathway, which might result in, at least in part, the induction of cellular morphological changes and cell migration in LoVo cells.