The qualification and training of laser/intense pulse light hair removal operators within South Africa.

BACKGROUND: Lasers and intense pulse light (IPL) sources are powerful devices that can cause skin burns, pigmentary changes, and scarring if used incorrectly. Adequate training is essential, and regulations are required to limit complications. AIMS: The purpose was to investigate the qualifications and training obtained by laser hair removal operators in South Africa. METHODS: Questionnaires were distributed and information gathered from owners/managers of laser clinics, suppliers of laser devices in South Africa, individuals in the workplace performing laser hair removal procedures, and accredited tertiary institutions. RESULTS: A majority of clinic owners/managers (94.45%) felt that more emphasis should be placed on laser hair removal training at a tertiary level, and 66.67% outsource additional training provided by the manufacturer of laser devices. Based on the survey to manufacturers, 50% did not require any formal qualification as a minimum requirement, while 33.33% indicated laser hair removal training is incorporated at a NQF level 4 (National/Senior Certificate). The majority of individuals (68.89%) received training from tertiary institutions; however, they did not receive any practical training, and 60.87% felt the amount of training was insufficient. According to the survey sent to tertiary institutions in South Africa, only 27.78% offer laser hair removal training, and of these, 20% offer no practical training and 50% indicated that no practical examination is provided. CONCLUSIONS: There is a clear lack of training in laser hair removal in South Africa. The industry should have standard requirements in terms of minimum practical and theoretical hours with regards to the therapy.

The "in's and outs" of laser hair removal: a mini review.

Conventional treatments for excessive hair are tedious and time consuming. Laser hair removal has become the leading therapy option for long-term results. It works on the principle of selective photothermolysis, whereby photons destroy the hair follicle while sparing the surrounding tissue. As demand increases, there has been an increase in the regulation of these treatments. Laser hair removal is not risk-free and side effects are associated with the treatment. Adequate training is vital to minimise adverse side effects. Certain countries have regulatory boards that laser operators need to register with, as well as the completion of mandatory hours. Others require laser operators to register with a Care Quality Commission (CQC) to ensure that minimum training and safety standards are met. Currently, in South Africa, the lack of regulatory boards and mandatory hours poses a risk to the public as anyone with little or no qualification is allowed to perform laser hair removal treatments, placing patients at risk. This review looks at some of the devices used and basic mechanisms of action of laser hair removal, its associated risks, side effects and current regulation.

Improving health from the inside: Use of engineered intestinal microorganisms as in situ cytokine delivery system.

The anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 and its viral homologs were chosen as model proteins for the development of drug delivery systems based on probiotic carriers like E. coli Nissle 1917, E. coli G3/10, and Saccharomyces boulardii. Exterior cytokine secretion was achieved by a modified E. coli hemolysin transporter. Release of interleukin-10 transported to the periplasm via the OmpF signal peptide was enabled by a T4 phage lysis system under control of the araC PBAD activator-promoter. The yield of interleukin-10 delivered by the phage lysis system was too low for functional analysis whereas the fusion protein secreted by the hemolysin transporter proved to be biologically inactive. Moreover, partial processing of the fusion protein by the E. coli membrane protease OmpT had no effect on the protein's functionality. Using the α-mating factor signal sequence, the yeast S. boulardii proved to be suitable for secretory expression of biologically active viral interleukin-10.