Differential Expression of Mucin in Salivary Gland Tumours.

Background and Objectives: Mucin has been implicated via various mechanisms in the development and growth of tumour cells. However, mucin expression studies in salivary gland tumours are limited, especially with samples from minor salivary glands. This study aims to investigate and compare mucin expression in benign and malignant salivary gland tumours of minor and major salivary gland origins. Materials and Methods: Special stains were used to stain neutral mucin (Periodic acid Schiff), sialomucin (Alcian Blue) and sulfomucin (Aldehyde Fuschin) within tissues from six normal salivary glands and 73 salivary gland tumours including 31 pleomorphic adenomas, 27 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, and 15 adenoid cystic carcinomas. A semi-quantitative approach was used to evaluate mucin expression within ductal lumens. Sialomucin was the most expressed mucin in all salivary gland tumours, regardless of origin. Results: A significant difference was observed in the mucin expression between benign and malignant salivary gland tumours, as pleomorphic adenoma showed three times significantly higher expression of sialomucin compared to mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma (p = 0.028). Pleomorphic adenomas of major glands showed 42 times significantly higher expression of sialomucin compared to those of minor glands (p = 0.000). Conclusions: Sialomucin content in pleomorphic adenomas of major glands was vastly increased compared to that in minor glands. Differential sialomucin expression in benign and malignant salivary gland tumours suggests a role in diagnosing of borderline salivary gland tumours.

Renal metastasis of osteosarcoma after multiple pulmonary metastases: A case report and review of literature.

Renal metastasis of osteosarcoma is a rare entity, with paucity of reported cases in the literature. We report a case of a 20-year-old gentleman who was diagnosed with right distal femur osteosarcoma, complicated with multiple pulmonary recurrences. At two-year-and-a-half interval post-treatment completion, the patient developed right flank pain and frank haematuria. Contrasted abdominal computed tomography revealed a right renal mass with calcification and perinephric haematoma. A right radical nephrectomy was undertaken and histopathological examination showed metastatic condroblastic osteosarcoma. A literature review on renal metastasis secondary to osteosarcoma was performed and we present a report and discussion of these cases.

Cutaneous manifestations of patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: A retrospective review of a tertiary referral centre with clinicopathological correlation.

INTRODUCTION: The majority of patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) will have cutaneous manifestation during their disease course. We report the spectrum of cutaneous manifestations and clinicopathological concordance in the diagnosis of skin diseases in patients with HIV. METHODS: A retrospective review of all cutaneous manifestations of HIV-infected patients with skin biopsy-proven histopathological confirmation, treated in the University of Malaya Medical Centre, from 2016 till 2018, was performed. Clinical characteristics and histopathological correlation of these patients were reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 38 cases were included where the median age was 40.5 (interquartile range (IQR) 13.3). The median duration of HIV diagnosis to the development of skin disease was 3 years (IQR 7.8). Majority of our patients were male (89.5%, n = 34), and the commonest mode of transmission is men who have sex with men (36.8%, n = 14). Most patients (92.1%, n = 35) had Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome when they presented with skin diseases, predominantly non-infectious types (51.4%, n = 19). Commonest skin diseases include eczema (n = 7) and pruritic papular eruption of HIV (n = 6). Papules and plaques were the commonest morphology for both infectious and non-infectious skin diseases. Duration of HIV diagnosis (P = 0.018) and non-compliance to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) (P = 0.014) were significantly associated with the development of non-infectious skin diseases. Overall, clinicopathological concordance was 84.2% in our centre. CONCLUSION: A wide spectrum of cutaneous diseases can occur in HIV patients depending on the degree of immunosuppression. skin biopsy along with appropriate stains, and microbiological cultures are important in helping clinicians clinch the right diagnosis.

A Simple Bone Cyst Requiring Exenteration: A Case Report With Literature Review.

Simple bone cyst is a benign osteolytic lesion, found primarily in the mandible, occasionally in the maxilla, and rarely in the zygoma. A 17-year-old male patient with 6-month history of left facial mass presented with worsening proptosis and displacement of left eyeball associated with reduced OS vision. The lesion was painless to start with, but with time, he reported OS pain. There was no history of any trauma. CT scan and MRI of orbit performed revealed cystic bony lesion involving greater wing of sphenoid. He subsequently had excision of the left facial mass with exenteration of OS due to poor visual prognosis, followed by reconstruction with osteomyocutaneous flap from left scapular region. The histopathologic features were consistent with a diagnosis of simple bone cyst of zygomatic arch.

Characteristics of skin cancers among adult patients in an urban Malaysian population.

There has been a rising incidence of skin cancers among Asians in recent years. We present a retrospective analysis of 106 skin cancers and analysed the demography, clinical subtypes of skin cancers and surgical techniques used for skin cancer treatment. In our population, skin cancers were most frequently basal cell carcinomas and diagnosed among ethnic Chinese patients.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinomas in a Malaysian cohort show a lack of association with human papillomavirus.

OBJECTIVE: With an age-standardized incidence rate of 2 per 100 000, esophageal cancer is not common among Malaysians, but they are nevertheless important due to its poor prognosis. The study is to clarify whether the human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with esophageal cancer in Malaysians as there has been no report to date on this in Malaysians and other South East Asians. METHODS: Altogether 67 esophageal squamous cell carcinomas histologically diagnosed between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2014 at the Department of Pathology, University of Malaya Medical Center, Malaysia were considered for HPV analysis using two commercially available methods, polymerase chain reaction with flow-through hybridization (21 HPV GenoArray Diagnostic Kit) and multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (Anyplex II HPV28 Detection). The DNA amplifiability of the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor was checked by amplification of a 268 bp segment of the human ß-globin gene (GH20/PC04) prior to HPV detection. RESULTS: HPV detection was finally carried out in 51 patients. HPV16 was detected in the moderately differentiated, stage IV lower esophageal tumor of a 32-year-old Malaysian-born Chinese woman by both methods. Except for a predilection for Indians, the clinical characteristics of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas in this Malaysian cohort were generally similar to those of other populations. CONCLUSION: It appears that HPV is rare and an unlikely oncovirus in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas of Malaysians.