Conceptualization of Grazing: The Psychometric Properties of The Repetitive Eating Questionnaire (Rep[eat]-Q) Turkish Form. / Çöplenme Tarzi Yeme Tutumunun Kavramsallastirilmasi: Tekrarli Yeme Ölçegi (Rep[eat]-Q) Türkçe Formu Psikometrik Özellikleri.

OBJECTIVE: Grazing, defined as the unplanned and repetitive consumption of small or moderate amounts of food without feeling hungry, has been particulary investigated in relation to insufficient weight loss or early weight regain following bariatric surgery in recent years. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Turkish form of the Repetitive Eating Scale (Rep[eat]-Q), which assesses grazing within a standardized framework. METHOD: The sample of the study consisted of a total of 491 adults, including 334 females and 157 males, with ages ranging from 17 to 62 participated in the study. The data were collected using the Rep[eat]-Q Turkish Form, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21), CES-D Depression Scale (CES-D), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7). RESULTS: Results of the confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the structure of the Rep[eat]-Q Turkish Form aligns with the original form, indicating that the scale consists of two factors named Compulsive Grazing (CG) and Repetitive Eating (RE). The internal consistency coefficients were found to be 0.93 for the total scale score, 0.91 for the RE subscale, and 0.88 for the CG subscale. The test-retest reliability ranged from 0.73 to 0.83 (p<0.001). It was found that the total score of the Rep(eat)-Q is strongly positively correlated with Emotional Eating and Uncontrolled Eating subscales of the TFEQ-R21, and moderately positively correlated with the CES-D (depression) and the GAD-7 (anxiety). CONCLUSION: The findings of the study demonstrated that the Turkish version of the Rep(eat)-Q is a reliable and valid measure to assess grazing.

Validity and Reliability Study of the Turkish Version of Focus on the Outcomes of Communication Under Six-34.

PURPOSE: Speech and language disorders can negatively affect preschool children's communicative participation skills. Focus on the Outcomes of Communication Under Six-34 (FOCUS-34) is a valid and reliable scale that evaluates communicative participation in preschool children with speech and language disorders. This study aimed to establish the Turkish version of FOCUS-34 (FOCUS-34-TR) and investigate its validity and reliability. METHOD: A total of 175 children with language disorders, speech sound disorders, and fluency disorders (aged 20-72 months) and their parents were included in the study. Parents were asked to complete the demographic information form, the FOCUS-34-TR scale, and the Ages and Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional (ASQ-SE) Turkish version. The construct validity, convergent and divergent validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability of the scale were investigated. RESULTS: The FOCUS-34-TR had high values for internal consistency (α = .97) and test-retest reliability (r = .95). The correlations between the FOCUS-34-TR total score and its subscales were between .77 and .90. A moderately significant negative correlation was found between the FOCUS-34-TR scale and the ASQ-SE. CONCLUSION: The Turkish version of FOCUS-34 is a valid and reliable scale that can be used in clinics and for research purposes to evaluate the communicative participation skills of Turkish-speaking preschool children with speech and language disorders.

Emotional and behavioural problems of children and adolescents who stutter: Comparison with typically developing peers.

PURPOSE: There are several studies showing contradictory results on concurrent emotional and behavioural problems of children and adolescents who stutter (CAWS). This study aimed to identify whether there is a difference between Turkish-speaking CAWS and their typically developing peers (TDP) in emotional and behavioural problems. METHODS: The study group consisted of 45 CAWS, aged between 3.40 and 15.92 years, and the control group consisted of 45 TDP, aged between 3.15 and 16.80 years. Participants were divided into three age groups: early childhood (0-6 years), middle childhood (7-11 years) and adolescence (12-18 years). CAWS and TDP were compared separately in each age group with Mann-Whitney U tests. Assessments of emotional and behavioural problems were conducted with the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) for Ages 1.5-5 and the CBCL for Ages 6-18. RESULTS: In early childhood, CAWS had significantly higher emotional reactivity, anxiety/depression, somatic complaints, withdrawal, sleep problems, attention problems and aggressive behaviour scores than TDP. In middle childhood and adolescence, CAWS had significantly higher anxiety/depression, withdrawal/depression, social problems, attention problems, rule-breaking behaviour and aggressive behaviour scores compared to TDP. In adolescence, somatic problems and thought problems scores were also significantly higher in AWS than TDP. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that emotional and behavioural problems associated with stuttering are noticeable from early childhood to adolescence. Cooperation with mental health professionals may be needed to improve the quality of speech therapy in CAWS.