[Ballistic injury, decaying wounds: the nurse at the heart of the long rehabilitation process]. / Lésion balistique, plaies délabrantes : l'infirmier au cœur du long parcours de réhabilitation.

Ballistic injuries are disabling. Its functional impact is determined by its trajectory. Whether the injury affects a limb that could jeopardize its preservation, visceral lesions or craniocerebral and vertebro-medullary wounds, the nurse is at the heart of multidisciplinary care to limit and compensate for the after-effects. Directed healing, appropriate analgesia, settling in, technical training for this new, modified body (stoma, self-catheterization, appliances, etc.) and support in accepting the injury are all part of the nurse's role in helping the injured person rebuild his or her life.

Experimental characterization of the moment-angle curve during level and slope locomotion of transtibial amputee: Which parameters can be extracted to quantify the adaptations of microprocessor prosthetic ankle?

In case of transtibial amputation, the deficit resulting from the loss of the lower limb can be partly compensated with a prosthetic foot and adapted rehabilitation. New prosthetic feet have been developed for transtibial amputees to mimic ankle adaptability to varying terrain. Among them, Microprocessor Prosthetic Ankles (MPA) have a microprocessor to control an electric or a hydraulic actuator to adapt ankle kinematics in stairs and slopes. The objective is to investigate parameters extracted from the moment-angle curve (MAC) and use them to compare 3 MPA during level and slope locomotion against energy storing and return (ESR) foot. Five persons with lower limb transtibial amputation successively fitted with 3 MPA (Propriofoot™, Elan™, Meridium™) compared to their ESR foot. The participants had 2 weeks of adaptation before data acquisition and then a 3 week wash-out period. Range of motion, equilibrium point, hysteresis, late stance energy released, and quasi-stiffness were computed on level ground and 12% slope (upward and downward) thanks to the MAC at the ankle. The study shows the relevance of MAC parameters to evaluate the behavior of MPA. In particular, compared to ESR, all MPA tested in the present study demonstrated a better angle adaptation between walking conditions but a decrease of available energy for the propulsion. Among MPA, main results were: (i) for the Propriofoot™: an adaptation of the ankle angle without modification of the pattern of the MAC (ii) for the Elan™: a limited adaptation of the range of motion but a modification of the energy released (iii) for the Meridium™, the highest adaptation of the range of motion but the lowest available energy of propulsion. One of the main findings of the research is to show and quantify the relationship between range of motion and energy available when using different prosthetic feet in different walking conditions.

Microprocessor prosthetic ankles: comparative biomechanical evaluation of people with transtibial traumatic amputation during standing on level ground and slope.

BACKGROUND: The compensations occurrence due to the alteration of the posture and the gait of persons with lower limb amputation is still an issue in prosthetic fitting. Recently, prosthetic feet designed to reproduce the physiological behaviour of the ankle using a microprocessor control have been commercialized to address this issue. OBJECTIVES: Investigate the relevance of these microprocessor prosthetic ankles (MPAs) in the ability of standing on both level and inclined surfaces. METHODS: Six persons with transtibial amputation usually fitted with energy storing and returning (ESR) foot tested three MPAs: Elan® Endolite (MPA1), Meridium® Ottobock (MPA2), ProprioFoot® Ossur (MPA3). Each MPA data acquisition was preceded of a 2 weeks adaptation period at home and followed by a 3-weeks wash-out period with their ESR. Lower limb angular position and moment, Centre of Pressure (CoP) position, Ground Reaction Forces (GRF) and functional scores were collected in static, on level ground and 12% inclined slope. RESULTS: MPAs allowed a better posture and a reduction of residual knee moment on positive and/or negative slope compared to ESR. Results also reflect that the MPA2 allows the best control of the CoP in all situations. CONCLUSIONS: An increased ankle mobility is associated with a better posture and balance on slope. Gait analysis would complete these outcomes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study compares three MPAs to ESR analysing static posture. Static analysis on level ground and slope represents the challenging conditions people with amputation have to cope with in their daily life, especially outdoors. Having a better understanding of the three MPAs behaviour could help to adequately fit the prosthesis to each patient. Implications for rehabilitation This is a study comparing three MPAs. The static analysis in standard and constraining conditions (slope) reflects the balance of people with amputation in their daily life, especially outdoors. Having a better understanding of the behaviour of each foot could help to adequately fit the prosthesis to each patient.

[Severe burns, a long journey of care and rehabilitation]. / Le brûlé grave, un long parcours de soins et de réhabilitation.

At the patient's bedside 24 hours a day, the nurse is at the heart of the rehabilitation management of the severely burnt patient: installation, technical dressings, supervision of postures and placement of compressors, to limit the functional consequences to the type of retractable and hypertrophic scars. The nurse takes care of the patient in this long journey leading to social reintegration; from accompaniment to autonomy and acceptance of self-image.

Spinopelvic sagittal alignment of patients with transfemoral amputation.

PURPOSE: This study aims to describe the spinopelvic sagittal alignment in transfemoral amputees (TFAs) from a radiologic study of the spine with a postural approach to better understand the high prevalence of low back pain (LBP) in this population. METHODS: TFAs underwent X-rays with 3-D reconstructions of the full spine and pelvis. Sagittal parameters were analyzed and compared to the literature. Differences between TFAs with and without LBP were also observed. RESULTS: Twelve subjects have been prospectively included (TFA-LBP group (n = 5) and TFA-NoP group (n = 7)). Four of the five subjects of the TFA-LBP group and two of the seven in TFAs-NoP group had an imbalanced sagittal posture, especially regarding the T9-tilt, significantly higher in the TFA-LBP group than in the TFA-NoP (p = 0.046). Eight subjects (6 TFA-NoP and 2 TFA-LBP) had abnormal low value of thoracic kyphosis (TK). Moreover, the mean angle of TK in the TFA-NoP group was lower than in the TFA-LBP group (p = 0.0511). CONCLUSION: In the considered sample, TFAs often present a sagittal imbalance. A low TK angle seems to be associated with the absence of LBP. It can be hypothesized that this compensatory mechanism of the sagittal imbalance is the most accessible in this population. This study emphasizes the importance of considering the sagittal balance of the pelvis and the spine in patients with a TFA to better understand the high prevalence of LBP in this population. It should be completed by the analysis of the spinopelvic balance and the lower limbs in 3D. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

[The nurse and the reconstruction of military casualties through sport]. / L'infirmière et la reconstruction du blessé militaire par le sport.

Soldiers are confronted with physical and mental injuries which constitute a social trauma. The French army has put in place tools, notably sports courses, to favour resilience and the reintegration of casualties. Nurses and nurse assistants working in physical medicine and rehabilitation and psychiatry, play a key role using their skills to support this scheme which runs outside the hospital setting.

[Rehabilitation after a war injury]. / Des blessés jeunes et sportifs polytraumatisés « de la tête aux pieds ¼.

Rehabilitation after a war injury. Combat wounds can be the cause of serious physical and mental trauma. Injuries caused by the explosion of improvised devices are responsible for multiple penetrating injuries, limb amputations, brain or spinal-cord injuries, and sometimes severe burns. The performance of protective equipment and the effectiveness of the initial medical care allow those injured to survive, often at the cost of severely compromised functional prognoses. Following critical and surgical care, the multidisciplinary teams of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM et R) intervene with the wounded to initiate rehabilitation and assist with social and occupational reintegration. This support takes place in two steps: the primary phase of "acute rehabilitation" is aimed at preventing and treating complications and starting to relearn activities of daily living; the second phase of "rehabilitation-reintegration" encompasses both the medical and social fields. The implementation of individualized rehabilitation requires the collaboration of PM et R and psychiatric teams, along with various officials within the military institution. New processes specific to the military environment and adapted to the war wounded have been developed: the creation of the War Wounded Rehabilitation and Reintegration Unit (C2RBO: Cellule de Réadaptation et Réinsertion des Blessés en Opération); the use of new technologies and funding of bionic prostheses for amputees; the development of sports rehabilitation programs; the creation of tools to promote social and family reintegration; and the improved recognition of and compensation for injuries. In parallel, the care connection has been reorganized to create a "Defense Rehabilitation Pole" underpinned by a territorial network ensuring the implementation of a care course for every injured soldier, from the initial care in the Parisian military hospital complex to the military medical centers closer to the forces.

Rééducation et réadaptation après une blessure de guerre. Le blessé de guerre est un traumatisé grave à la fois physique et psychique. Les blessures sont souvent provoquées par l'explosion d'engins improvisés responsables de lésions multiples et pénétrantes, d'amputations de membre, de traumatismes crâniens ou vertébro-médullaires et parfois de brûlures graves. La performance des équipements de protection et l'efficacité de la prise en charge médicale initiale permettent à ces blessés de survivre, souvent au prix d'un pronostic fonctionnel sévèrement engagé. Après la prise en charge critique réanimatoire et chirurgicale, les équipes pluridisciplinaires de médecine physique et de réadaptation (MPR) interviennent auprès des blessés pour initier la rééducation et les accompagner jusqu'à la réinsertion socio-professionnelle. Cette prise en charge se déroule en deux temps : les phases primaires de « rééducation initiale ¼ visent à prévenir et traiter les complications médico-chirurgicales et à débuter les actions d'autonomisation du blessé dans les activités quotidiennes ; les phases secondaires dites de réadaptation-réinsertion entrent dans le champ du médico-social. La mise en oeuvre des projets de réadaptation personnalisés nécessite la collaboration des équipes de MPR et de psychiatrie avec les différents acteurs sociaux de l'institution militaire. De nouveaux processus spécifiques au milieu militaire et adaptés au blessé de guerre ont été développés : la création de la Cellule de réadaptation et réinsertion des blessés en opération dite C2RBO, le recours aux nouvelles technologies et le financement des prothèses bioniques chez l'amputé, le développement de la réinsertion par le sport, la création d'outils favorisant la réinsertion socio-familiale et l'amélioration des processus de reconnaissance et de réparation du préjudice. En parallèle, le réseau de soins est réorganisé pour créer à terme un véritable « Pôle de réhabilitation de la défense ¼ sous-tendu par un maillage territorial garantissant la mise en oeuvre d'un parcours de soins adapté à chaque blessé, depuis sa prise en charge initiale sur l'ensemble hospitalier militaire parisien, jusqu'au plus près des forces, dans les centres médicaux des armées.

[Amputation, a multidisciplinary treatment]. / L'amputation, une prise en charge multidisciplinaire.

With more than 8000 new amputees each year in France, mostly as a result of a trauma or vascular problem, the challenges are both surgical and technological. The success of the rehabilitation and readjustment of the patient is the fruit of multidisciplinary care.