Incentives for plasma donation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This work provides an overview of the incentives used for plasma donation in Europe and beyond. The overview can provide new ideas to blood establishments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a systematic online search of incentives used and asked national experts to validate the data across all European Union countries as well as other European and non-European countries. We categorized the data into level of incentive (using the Nuffield Council on Bioethics' rungs [2011]) and country. RESULTS: We analysed more than 490 organizations across 26 countries. Our findings reveal different incentives used in these countries. Snacks and pre-donation health checks are commonly provided. In addition, loyalty programmes, small gifts, vouchers, lotteries, travel compensations and time off from work extend the strategic incentive portfolio. Only seven countries offer financial compensation ranging from the equivalent of 10-35€ for European countries. In countries with a decentralized model, where more than one organization collects plasma, we observe that more diversified incentive strategies are generally used, including monetary and non-monetary incentives. In countries with a centralized model, where only one organization is allowed to collect plasma, financial compensation is usually not offered. Centralized plasma collection without financial compensation relies on a wider range of non-monetary incentives than with financial compensation. CONCLUSION: The country group analysis offers valuable insights into the relationship between incentive strategies and the prevailing centralized versus decentralized plasma collection model. This overview provides a broader understanding of incentives used by blood establishments and offers avenues for future practice.

Transfusion needs after CAR T-cell therapy for large B-cell lymphoma: predictive factors and outcome (a DESCAR-T study).

ABSTRACT: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells targeting CD19 have been approved for the treatment of relapse/refractory large B-cell lymphoma. Hematotoxicity is the most frequent CAR T-cell-related adverse event. Transfusion support is a surrogate marker of severe cytopenias. Transfusion affects patients' quality of life, presents specific toxicities, and is known to affect immunity through the so-called transfusion-related immunomodulation that may affect CAR T-cell efficacy. We analyzed data from 671 patients from the French DESCAR-T registry for whom exhaustive transfusion data were available. Overall, 401 (59.8%) and 378 (56.3%) patients received transfusion in the 6-month period before and after CAR T-cell infusion, respectively. The number of patients receiving transfusion and the mean number of transfused products increased during the 6-month period before CAR T-cell infusion, peaked during the first month after infusion (early phase), and decreased over time. Predictive factors for transfusion at the early phase were age >60 years, ECOG PS ≥2, treatment with axicabtagene ciloleucel, pre-CAR T-cell transfusions, and CAR-HEMATOTOX score ≥2. Predictive factors for late transfusion (between 1 and 6 months after infusion) were pre-CAR T-cell transfusions, CAR-HEMATOTOX score ≥2, ICANS ≥3 (for red blood cells [RBC] transfusion), and tocilizumab use (for platelets transfusion). Early transfusions and late platelets (but not RBC) transfusions were associated with a shorter progression-free survival and overall survival. Lymphoma-related mortality and nonrelapse mortality were both increased in the transfused population. Our data shed light on the mechanisms of early and late cytopenia and on the potential impact of transfusions on CAR T-cell efficacy and toxicity.

Prophylactic platelet transfusion response in critically ill patients: a prospective multicentre observational study.

BACKGROUND: Response to prophylactic platelet transfusion is suspected to be inconsistent in critically ill patients questioning how to optimize transfusion practices. This study aimed to describe prophylactic platelet transfusion response, to identify factors associated with a suboptimal response, to analyse the correlation between corrected count increment and platelet count increment and to determine the association between poor platelet transfusion response and clinical outcomes. METHODS: This prospective multicentre observational study recruited patients who received at least one prophylactic platelet transfusion in one of the nine participating intensive care units for a period up to 16 months. Poor platelet transfusion response was defined as a corrected count increment (CCI) that adjusts for platelet dose and body surface area, less than 7 at 18-24 h after platelet transfusion. Factors associated with poor platelet transfusion response were assessed in a mixed-effect model. Sensitivity analyses were conducted in patients with and without haematology malignancy and chemotherapy. RESULTS: Poor platelet transfusion response occurred in 349 of the 472 (73.9%) prophylactic platelet transfusions and in 141/181 (77.9%) patients. The mixed-effect model identified haemoglobin at ICU admission (odds ratio (OR): 0.79 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.7-0.89]) and body mass index (BMI) (OR: 0.93 [0.89-0.98]) being positively and independently associated with platelet transfusion response, while a haematological malignancy (OR 1.93 [1.09-3.43]), sepsis as primary ICU admission diagnosis (OR: 2.81 [1.57-5.03]), SOFA score (OR 1.10 [1.03; 1.17]) and maximum storage duration of platelet (OR: 1.24 [1.02-1.52]) were independently associated with a suboptimal platelet increment. Clinical outcomes did not differ between groups, nor the requirement for red blood cells. Poor platelet transfusion response was found in 93.5% of patients with haematology malignancy and chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of critically ill patients, of whom more than half had bone marrow failure, almost three quarters of prophylactic platelet transfusions led to suboptimal platelet increment measured 18 to 24 h following platelet transfusion. Platelet storage duration was the only factor associated with poor platelet response that may be accessible to intervention. Trial registration in October 2017: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03325140.

Plasma collection and supply in Europe: Proceedings of an International Plasma and Fractionation Association and European Blood Alliance symposium.

At the symposium organized by the International Plasma and Fractionation Association and European Blood Alliance, experts presented their views and experiences showing that the public sector and its blood establishments may strengthen the collection and increase the supply of plasma using the right strategies in plasma donor recruitment, retention and protection, scaling-up collection by increasing the number of donors within improved/new infrastructure, supportive funding, policies and legislation as well as harmonization of clinical guidelines and the collaboration of all stakeholders. Such approaches should contribute to increased plasma collection in Europe to meet patients' needs for plasma-derived medicinal products, notably immunoglobulins and avoid shortages. Overall, presentations and discussions confirmed that European non-profit transfusion institutions are committed to increasing the collection of plasma for fractionation from unpaid donors through dedicated programmes as well as novel strategies and research.

Early and out-of-hospital use of COVID-19 convalescent plasma: An international assessment of utilization and feasibility.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The use of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CCP) in the treatment of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 infection has been controversial. Early administration of CCP before hospital admission offers a potential advantage. This manuscript summarizes current trials of early use of CCP and explores the feasibility of this approach in different countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire was distributed to the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) CCP working group. We recorded respondents' input on existing trials on early/outpatient CCP and out-of-hospital (OOH)/home transfusion (HT) practices in their countries and feedback on challenges in initiating home CCP infusion programmes. In addition, details of existing trials registered on clinicaltrials.gov were summarized. RESULTS: A total of 31 country representatives participated. Early/OOH CCP transfusion studies were reported in the United States, the Netherlands, Spain and Brazil. There were a total of six published and five ongoing trials on the prophylactic and therapeutic early use of CCP. HT was practised in Australia, the UK, Belgium, France, Japan, Nigeria, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Norway, the United States and some provinces in Canada. Thirty-four representatives indicated a lack of OOH CCP or HT in their institutions and countries. Barriers to implementation of OOH/HT included existing legislation, lack of policies pertaining to outpatient transfusion, and associated logistical challenges, including lack of staffing and resources. CONCLUSION: Early administration of CCP remains a potential option in COVID-19 management in countries with existing OOH/HT programmes. Legislation and regulatory bodies should consider OOH/HT practice for transfusion in future pandemics.

Umbilical cord blood transplants facilitated by the French cord blood banks network. On behalf of the Agency of Biomedicine, Eurocord and the French society of bone marrow transplant and cell therapy (SFGM-TC).

The public French Cord Blood Banks Network was established in 1999 with the objective of standardizing the practices governing umbilical cord blood (UCB) banking in France. The Network adopted a strategy to optimize its inventory and improve the quality of its banked units based on a quality improvement process using outcome data regularly provided by Eurocord. This study aimed to describe the results, over 10 years, of UCBT facilitated by a national network that used the same criteria of UCB collection and banking and to assess how modifications of banking criteria and unit selection might influence transplant outcomes. Nine hundred and ninety-nine units (593 single-unit and 203 double-unit grafts) were released by the Network to transplant 796 patients with malignant (83%) and non-malignant (17%) diseases. Median cell dose exceeded 3.5 × 107 TNC/kg in 86%. There was a trend to select units more recently collected and with higher cell dose. Neutrophil engraftment was 88.2% (85.7-90.7) and 79.3% (72.6-86.5) respectively for malignant and non-malignant diseases with a trend to faster recovery with higher cell doses. The respective 3-year transplant-related mortality were 31.1% (27.5-35.1) and 34.3% (27.0-43.5). OS was 49% ± 4 in malignant and 62% ± 4 in non-malignant disorders. In multivariate analysis, cell dose was the only unit-related factor associated with outcomes. Our results reflect the benefit on clinical outcomes of the strategy adopted by the Network to bank units with higher cell counts.

[Related donors follow-up: Guidelines from the Francophone Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC)]. / Suivi des donneurs apparentés : recommandations de la Société francophone de greffe de moelle et de thérapie cellulaire (SFGM-TC).

Since 2010 there has been an exponential increase of the number of transplants performed from related donors. The development of haploidentical transplants increases the resort to related-donation, which presents two main advantages: a less important financial cost and a faster availability of the graft. Standards for mandatory accreditation exist, but the adherence to these recommendations is not optimal: currently, different practices regarding the organizational modalities of care, recruitment criteria, qualification and follow-up of related donors have been observed among French transplant centers. The Francophone Society of Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC) has developed guidelines for the consent and the non-eligibility criteria for hematopoietic stem cell donors. A multidisciplinary group has devised a booklet as a medium to inform donors about hematopoietic cell donation and transplantation in a clear and accessible language. This paper provides recommendations on post-donation follow-up, taking into account both medical standards and organizational constraints of French centers. Some tools are proposed.

[Transfusion in autologous and allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant: Guidelines from the Francophone Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC)]. / Transfusion dans l'autogreffe et l'allogreffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques chez l'adulte et l'enfant : recommandations de la Société francophone de greffe de moelle et de thérapie cellulaire (SFGM-TC).

The recommendations of the French Health and Drug Safety Authorities (HAS/ANSM-Haute Autorité de santé/Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament) are known, but there are always new developments underway. With regards to CMV suppression, there is the introduction of platelet glycoprotein Ia and the Intercept (Amotosalem+UVA) inactivation method which addresses bacterial risk. The irradiation of platelets is included in the recommendations to ensure HEV-negative plasma post allograft. In terms of blood transfusion safety, these measures as well as the broader spectrum of Ia, particularly for arboviruses, are a real breakthrough. The survey conducted in clinical services and the services providing blood products for transfusion along with a literature review have shown that several improvements need to be made. The first is a reduction of transfusions of concentrated red blood cells with introduction at a threshold of 7g/dL during hospitalization of patients without a fragile clinical status. The second improvement would address transfusion of refractory thrombocytopenia, encouraging an increase in discussion between clinicians and those conducting the transfusion in order to consider different etiologies and to identify appropriate care protocols. Third would be the need for the transmission of information between the transplantation doctors and blood transfusion specialists in order to define an approach to transfusion care adapted to the patient's situation. It is important to inform and educate patients about transfusion protocols post allotransplant or autotransplant. It must be clearly communicated to patients that they should always have on their person their blood group documentation. This is especially true when receiving care for a hemopathy or an autologous transplant. If undergoing an allogeneic transplant, patients should also carry transfusion guidelines post autotransplant or post allotransplant along with the phone numbers for the stem cell transplantation department and the blood transfusion center responsible for their care.

Lean management and medical laboratory: application in transfusionnal immuno-hematology.

Despite a common use in industrial applications, only a few studies describe the lean management methods in medical laboratory. These tools have been evaluated in analysis laboratory of blood donors, especially in immuno-hematology sector. The aim was to optimize the organization and maintain team cohesion and strong staff involvement in a restructuring context. The tools used and the results obtained are presented in this study.

[Information and consent forms for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation donors and recipients: Guidelines from the Franchophone society of bone marrow transplantation and cellular therapy (SFGM-TC)]. / Greffe de cellules-souches hématopoïétiques ­ Information et consentement des donneurs et des receveurs : recommandations de la Société francophone de greffe de moelle et de thérapie cellulaire (SFGM-TC).

Within the context of the SFGM-TC's 6th workshop series on the harmonization of clinical practices, our workshop proposes a standardization of the informed consent process for hematopoietic stem cell donors and recipients leading up to an autologous or allogenic transplantation. All informed consent was for bone marrow or peripheral stem cell donors, and mononuclear/lymphocyte donors according to usual procedures. The informed consent for autologous and allogenic related or unrelated adults and pediatric transplantation patients have been included. A first step has been conducted for collecting in advance the informed consent forms used routinely in all francophone transplantation centers. In a second step, a comprehensive version has been re-written by a multidisciplinary team. For the purposes of understanding the risks and advantages, language has been carefully considered and streamlined. In the third step, texts were sent to stem cell transplantation experts, experts at the French biomedical agency (agence de la biomédecine [ABM]), law specialists, members of the ethical committee of the French society of hematology and several transplant recipients to be edited and proofread.

[Modalities for preparation, cryopreservation, thawing of hematopoietic stem cells and precautions for infusion to patient: Guidelines from the Francophone Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC)]. / Modalités de préparation, cryopréservation, décongélation des cellules souches hématopoïétiques et précautions pour infusion au patient : recommandations de la Société francophone de greffe de moelle et de thérapie cellulaire (SFGM-TC).

To date, despite an existing regulatory framework and standards, there are no true technical recommendations. A survey of 23 cell processing facilities (France, Belgium and Switzerland) has allowed to overview current practices according to cellular products specifications upon arrival at the facility, with modalities for their preparation prior to cryopreservation, storage, thawing and finally for infusion to patient. Data analysis shows great variability of collected volumes and cell concentrations in cellular products. Despite homogeneous practices for handling cells at the facility, methods vary between centers, especially for the choice of cryoprotective solutions and thawing methods. During the workshop, practices have been discussed and summarized to write of recommendations about the following topics: processing and cryopreservation, thawing, bedside precautions (for infusion). This work identifies some improvements in terms of collection, choice of wash solution of thawed cells and validation of the conditions of carriage.

[General and ethical considerations for the informed consent process: Guidelines from the Francophone Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC)]. / Considérations générales et éthiques pour le recueil d'un consentement éclairé : recommandations de la Société francophone de greffe de moelle et de thérapie cellulaire (SFGM-TC).

Informed consent is not restricted to clinical research and must be applied to high-risk care such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. If standardized informed consent might improve inequalities in medical practices between different transplantation centers, it is strongly recommended that it be adapted with an honest dialogue between physicians and patients and physicians and donors. In an attempt to harmonize clinical practices among French hematopoietic stem cell transplantation centers, the Francophone Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC) held its sixth annual workshop series in September 2015 in Lille. This event brought together practitioners from across the country. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the French law concerning patients' rights and ethical practices for an informed consent process to be applied to care or research.