The relationship between basic need satisfaction and emotional eating.

Eating in response to emotions may lead to the consumption of excessive calories which typically leads to weight gain. This study examined the relationship between basic need satisfaction as identified by Maslow's hierarchy and emotional eating. According to Modeling and Role-Modeling theory, when lack of basic need satisfaction functions as a stressor, individuals may be more likely to engage in emotional eating as a substitute for fulfilling their needs in order to maintain homeostasis. The Basic Need Satisfaction Inventory (BNSI) had a strong, negative correlation (r = -.49; p < .001) to the Emotional Eating Scale (EES) indicating that the lower the level of basic need satisfaction, the more likely one engaged in emotional eating. In predicting EES score, 27.7% of the variance was explained by the self-esteem subscale of BNSI. This study supports looking at underlying issues contributing to weight gain in order to develop effective interventions for weight management.

Weight management practices among primary care providers.

This pilot study examined how primary care providers manage patients with weight problems, an important component of primary care. A convenience sample of 17 nurse practitioners and 15 physicians were surveyed about assessments and interventions used in practice for weight management along with perceived barriers to providing effective weight management. Practice patterns between gender, profession and practice setting of the nurse practitioners were compared.

Using a women's health perspective to guide decisions made in quantitative research.

Women's health, as an emerging area of nursing scholarship, is based on a set of philosophical assumptions. These assumptions are: (i) women's health can best be understood by examining women's lived experiences within a specific context; (ii) gender bias must be avoided; (iii) the focus should be on health rather than illness; and (iv) non-exploitative relationships should be established between the researcher and research participants. Assumptions from a women's health perspective can be used by researchers to guide decisions made in conducting research with women. In order to strengthen the correspondent validity (i.e., the fit between theory and methods), research decisions need to be consistent with the philosophical assumptions of the inquiry. Examples of quantitative research decisions influenced by a women's health perspective are illustrated using a study of binge eating in women.

Eating patterns in women with multiple sclerosis.

For persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), good nutrition has the potential to enhance quality of life and reduce the risk of lifestyle diseases and secondary conditions. The purpose of this study was to describe nutritional intake of women with MS and to determine what factors influenced their intake. Based on 3-day food diary data, participants had an inadequate intake (< 10% lower than recommended) of carbohydrates, dietary fiber, vitamin E, calcium and zinc. In contrast, they consumed saturated fat, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, folate and iron at higher levels than recommended. Age was significantly related to nutritional intake with older women consuming fewer calories, total fat and saturated fat. Despite evidence supporting the importance of following recommended nutritional guidelines, nutritional intake for participants in this study was not optimum in many important areas. This study supports the need for interventions to promote good nutrition among persons with MS.

Using self-care strategies to make lifestyle changes.

Self-care in health promotion includes developing the skills needed to devise, implement, evaluate, and revise an individualized plan for lifestyle change. Using content analysis, this study examined the strategies chosen by participants (N = 95) to initiate a lifestyle change, as well as the barriers they identified to change. Goal achievement and effectiveness of the strategies chosen were evaluated at 5 and 10 weeks. Using self-care strategies to make lifestyle changes, 42.1% had achieved their goal and 49.5% had partly achieved their goal by Week 10. Social support, tailoring strategies, self-monitoring, medication, and cue restriction were considered the most effective strategies. Being able to individualize the strategies was most important to goal achievement, followed by having a specific goal, planning for barriers, and being able to make revisions.

Caloric intake patterns of nonpurge binge-eating women.

Daily caloric intake of nonpurge binge-eating women was monitored over 28 days using food diaries to determine how caloric intake patterns were related to binge eating. The majority of participants had extreme fluctuations in daily caloric intake. Caloric intake for both nonbinge days and days preceding the highest-calorie binge days was significantly lower than caloric intake on binge days and highest-calorie binge days. The lower caloric intake was not low enough to cause physiological deprivation. Although there was not physiological deprivation of calories, the individual may have felt that she ate less than desired, which may have contributed to subsequent binge eating.

The relationship between binge eating severity and body fat in nonpurge binge eating women.

The relationship between binge eating severity, measured by caloric intake, and amount of body fat, measured by percent of body fat and body mass index (BMI) was examined in nonpurge binge eating women. Although there was a low, but significant, relationship between binge eating severity and BMI, the relationship was not significant between binge eating severity and percent of body fat. Age and weight cycling were the best predictors for percent of body fat, while weight cycling alone was the best predictor for BMI. It cannot be assumed that caloric intake during binge eating is the central cause of obesity in nonpurge binge eating women.

Characterisation of progeny from backcrosses of triploid hybrids between Hordeum vulgare L. (2x) and H. bulbosum L (4x) to H. vulgare.

Interspecific hybridisations between Hordeum vulgare L. (cultivated barley) and H. bulbosum L. (bulbous barley grass) have been carried out to transfer desirable traits, such as disease resistance, from the wild species into barley. In this paper we report the results of an extensive backcrossing programme of triploid hybrids (H. vulgare 2x x H. bulbosum 4x) to two cultivars of H. vulgare. Progenies were characterised cytologically and by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and comprised (1) haploid and diploid H. vulgare plants, (2) hybrids and aneuploids, (3) single and double monosomic substitutions of H. bulbosum chromosomes into H. vulgare and (4) chromosomal rearrangements and recombinants. Five out of the seven possible single monosomic chromosome substitutions have now been identified amongst backcross progeny and will be valuable for directed gene introgression and genome homoeology studies. The presence amongst progeny of 1 plant with an H. vulgare-H. bulbosum translocated chromosome and one recombinant indicates the value of fertile triploid hybrids for interspecific gene introgression.

Linkage analysis of er-1, a recessive Pisum sativum gene for resistance to powdery mildew fungus (Erysiphe pisi D.C.).

Linkage analysis was used to determine the genetic map location of er-1, a recessive gene conditioning resistance to powdery mildew, on the Pisum sativum genome. Genetic linkage was demonstrated between er-1 and linkage group 6 markers after analyzing the progeny of two crosses, an F2 population and a set of recombinant inbred lines. The classes of genetic markers surrounding er-1 include RFLP, RAPD and allozyme markers as well as the morphological marker Gty. A RAPD marker tightly linked to er-1 was identified by bulked segregant analysis. After DNA sequence characterization, specific PCR primers were designed to convert this RAPD marker into a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR).

Characterization of Hordeum vulgare - Hordeum bulbosum chromosome substitution lines by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.

Plants obtained from crosses between Hordeum vulgare and H. bulbosum were previously analyzed cytologically and for isozyme composition. They were identified as possessing substitutions of one or more H. vulgare chromosomes by their H. bulbosum homoeologues. To confirm their constitution and assess the merits of molecular techniques, chromosome-specific probes developed for the Triticeae were hybridized to Southern blots of DNA extracted from these plants and their parents. The hybridization patterns in the substitution plants confirmed that particular chromosomes of H. vulgare were replaced by their H. bulbosum homoeologues. For most probes, heterozygosity between pairs of H. bulbosum chromosomes was recorded. A possible duplication involving H. bulbosum homoeologues of barley chromosomes 4 and 7 was observed. Although molecular and cytological methods for analyzing chromosomally engineered plants are complementary, molecular probes may uncover differences not discernible using light microscopy or isozyme analysis.

Linkage mapping of sbm-1, a gene conferring resistance to pea seed-borne mosaic virus, using molecular markers in Pisum sativum.

The location of sbm-1 on the Pisum sativum genetic map was determined by linkage analysis with eight syntenic molecular markers. Analysis of the progeny of two crosses confirmed that sbm-1 is on chromosome 6 and permitted a more detailed map of this chromosome to be constructed. The inclusion of Fed-1 and Prx-3 among the markers facilitated the comparison of our map with the classical genetic map of pea. The sbm-1 gene is most closely linked to RFLP marker GS185, being separated by a distance of about 8 cM. To determine the practical value of GS185 as a marker for sbm-1 in plant breeding programs, the GS185 hybridization pattern and virus-resistance phenotype were compared in of a collection of breeding lines and cultivars. Three GS185 hybridization patterns were discerned among the lines. A strong association was found between one of these patterns and resistance to PSbMV.

A concept analysis of intimacy.

This concept analysis examines how the concept of intimacy has been defined in the scholarly literature in order to determine what characteristics or necessary conditions exist that differentiate this phenomenon from all other phenomena. The objective of this concept analysis is to derive a theoretical definition of intimacy that can then be used to operationalize the concept for research. Intimacy is of significance to psychiatric nursing theory because (a) intimacy has been identified as being important to the psychosocial development of adults; (b) intimacy plays a developmental role in identity formation, through the consensual validation of personal worth by providing individuals with the opportunity to feel understood and accepted as they are, within the relationship; (c) research indicates that married couples reporting a deficiency or an absence of intimacy have a significantly higher proportion of symptoms of a nonpsychotic emotional illness; (d) failure to develop intimacy in relationships has been identified as one of the most common factors for seeking outpatient psychotherapy; and (e) intimacy has been identified as a key component in individuals' satisfaction with their social support. The theoretical definition for intimacy is this: a quality of a relationship in which the individuals must have reciprocal feelings of trust and emotional closeness toward each other and are able to openly communicate thoughts and feelings with each other. The conditions that must be met for intimacy to occur include reciprocity of trust, emotional closeness, and self-disclosure. As the literature does not uniformly incorporate physical intimacy as a necessary condition for the concept of intimacy, physical closeness was not incorporated into the definition.

Nucleotide sequence of the coat protein gene of pea seed-borne mosaic potyvirus.

The nucleotide sequence of a 1355 bp cDNA representing the 3'-terminal sequences of pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) was determined. This sequence contained a single long open reading frame (ORF) of 1189 bp ending with a single TAA termination codon. Downstream from the ORF was an untranslatable region of 189 bp followed by eight bp of polyadenylate. The probable location of the PSbMV coat protein codons within the long ORF was determined by comparing the inferred amino acid sequence with other potyviral coat protein sequences and by examining the sequence for a potyviral polyprotein cleavage cassette sequence. Direct chemical sequencing of the PSbMV coat protein revealed it to be blocked at its amino terminus. A partial amino acid sequence representing the N terminus of the protease-resistant core of the coat protein was determined, however. Alignment of the PSbMV coat protein sequence and the sequences of seven other potyviral coat proteins revealed significant homology, ranging from 53.7% for potato virus Y strain D to 43.2% for tobacco vein mottling virus.

Nucleotide sequence of the coat protein gene of a necrotic strain of potato virus Y from New Zealand.

The sequence of the 3'-terminal 1,134 nucleotides of the genome of a New Zealand isolate of a necrotic strain of potato virus Y (PVYN) has been determined. This sequence contains one large open reading frame of 796 nucleotides, the start of which was not identified, which is capable of encoding a protein of 264 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 29,631. Comparison of the amino acid sequence with a published coat protein sequence of another strain, PVY-D, and with the amino acid sequence deduced from PeMV cDNA sequence data, confirms that the 3' cistron encodes the viral coat protein in PVYN. Adjacent to the 3' end of the coding region there is an untranslatable sequence of 326 nucleotides terminating in a polyadenylate tract. An alignment of the PVYN amino acid sequence with the coat protein sequences of six other potyviruses revealed significant sequence similarities in the internal and carboxy terminal regions. Much amino acid sequence similarity was found between PVYN, PVY-D, and PeMV (91-93%), suggesting that PeMV should be regarded as a PVY strain. An analysis of the 3'-untranslated region of the six potyviruse revealed PVYN and PeMV as the only viruses displaying sequence similarity in this region. The 3'-untranslated sequences of PVYN and PeMV were further examined for secondary structure.