RESUMO
ABSTRACT: A case of congenital syphilis due to multiple missed opportunities, highlights the challenges of treating syphilis during pregnancy. Although cases are increasing in the United States, congenital syphilis, a disease with devastating consequences, is preventable.
Assuntos
Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Sífilis Congênita , Sífilis , Atenção à Saúde , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Sífilis/diagnóstico , Sífilis/tratamento farmacológico , Sífilis Congênita/diagnóstico , Sífilis Congênita/tratamento farmacológico , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Gonorrhea is the second most common nationally notifiable infectious disease in the United States. Rates have been increasing nationally as have antibiotic-resistant isolates. Both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization have recognized antibiotic-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae as a major public health threat and have warned of the emerging threat of "untreatable" gonorrhea. Hawai'i has been on the front lines nationally for gonococcal antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance due to its long-standing, statewide gonococcal isolate surveillance program coupled with antibiotic susceptibility testing of all isolates, and Hawai'i's geographic location between Asia where drug-resistant strains originate, and the continental United States. This article highlights emerging trends in and current status of antibiotic resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae from a national and Hawai'i perspective.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Gonorreia/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Azitromicina/administração & dosagem , Ceftriaxona/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Gonorreia/diagnóstico , Gonorreia/tratamento farmacológico , Havaí , Humanos , Masculino , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
An atypical early primary syphilis case presentation with multiple umbilicated papular lesions on the penis and a nonreactive syphilis serology was misdiagnosed as molluscum contagiosum. Over a period of eight weeks, prior to dermatologic consultation, the papules enlarged, ulcerated, and healed. New plaque and patch formation on the penis and scrotum led to a differential diagnosis of inverse psoriasis vs. syphilis. Histological examination of a shave biopsy specimen revealed numerous Treponema pallidum organisms and repeat syphilis serological test results confirmed a syphilis diagnosis. Lesions responded to treatment with benzathine penicillin. One must keep a high index of suspicion for syphilis in light of its diverse presentation and increasing incidence.
Assuntos
Doenças do Pênis/diagnóstico , Úlcera Cutânea/diagnóstico , Sífilis/diagnóstico , Treponema pallidum/isolamento & purificação , Biópsia , Cancro/microbiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Penicilina G Benzatina/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Pênis/tratamento farmacológico , Pênis/patologia , Escroto/patologia , Pele/patologia , Úlcera Cutânea/patologia , Sífilis/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) currently recommends dual therapy with ceftriaxone and azithromycin for gonorrhea to ensure effective treatment and slow emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Since 2013, the prevalence of reduced azithromycin susceptibility increased in the United States; however, these strains were highly susceptible to cephalosporins. We identified a cluster of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with high-level azithromycin resistance, several of which also demonstrated decreased ceftriaxone susceptibility. METHODS: Eight N. gonorrhoeae isolates collected from 7 patients on Oahu, Hawaii, seen 21 April 2016 through 10 May 2016 underwent routine Etest antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the Hawaii Department of Health. All demonstrated elevated azithromycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) >256 µg/mL and elevated ceftriaxone MICs (≥0.125 µg/mL). Isolates were sent to the University of Washington and CDC for confirmatory agar dilution testing; sequence data were sent to CDC for analysis. All patients were interviewed and treated, and when possible, partners were interviewed, tested, and treated. RESULTS: All isolates had azithromycin MICs >16 µg/mL and 5 had ceftriaxone MICs = 0.125 µg/mL by agar dilution. All isolates were ß-lactamase positive and were resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. Genomic analysis revealed genetic relatedness. No patients reported recent travel or antibiotic use, and no male patients reported male sex partners. All patients were successfully treated. CONCLUSIONS: This cluster of genetically related gonococcal isolates with decreased ceftriaxone susceptibility and high-level azithromycin resistance may bring the threat of treatment failure in the United States with the current recommended dual therapy one step closer.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Azitromicina/farmacologia , Ceftriaxona/farmacologia , Busca de Comunicante , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Gonorreia/microbiologia , Gonorreia/transmissão , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Azitromicina/uso terapêutico , Ceftriaxona/uso terapêutico , Ciprofloxacina/farmacologia , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Gonorreia/tratamento farmacológico , Havaí , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/enzimologia , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/genética , Penicilinas/farmacologia , Tetraciclina/farmacologia , Adulto Jovem , beta-Lactamases/metabolismoRESUMO
During 2016, eight Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from 7 patients in Hawaii were resistant to azithromycin; 5 had decreased in vitro susceptibility to ceftriaxone. Genomic analysis demonstrated a distinct phylogenetic clade when compared with local contemporary strains. Continued evolution and widespread transmission of these strains might challenge the effectiveness of current therapeutic options.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Azitromicina/farmacologia , Ceftriaxona/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Gonorreia/epidemiologia , Gonorreia/microbiologia , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/efeitos dos fármacos , Genoma Bacteriano , Havaí/epidemiologia , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/classificação , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/genética , Filogenia , Doenças Bacterianas Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Doenças Bacterianas Sexualmente Transmissíveis/microbiologiaRESUMO
We present a case report of a false-negative syphilis treponemal enzyme immunoassay test result in an HIV-infected male. While treponemal tests are widely considered to be more sensitive and specific than non-treponemal tests, our findings point to potential challenges using the reverse sequence syphilis screening algorithm.