Hsa_circ_0015278 Regulates FLT3-ITD AML Progression via Ferroptosis-Related Genes.

AML with the FLT3-ITD mutation seriously threatens human health. The mechanism by which circRNAs regulate the pathogenesis of FLT3-ITD mutant-type AML through ferroptosis-related genes (FerRGs) remains unclear. Differentially expressed circRNAs and mRNAs were identified from multiple integrated data sources. The target miRNAs and mRNAs of the circRNAs were predicted using various databases. The PPI network, ceRNA regulatory network, GO, and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed. The "survival" and the "pROC" R packages were used for K-M and ROC analysis, respectively. GSEA, immune infiltration analysis, and clinical subgroup analysis were performed. Finally, circRNAs were validated by Sanger sequencing and qRT-PCR. In our study, 77 DECircs-1 and 690 DECircs-2 were identified. Subsequently, 11 co-up-regulated DECircs were obtained by intersecting DECircs-1 and DECircs-2. The target miRNAs of the circRNAs were screened by CircInteractome, circbank, and circAtlas. Utilizing TargetScan, ENCORI, and miRWalk, the target mRNAs of the miRNAs were uncovered. Ultimately, 73 FerRGs were obtained, and the ceRNA regulatory network was constructed. Furthermore, MAPK3 and CD44 were significantly associated with prognosis. qRT-PCR results confirmed that has_circ_0015278 was significantly overexpressed in FLT3-ITD mutant-type AML. In summary, we constructed the hsa_circ_0015278/miRNAs/FerRGs signaling axis, which provides new insight into the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of AML with FLT3-ITD mutation.

Identification of key miRNA signature and pathways involved in multiple myeloma by integrated bioinformatics analysis.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is one of the most common types of hematologic malignancy for which the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unclear. Dysregulated miRNA expression has been shown to be involved in MM tumorigenesis, progression and drug response. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis based on miRNA-level integrated strategy was performed.This study aimed to elucidate key miRNA signatures and pathways in MM by integrated bioinformatics analysis. Expression profiles GSE24371, GSE49261 and GSE54156 were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMirs) with p < 0.05 were identified. The target genes of these DEMirs were obtained from ENCORI database, and functional enrichment, subpathway enrichment and protein-protein interaction network construction were performed. The key target genes were identified by random walk algorithm and survival verification was performed.and discussion: First, six up-regulated and four down-regulated DEMirs shared between any two GSE data sets were identified. Second, target genes (DEMirTGs) by up-regulated and down-regulated DEMirs were obtained. Functional and subpathway enrichment analysis showed that these up-regulated DEMirs are consistently involved in the Wnt signaling pathway. Moreover, enrichment of the down-regulated DEMirs is mainly in the MAPK signaling pathway. Finally, a protein-protein interaction sub-network for these DEMirTGs was constructed, the correlations between the two key genes were identified and survival in MM was evaluated using multiple independent data sets.We identified miRNA signatures and key target genes that were closely related to MM biology, and these genes might serve as potential therapeutic targets for MM patients.

Dynamic monitoring of serum ferritin as an adverse prognostic biomarker in patients with multiple myeloma.

Aim: Increased serum ferritin (SF) indicates an adverse prognosis in patients with hematologic malignancies. However, its prognostic significance in multiple myeloma (MM) remains unknown. Patients & methods: The impact of SF levels on outcomes in patients with MM was retrospectively analyzed and dynamically assessed. Results: At initial diagnosis, 188 out of 295 patients (63.7%) had high SF that correlated with poor prognosis factors including adverse overall survival and progression-free survival. SF expression was dynamically observed at different time points and SF levels significantly decreased after treatment induction. In addition, SF expression significantly increased at disease progression or relapse. Conclusion: SF can be used as a prognostic factor at initial diagnosis and relapse in patients with MM.

miR-149-3p suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor development in acute myeloid leukemia.

OBJECTIVE: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a form of primary acute leukemia with high mortality. Our previous study demonstrated that miR-149-3p was down-regulated in chemoresistant acute leukemia cells. However, the biological function of miR-149-3p in AML needs to be further explored. METHODS: Herein, the expression of miR-149-3p was overexpressed/silenced in U-937 human AML cells via transfection with miR-149-3p agomir/antagomir. The effect of miR-149-3p on U-937-induced tumor growth was investigated using a xenograft nude mouse model. RESULTS: The results showed that miR-149-3p overexpression inhibited the proliferation and increased the apoptosis of U-937 cells. In addition, miR-149-3p suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition in U-937 cells, as demonstrated by the miR-149-3p agomir-induced increase in E-cadherin expression and decrease in vimentin expression. The in vivo experiments demonstrated that miR-149-3p suppressed tumor progression. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the findings revealed the association of miR-149-3p with the development of AML and suggest that miR-149-3p is a potential therapeutic candidate for AML.

Severe hypophosphataemic osteomalacia related to low-dose adefovir dipivoxil therapy in a hepatitis B virus patient.

Not required for Clinical Vignette.

Downregulation of microRNA-155-5p prevents immune thrombocytopenia by promoting macrophage M2 polarization via the SOCS1-dependent PD1/PDL1 pathway.

AIMS: We set about to investigate the potential role of microRNA-155-5p (miR-155-5p) in the development of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), an idiopathic deficiency of blood platelets. MAIN METHODS: Initially, RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses were carried out to determine the expression of miR-155-5p and SOCS1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and macrophages from ITP patients. We undertook gain- and loss- function methods by transfection of macrophages and PBMCs with treated plasmids. The expression patterns of platelet-related factors were measured by ELISA, and the expressions of PD1, PDL1, and macrophage M2 marker CD206 and CD86 were also measured. The relationship between miR-155-5p and SOCS1 was determined using the dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. We also established an ITP mouse model to explore the roles of miR-155-5p and SOCS1 in vivo. KEY FINDINGS: miR-155-5p was up-regulated, while SOCS1 was down-regulated in PBMCs and macrophages from ITP patients. SOCS1 was indicated as a target of miR-155-5p. Inhibition of miR-155-5p or up-regulation of SOCS1 facilitated macrophage M2 polarization as demonstrated by an increased M2/M1 ratio and suppressed expression of platelet-related factors. Furthermore, silencing of SOCS1 promoted ITP progression through blocking the PD1/PDL1 pathway, whilst upregulation of miR-155-5p remarkably increased the platelet abundance and suppressed SOCS1 expression in ITP model mice. SIGNIFICANCE: Silencing of miR-155-5p could promote PD1/PDL1 pathway-mediated macrophage M2 polarization and prevent ITP via up-regulation of SOCS1, thus relieving ITP.

Genome-wide DNA methylome analysis reveals methylation subtypes with different clinical outcomes for acute myeloid leukemia patients.

Leukemia is the second common blood cancer after lymphoma, and its incidence rate has an increasing trend in recent years. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the prevalent forms of leukemia. Although previous studies have investigated the methylation profile for AML patients, the AML methylation subtypes based on the genome-wide methylome are still unclear. In the present study, we identified three methylation subtypes for AML samples based on the methylation profiles at CGI, CGI shore, CGI shelf, and opensea genomic contexts. Analyzing the molecular characteristics and clinical factors of the three subtypes revealed different methylation patterns and clinical outcomes between them. Further analysis revealed subtype dependent marker genes and their promoter CpG sites with regulatory function. Finally, we found that combining the AML patient age and methylation pattern brought better clinical outcome classification. In conclusion, we identified AML methylation subtypes and their marker genes, these results may help to excavate potential targets for clinical therapy and the development of precision medicine for AML patients.

A novel NPM1-RARG-NPM1 chimeric fusion in acute myeloid leukaemia resembling acute promyelocytic leukaemia but resistant to all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide.

The RARG gene is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and shares high homology with RARA and RARB. RARA is involved in translocation with PML in acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL). Little is known about RARB or RARG rearrangement. RARG fusions were reported in only five APL patients and the partner genes were NUP98, PML and CPSF6. Here, we report NPM1 as a new partner gene of RARG and identify a unique NPM1-RARG-NPM1 chimeric fusion for the first time in an old male with morphological and immunophenotypical features of hypergranular APL but lacking response to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (As2O3) therapy. The structural features of the fusion transcript may account for the clinical resistance of the patient. RARG fusion is rare but recurrent in APL, further investigation in larger cohorts is expected to assess frequency, clinical characteristics and outcomes of RARG-translocation in APL.

Role of miRNA-21 in the diagnosis and prediction of treatment efficacy of primary central nervous system lymphoma.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) has a poor prognosis and requires early diagnosis and treatment. The aim of the present study was to investigate the difference between microRNA-21 (miRNA-21) expression in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with PCNSL, and to discuss the importance of miRNA-21 in its diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation. The research subjects were confirmed as patients with PCNSL with histopathological lesions at The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (Harbin, China) between December 2011 and 2017. Comparisons were drawn between the PCNSL, glioblastoma and the healthy control groups. CSF and plasma specimens were obtained from patients with PCNSL prior to chemotherapy, and CSF specimens were also obtained following chemotherapy. Plasma specimens were taken from patients with glioblastoma and the healthy control group. Using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, it was revealed that plasma miRNA-21 expression level had a notable diagnostic value in distinguishing PCNSL from glioblastoma, another common neurological tumor. Moreover, miRNA-21 expression levels in the plasma correlated positively with those in the CSF. Therefore, miRNA-21 in the plasma may be used as a novel diagnostic biomarker to distinguish patients with PCNSL from those with glioblastoma, whereas miRNA-21 in the CSF may have potential as a predictor of chemotherapeutic effect in PCNSL.

Orai1 and Stim1 Mediate the Majority of Store-Operated Calcium Entry in Multiple Myeloma and Have Strong Implications for Adverse Prognosis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell neoplasm which constitutes about 10% of all hematologic malignancies. Despite the development and application of novel agents, MM still undergoes an aggressive and incurable course in the vast majority of patients. Ca2+ is one of the critical regulators of cell migration. Ca2+ influx is essential for the migration of various types of cells including tumor cells. However, the role of store-operated calcium entry (SOC) channels, the only Ca2+ channels of non-excitable cells, has not yet been reported in MM cell survival. METHODS: We evaluated the expression of Stim1 and Orai1 (two key regulators of SOC) in MM tissues and cell lines by immunohistochemical assay, quantitative real-time PCR assay and western blot. MM cell lines were pretreated with pharmacological blockers and siRNAs, and then MM cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis were examined by FACS (flow cytometry) assay, and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. The correlation between the expression of Stim1 (or Orai1) level and outcome in MM were assessed by using Progress Free Survival (PFS). RESULTS: Stim1 and Orai1 were both abundantly expressed in MM tissue and MM cell lines. Inhibition of SOCE reduced MM cell viability, and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Stim1 or Orai1 silencing also reduced cell viability, caused cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in MM cell lines. Over-expression of Stim1/Orai1 in MM patients was closely associated with the clinical outcome of MM. CONCLUSION: The Stim1/Orai1-mediated signaling participates in the pathogenesis of MM, which represents an attractive target for future therapeutic intervention.

Recognition of the human antibody-mediated platelet destruction in adult ITP patients by C-reactive protein.

Immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) is characterized by destruction of circulating platelets and the presence of antiplatelet IgG antibodies, which opsonize platelets for splenic clearance resulting in low levels of circulating platelets, and the disease severity can be predicted neither by antibody isotype nor by titer, indicating that other factors also play a role. Although the main cause of ITP remains unclear, but its relationship with some infection was demonstrated, including viral or bacterial infections. C-reactive protein (CRP), a member of the pentraxin family, is a major acute-phase protein in humans and is a clinical marker of infection. We aimed to investigate the correlation between the levels of CRP and the presence of antiplatelet IgG antibodies in adults with newly diagnosed ITP. CRP levels and platelet counts were measured in the blood samples from a 60 ITP patient (with confirmed anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibodies), 60 infection patients (all without anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibodies) and 60 normal individuals. The bleeding score, recover time of intravenous immune globulin (IVIg) therapy and the number of megakaryocytes in bone marrow were recorded in ITP patients. The platelet count, bleeding score, recover time of intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) therapy and the number of megakaryocytes in bone marrow and CRP concentrations were compared in ITP group using Spearman's correlation coefficient. We examined the influence of intraperioneal CRP administration on antibody-mediated platelet destruction in mice. There were no statistical differences in gender, age and body mass index among the three groups (P>0.05). Though CRP levels are significantly elevated in ITP patients and infection patients (P<0.05), the platelet count was markedly lower only in ITP patients. We found that CRP was inert toward platelets without antiplatelet antibodies in this study. There are a significant correlation between CRP levels and platelet counts, bleeding severity and the number of megakaryocytes in bone marrow aspiration (r=-0.5079, r=0.5498, r=0.4172, P<0.001, respectively). Moreover, a significant correlation was observed between the recovery time of platelet count and CRP levels (r=-0.5569, P<0.001). In mice, platelet count was lower in Anti-CD41 (0.75 µg)+, CRP (200 µg) group as compared with Anti-CD41 (0.75 µg)+, CRP(-) group and Anti-CD41 (0.75 µg)-, CRP (200 µg) group (P<0.05). In summary, this study indicated that CRP levels are significantly elevated in ITP patients all with confirmed anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibodies, which is able to predict the clinical bleeding severity of ITP patients. The slower CRP levels reduction after IVIg treatment predicted slower platelet count recovery in ITP.

Expression of the significance of silent information regulator type-1 in Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma is greater association with tumorigenesis and has strong implications for adverse prognosis.

Silent information regulator type-1 (SIRT1) is the best-studied member of the Sirtuin (Sir2) family of nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent class III histone deacetylases (HDACs). Rrecently, it is suggested that SIRT1 may be involved in the development of malignant tumors including mouse lymphoma, but has not yet been explored in Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL). Therefore, we investigated the prevalence and the prognostic impact of SIRT1 expression in AITL. Immunohistochemical expression of SIRT1, p53 were evaluated by using a 2 mm core from 45 AITL patients. Positive expression of SIRT1 was seen in 71.11% (32 of 45) of patients and p53 expression were seen in 53.33% (24 of 45). SIRT1 and p53 expression were significantly associated with shorter PFS by univariate analysis (P=0.009 and P < 0.001, respectively), multivariate analysis also shows that SIRT1 expression relate to worse prognosis. We also suggest inferior survival in AITL with the combined expression of SIRT1 and clinical characteristics of high IPI scores, high clinical stage, increased serum LDH, decreased HGB and increased γ-Globulin. In conclusion, our results indicate that SIRT1 is strongly expressed in AITL and it act as a clinically significant prognostic indicator for AITL patients, may also serve as a therapeutic target in AITL.

Synergistic effect of HMGB1 knockdown and cordycepin in the K562 human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line.

The high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein is a DNA-binding nuclear protein, which is overexpressed in leukemia cells. Cordycepin is characterized by strong antileukemic properties and is regarded as an effective natural compound for leukemia therapy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of HMGB1 knockdown and cordycepin treatment on proliferation, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and adhesion of K562 human chronic myeloid leukemia cells. The Cell Counting kit­8 assay was used to determine the proliferation of K562 cells. The cell cycle and apoptosis of K562 cells was determined using flow cytometric analysis. In addition, a cell adhesion assay was performed. Western blotting was used to determine the protein expression of cyclooxygenase 2, Bax, receptor for advanced glycation end-products and Bcl­2. The data collected demonstrated that HMGB1 knockdown combined with cordycepin treatment had significant anti­proliferative and pro­apoptotic effects. In addition, it increased the ROS levels and reduced the adhesion of K562 cells. It was also identified that HMGB1 knockdown had synergistic effects with cordycepin, which aided in accelerating apoptosis, and inhibiting proliferation and adhesion in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. These results indicated that HMGB1 may be used as a potential therapeutic target, with cordycepin having potential as an auxiliary drug. Therefore, it is suggested that HMGB1 knockdown and corycepin treatement may present a promising therapeutic strategy for leukemia.

Effects of Graded Levels of Chromium Methionine on Performance, Carcass Traits, Meat Quality, Fatty Acid Profiles of Fat, Tissue Chromium Concentrations, and Antioxidant Status in Growing-Finishing Pigs.

A 97-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary chromium methionine (CrMet) on performance, carcass traits, meat quality, fatty acid profiles of fat, tissue chromium concentrations, and antioxidant status in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 180 crossbred pigs with a mean initial body weight (BW) 30.18 ± 0.28 kg were allotted to 5 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 6 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design based on BW and sex. Treatments were added with 0 (control), 100, 200, 400, and 800 µg/kg chromium as CrMet. Blood samples were obtained from the anterior vena cava on days 97. Carcass characteristics, pork quality, and tissue chromium concentration data were collected from one pig per pen. The results indicated that supplemental CrMet did not significantly affect growth performance, carcass traits, or meat amino acid profiles. Chromium at 100, 400, and 800 µg/kg decreased drip loss but increased shear force (P < 0.05). Pigs fed 100 or 400 µg/kg had a higher 24-h pH than the control (P < 0.05). While meat color, muscle moisture, crude protein, or crude fat were not affected by CrMet. Supplemental 800 µg/kg chromium reduced C18:0 levels in belly fat (P < 0.05), and chromium supplementation increased cis-9, trans 11-conjugated linoleic acid levels linearly (P < 0.05). Dietary CrMet supplementation increased serum, kidney, and muscle chromium contents (P < 0.05) but did not affect liver chromium contents. Besides, tissue chromium concentrations were increased linearly with increased chromium dosage (P < 0.05). Chromium at 400 µg/kg increased serum glutathione peroxidase activities (P < 0.05), and chromium at 800 µg/kg decreased serum total antioxidant capacity levels (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, liver and kidney antioxidant status were not significantly affected by CrMet. These results indicated that dietary supplementation CrMet did not significantly influence growth and carcass traits, but improved meat quality at the expense of tenderness. Therefore, the long-term exposure to 800 µg/kg chromium affected fatty acid compositions and reduced serum antioxidant capacity.

Knockdown of WISP1 inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in ALL Jurkat cells.

WISP1, a Wnt-induced secreted protein, has been found to have anticancer activity. ALL is a leading cause of death. Here we investigate the WISP1 effects on ALL Jurkat cells. Cell viability was assessed by CCK-8. Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was monitored using TMRM. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was quantified using DCFH-DA. Western blot was used to detect the expression of cell proliferation and apoptosis related genes. The results showed that knockdown of WISP1 significantly inhibited proliferation of Jurkat cells. Parallelly, cell cycle distribution was increased at G1 phase and apoptotic rate was induced after WISP1 knockdown. Furthermore, knockdown of WISP1 induced apoptosis of Jurkat cells was also associated with loss of MMP and generation of ROS. Western blot results showed that the protein expression p-AKT, PCNA, CDK1, P-ERK, CDK2, VEGF, VEGFR2 and Bcl2 were decreased, while the expression of Bax was up-regulated. In conclusion, WISP1 plays an important role in proliferation and apoptosis of Jurkat cells in mitochondria dependent pathway, the specific mechanisms need further study.

Effects of chromium methionine supplementation on growth performance, serum metabolites, endocrine parameters, antioxidant status, and immune traits in growing pigs.

The effects of dietary chromium methionine (CrMet) on growth performance, serum metabolites, endocrine parameters, antioxidant status, and immune traits in growing pigs were investigated. A total of 180 crossbred pigs (30.18 ± 0.28 kg initial body mass) were randomly divided into five groups, each group with six pens, six pigs per pen. Pigs were fed on the same basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 100, 200, 400, and 800 µg/kg Cr from CrMet for 35 days. The results showed that supplemental CrMet did not affect growth performance. Cr at 200-800 µg/kg significantly decreased serum glucose levels (P < 0.05), while other serum metabolites were unaffected by Cr supplementation. Serum growth hormone (GH) levels were significantly decreased by Cr addition (P < 0.05). Furthermore, serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels were linearly decreased with increased Cr dose, and a significant reduction was observed in pigs fed 800 µg/kg Cr diets (P < 0.05). Serum immunoglobulin A, G, and M concentrations were increased linearly with increased Cr dosage, and pigs fed 400 µg/kg Cr had greater serum immunoglobulin M contents (P < 0.05). Cr at 400 µg/kg significantly increased serum superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity activities (T-AOC) (P < 0.05). However, Cr at 800 µg/kg increased serum catalase activities, while decreasing serum T-AOC contents (P < 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant increase in serum malondialdehyde levels for pigs fed 800 µg/kg Cr diets (P < 0.05). These results indicated that dietary supplementation CrMet decreased serum glucose, GH, and IGF-I levels. Besides, supplemental 400 µg/kg Cr as CrMet improved serum antioxidant status and immune responses, but additional 800 µg/kg Cr resulted in lipid peroxidation in growing pigs.

Association analysis of cytokine polymorphisms and plasma level in Northern Chinese Han patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.

BACKGROUND: While the incidence of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is relatively high in Northern China, the exact mechanism of the disease remains unknown. Immunoregulatory cytokine polymorphisms can directly regulate the expression levels of cytokines, which play a crucial role in many diseases. The purpose of this study was to study cytokine gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the correlated cytokine expression levels in relationship to the PNH pathogenesis. METHODS: Peripheral blood samples were collected from 30 PNH patients and 40 healthy donors; all of the samples were collected from the Han people of Northern China. Eight SNP loci in five cytokine genes, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-10, and aplastic anemia (AA) were assessed. TNF-a, TGF-b, IFN-g, IL-6, and IL-10 were analyzed by sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR-SSP). The plasma protein levels of TNF-a, TGF-b, and IFN-g were assessed by an ELISA. RESULTS: The PNH patients had a lower frequency of the TC/GG genotype of the TGF-b gene (P < 0.01) and a higher frequency of the C allele in the TGF-b gene (+10) compared to the controls (P < 0.05). The predominant genotype of the +874 locus of the IFN-g gene was TA in the PNH patients, while that in the predominant genotype was AA in the control group and was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The frequency of the T allele in the IFN-g gene was dramatically higher in the PNH patients than in the controls (P < 0.05). The PNH patients had a reduced frequency of the GC and CC genotypes, as well as the C allele at locus -174 of the IL-6 gene compared to the controls (P < 0.01). In addition, the plasma concentrations of TNF-a, TGF-b, and IFN-g were significantly higher in the PNH group compared to the control group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Expression levels of the TNF-a, TGF-b, and IFN-g cytokines play an important role in PNH. The GC and CC genotypes, as well as the C allele of the IL-6 gene may protect the Han people of Northern China against PNH. Additionally, the TC/GG genotype of the TGF-b gene may be the protective allele. In contrast, the TA genotype and the T allele for the IFN-g gene, as well as the C allele of TGF-b may be susceptible to PNH. However, SNPs in the TNF-a and IL-10 genes did not correlate with PNH development. Alternatively, the increased plasma concentrations of TNF-a, TGF-b, and IFN-g in PNH patients may also be related to PNH development.