Sisters empowered, sisters aware: three strategies to recruit African American women for HIV testing.

African American women account for 66% of new HIV infections among U.S. women, and many are not aware of their status. The authors compared three strategies (targeted outreach, alternate venues, and social networks) to recruit African American women for HIV testing in Houston, New York City, Baltimore, and Dayton. A quasi-experimental design (N = 4,942) was used to compare HIV-positivity rates and to identify risk factors for previously undiagnosed infection. A total of 2.1% of the women were newly diagnosed with HIV. The proportion newly identified as HIV-positive did not differ significantly among the three strategies (2.4% for social networks, 1.7% for both targeted outreach and alternate venues). However, the social networks strategy recruited women with greater risk behaviors and other characteristics associated with newly identified HIV infection and thus may be effective at reaching some high-risk women before they become infected. A combination of recruitment strategies may be warranted to reach various subgroups of African American women at risk for HIV.

Accessing social networks with high rates of undiagnosed HIV infection: The social networks demonstration project.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the use of social networks to reach persons with undiagnosed HIV infection in ethnic minority communities and link them to medical care and HIV prevention services. METHODS: Nine community-based organizations in 7 cities received funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to enlist HIV-positive persons to refer others from their social, sexual, or drug-using networks for HIV testing; to provide HIV counseling, testing, and referral services; and to link HIV-positive and high-risk HIV-negative persons to appropriate medical care and prevention services. RESULTS: From October 1, 2003, to December 31, 2005, 422 recruiters referred 3172 of their peers for HIV services, of whom 177 were determined to be HIV positive; 63% of those who were HIV-positive were successfully linked to medical care and prevention services. The HIV prevalence of 5.6% among those recruited in this project was significantly higher than the approximately 1% identified in other counseling, testing, and referral sites funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CONCLUSIONS: This peer-driven approach is highly effective and can help programs identify persons with undiagnosed HIV infection in high-risk networks.

Best-evidence interventions: findings from a systematic review of HIV behavioral interventions for US populations at high risk, 2000-2004.

OBJECTIVES: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's HIV/AIDS Prevention Research Synthesis Team conducted a systematic review of US-based HIV behavioral intervention research literature from 2000 through 2004 to identify interventions demonstrating best evidence of efficacy for reducing HIV risk. METHODS: Standard systematic review methods were used. Each eligible study was reviewed on the basis of Prevention Research Synthesis Team efficacy criteria that focused on 3 domains: study design, implementation and analysis, and strength of evidence. RESULTS: Eighteen interventions met the criteria for best evidence. Four targeted HIV-positive individuals. Of those targeting populations at risk for HIV, 4 targeted drug users, 6 targeted adults at risk because of heterosexual behaviors only, 2 targeted men who have sex with men, and 2 targeted youths at high risk. Eight interventions focused on women, and 13 had study samples with more than 50% minority participants. Significant intervention effects included increased condom use and reductions in unprotected sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, injection drug use or needle sharing, and newly acquired sexually transmitted infections. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the best-evidence interventions are directly applicable for populations in greatest need of effective prevention programs; however, important gaps still exist.