Nodulocystic basal cell carcinoma on the limb masquerading as vascular malformation on imaging.

Nodulocystic basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a cystic variant of BCC, which can easily be misdiagnosed. We report a case of a 52-year-old man with a nodulocystic BCC that appeared at the site of a previously excised BCC 9 years prior. It examined as a benign cyst with a radiological signature of a vascular malformation. It was histologically confirmed on fine needle aspirate (FNA) and excisional biopsy to be a nodulocystic BCC. BCC is one of the most common paraneoplastic neoplasms affecting photo-exposed areas and displaying many variants. Nodulocystic BCC is a rarer variant that may have more than one dermoscopic face and can appear macroscopically benign. Given its malignant potential, it is imperative that it is accurately diagnosed. We highlighted that nodular cystic BCC can easily be misdiagnosed. Careful history and FNA are key differentiators to establish the correct diagnosis.

Thrombotic Microangiopathy Associated with Pazopanib in a Kidney Transplant Recipient.

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is characterised by abnormalities in the walls of arterioles and capillaries, precipitated by hereditary or acquired characteristics, and culminating in microvascular thrombosis because of dysregulated complement activity. A number of drugs can precipitate TMA, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, because of their effects on endothelial repair. Pazopanib is a VEGF inhibitor used for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC); it is uncommonly associated with TMA. A 52-year-old male, 5 years post his second kidney transplant secondary to immunoglobulin (Ig) A nephropathy, presented with hypertension, fluid overload, and worsening graft function (peak creatinine 275 µmol/L, baseline 130-160 µmol/L) and nephrotic range proteinuria 2 months after commencing pazopanib for metastatic RCC. His maintenance immunosuppression included ciclosporin, mycophenolate, and prednisolone. Haematological parameters were unremarkable. Allograft biopsy demonstrated glomerular and arteriolar changes consistent with chronic active TMA, with overlying features of borderline cellular rejection. He was treated with intravenous methylprednisolone 250 mg for 3 days and commenced on irbesartan 75 mg daily. Drug-induced TMA from pazopanib was suspected, particularly given the documented association with other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). In consultation with his medical oncologist, pazopanib was ceased, and an alternate TKI cabozantinib was commenced. Serum creatinine remained <200 µmol/L 3 months after admission. This is the first reported biopsy-proven case of TMA attributed to pazopanib in a kidney transplant recipient. With increasing clinical indications for and availability of TKIs, clinicians need to be aware of their association with TMA events in kidney transplant recipients, who are already susceptible to TMA due to abnormal vasculature, infectious triggers, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, and use of calcineurin inhibitor.

Interobserver variation in the diagnosis of fibroepithelial lesions of the breast: a multicentre audit by digital pathology.

AIM: Fibroepithelial lesions (FELs) of the breast span a morphological continuum including lesions where distinction between cellular fibroadenoma (FA) and benign phyllodes tumour (PT) is difficult. The distinction is clinically important with FAs managed conservatively while equivocal lesions and PTs are managed with surgery. We sought to audit core biopsy diagnoses of equivocal FELs by digital pathology and to investigate whether digital point counting is useful in clarifying FEL diagnoses. METHOD: Scanned slide images from cores and subsequent excisions of 69 equivocal FELs were examined in a multicentre audit by eight pathologists to determine the agreement and accuracy of core needle biopsy (CNB) diagnoses and by digital point counting of stromal cellularity and expansion to determine if classification could be improved. RESULTS: Interobserver variation was high on CNB with a unanimous diagnosis from all pathologists in only eight cases of FA, diagnoses of both FA and PT on the same CNB in 15 and a 'weak' mean kappa agreement between pathologists (k=0.36). 'Moderate' agreement was observed on CNBs among breast specialists (k=0.44) and on excision samples (k=0.49). Up to 23% of lesions confidently diagnosed as FA on CNB were PT on excision and up to 30% of lesions confidently diagnosed as PT on CNB were FA on excision. Digital point counting did not aid in the classification of FELs. CONCLUSION: Accurate and reproducible diagnosis of equivocal FELs is difficult, particularly on CNB, resulting in poor interobserver agreement and suboptimal accuracy. Given the diagnostic difficulty, and surgical implications, equivocal FELs should be reported in consultation with experienced breast pathologists as a small number of benign FAs can be selected out from equivocal lesions.

Experience with standardized thyroid fine-needle aspiration reporting categories: follow-up data from 529 cases with "indeterminate" or "atypical" reports.

BACKGROUND.: A significant number of thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) cases yield inconclusive results. The recent National Cancer Institute guidelines and those published by other societies are important contributions to standardizing the diagnostic approach. Nevertheless, there are significant issues in the application of guidelines and the evaluation of their clinical efficacy. Data from individual departments can be useful in demonstrating the role of standardized reporting. METHODS.: The authors followed 529 consecutive cases with inconclusive thyroid FNA results that were analyzed in a single laboratory in Western Australia. In that laboratory, standardized reporting in categories has been in place for a decade, and inconclusive cases have been subdivided into indeterminate and atypical groups. Follow-up data was obtained for 341 indeterminate cases (17.2% of total thyroid FNA accessions) and for 188 atypical cases (9.5% of accessions). RESULTS.: In total, 127 nodules with atypical results (67.6%) underwent surgical excision compared with 131 nodules with indeterminate results (38.4%; P < .0001). In 96 excised nodules with atypical results (75.6%), the excised specimens were identified as neoplastic compared with 61 excised nodules with indeterminate results (46.6%; P < .0001). In addition, 31 excised nodules with atypical results (24.4%) had a malignancy proven compared with 17 excised nodules with indeterminate results (13%; P < .05). In addition, 51 of 82 repeat FNAs (62.2%) among patients who had indeterminate results yielded a more specific diagnosis compared with 2 of 9 repeat FNAs (22.2%) among patients who had atypical results (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS.: The routine subcategorization of patients who had inconclusive thyroid FNA reports into indeterminate and atypical groups resulted in statistically significant differences in the likelihood of neoplasia and malignancy. Patients who had indeterminate results were more likely to benefit from repeat FNAC than patients who had atypical results. The current results indicated that patients who fall into these 2 categories are likely to benefit from different clinical management protocols. Cancer Cancer Cytopathol 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.