Spatial analysis of hospital-related mortality due to COVID-19 among children and adolescents in Brazil.

The objective was to perform a spatial analysis of the hospital mortality rate (HMR) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) attributed to COVID-19 among children and adolescents in Brazil from 2020 to 2021. A cluster method was used to group federal units (FUs) based on HMR. In 2020, clusters with high HMRs were formed by north/northeast FUs. In 2021, there was a reduction in HMR. Clusters with higher rates remained in the N/NE region. Regional differences were observed in the HMR. The findings may reflect social inequalities and access to hospital care, especially in the under 1-year-old age group due to the severity of the disease in this group.

Spatial analysis of hospital-related mortality due to COVID-19 among children and adolescents in Brazil / Análise espacial da mortalidade hospitalar por COVID-19 em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil

Abstract The objective was to perform a spatial analysis of the hospital mortality rate (HMR) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) attributed to COVID-19 among children and adolescents in Brazil from 2020 to 2021. A cluster method was used to group federal units (FUs) based on HMR. In 2020, clusters with high HMRs were formed by north/northeast FUs. In 2021, there was a reduction in HMR. Clusters with higher rates remained in the N/NE region. Regional differences were observed in the HMR. The findings may reflect social inequalities and access to hospital care, especially in the under 1-year-old age group due to the severity of the disease in this group.

Resumo Objetivou-se realizar uma análise espacial da taxa de mortalidade hospitalar (TMH) por síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) atribuída à COVID-19 em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil no período de 2020 a 2021. Utilizou-se o método de cluster para agrupar as unidades federativas (UFs) com base na TMH. Em 2020, clusters com altas TMHs foram formados por UFs Norte/Nordeste. Em 2021, houve redução na TMH. Os clusters com maiores taxas permaneceram na região N/NE. Diferenças regionais foram observadas nas TMHs. Os achados podem refletir as desigualdades sociais e o acesso à atenção hospitalar, principalmente na faixa etária de menores de 1 ano pela gravidade da doença neste grupo.

Indicators of the National Immunization Program for children under one year old: time trend in Maranhão, Brazil, 2010 to 2021. / Indicadores do Programa Nacional de Imunizações em menores de um ano: tendência temporal no Maranhão, Brasil, 2010 a 2021.

We aimed to analyze the trend of indicators of the National Immunization Program (acronym in Portuguese. PNI) in children under one-year-old and classify municipalities regarding the risk of transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases (RTVPD) in Maranhão from 2010 to 2021. This ecological time series study was based on secondary data on vaccination coverage (VC). vaccination coverage homogeneity (VCH). proportion of abandonment (PA). and RTVPD. with state coverage for vaccines in the national children's calendar. Prais-Winsten regression estimated trends (α=5%) and the indicators' annual percentage change (APC). We identified fluctuating and discrepant VC between vaccines. with a decreasing trend (p < 0.01). except those against Hepatitis B (p = 0.709) and oral human rotavirus (p = 0.143). The sharpest falls were for Yellow Fever (APC = 12.24%) and BCG (APC = 12.25%) vaccines. All VCH rates were lower than expected. with a drop from 2014 and APC between 5.75% (Pneumococcal 10; p = 0.033) and 14.02% (Poliomyelitis; p < 0.01). We observed an increasing trend in PA for Pentavalent (APC = 4.91%; p < 0.01) and Poliomyelitis (APC = 3.55%; p < 0.01). We identified an increase of 52.54% in the proportion of municipalities in Maranhão from 2015 to 2021. with extremely high (p = 0.025) and high (p = 0.028) RTVPD. The PNI indicators deteriorated. reaffirming the susceptibility to the emergence of vaccine-preventable diseases.

Objetivou-se analisar a tendência dos indicadores do Programa Nacional de Imunizações (PNI) em menores de um ano e classificar os municípios quanto ao risco de transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis (RTDIp) no Maranhão de 2010 a 2021. Estudo ecológico de série temporal, baseado em dados secundários de cobertura vacinal (CV), homogeneidade de cobertura vacinal (HCV), proporção de abandono (PA) e RTDIp, com abrangência estadual, para vacinas do calendário nacional infantil. Regressão de Prais-Winstein estimou tendência (α = 5%) e variação percentual anual (VPA) dos indicadores. Houve CV flutuantes e discrepantes entre as vacinas, com tendência decrescente (p < 0,01), exceto contra hepatite B (p = 0,709) e rotavírus (p = 0,143). As quedas mais acentuadas foram para as vacinas contra febre amarela e BCG. Todas as taxas de HCV estavam abaixo do esperado, com a diminuição a partir de 2014 e VPA de 5,75% a 14,02%. Houve tendência crescente da PA para pentavalente e poliomielite. No período de 2015 e 2021 houve incremento de 52,54% na proporção dos municípios maranhenses com RTDIp muito alto (p = 0,025) e alto (p = 0,028). Ao longo de 12 anos, houve piora dos indicadores do PNI em menores de um ano, reafirmando a suscetibilidade para o surgimento de doenças imunopreveníveis.

Indicadores do Programa Nacional de Imunizações em menores de um ano: tendência temporal no Maranhão, Brasil, 2010 a 2021 / Indicators of the National Immunization Program for children under one year old: time trend in Maranhão, Brazil, 2010 to 2021

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar a tendência dos indicadores do Programa Nacional de Imunizações (PNI) em menores de um ano e classificar os municípios quanto ao risco de transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis (RTDIp) no Maranhão de 2010 a 2021. Estudo ecológico de série temporal, baseado em dados secundários de cobertura vacinal (CV), homogeneidade de cobertura vacinal (HCV), proporção de abandono (PA) e RTDIp, com abrangência estadual, para vacinas do calendário nacional infantil. Regressão de Prais-Winstein estimou tendência (α = 5%) e variação percentual anual (VPA) dos indicadores. Houve CV flutuantes e discrepantes entre as vacinas, com tendência decrescente (p < 0,01), exceto contra hepatite B (p = 0,709) e rotavírus (p = 0,143). As quedas mais acentuadas foram para as vacinas contra febre amarela e BCG. Todas as taxas de HCV estavam abaixo do esperado, com a diminuição a partir de 2014 e VPA de 5,75% a 14,02%. Houve tendência crescente da PA para pentavalente e poliomielite. No período de 2015 e 2021 houve incremento de 52,54% na proporção dos municípios maranhenses com RTDIp muito alto (p = 0,025) e alto (p = 0,028). Ao longo de 12 anos, houve piora dos indicadores do PNI em menores de um ano, reafirmando a suscetibilidade para o surgimento de doenças imunopreveníveis.

Abstract We aimed to analyze the trend of indicators of the National Immunization Program (acronym in Portuguese. PNI) in children under one-year-old and classify municipalities regarding the risk of transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases (RTVPD) in Maranhão from 2010 to 2021. This ecological time series study was based on secondary data on vaccination coverage (VC). vaccination coverage homogeneity (VCH). proportion of abandonment (PA). and RTVPD. with state coverage for vaccines in the national children's calendar. Prais-Winsten regression estimated trends (α=5%) and the indicators' annual percentage change (APC). We identified fluctuating and discrepant VC between vaccines. with a decreasing trend (p < 0.01). except those against Hepatitis B (p = 0.709) and oral human rotavirus (p = 0.143). The sharpest falls were for Yellow Fever (APC = 12.24%) and BCG (APC = 12.25%) vaccines. All VCH rates were lower than expected. with a drop from 2014 and APC between 5.75% (Pneumococcal 10; p = 0.033) and 14.02% (Poliomyelitis; p < 0.01). We observed an increasing trend in PA for Pentavalent (APC = 4.91%; p < 0.01) and Poliomyelitis (APC = 3.55%; p < 0.01). We identified an increase of 52.54% in the proportion of municipalities in Maranhão from 2015 to 2021. with extremely high (p = 0.025) and high (p = 0.028) RTVPD. The PNI indicators deteriorated. reaffirming the susceptibility to the emergence of vaccine-preventable diseases.

Desigualdades macrorregionais na atenção primária ao Diabetes Mellitus: comparação dos três ciclos do PMAQ-AB / Diabetes Mellitus macro-regional inequalities in PHC: comparing the three PMAQ-AB cycles

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi identificar desigualdades macrorregionais relacionadas à estrutura e ao processo de trabalho para o atendimento do Diabetes Mellitus (DM) na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) ao longo dos três ciclos do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB) no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, longitudinal, de abrangência nacional, com dados secundários dos três ciclos do PMAQ-AB. Os dados foram comparados entre as macrorregiões brasileiras utilizando o teste t com a correção de Bonferroni. As regiões Norte e Nordeste apresentaram os menores percentuais de adequação nos itens de estrutura: dependências da unidade (<74%), acessibilidade ao cadeirante (<63%), horário especial de funcionamento (<16%), equipe ampliada (<12%) e insumos (<89%) em todos os ciclos do PMAQ-AB, quando comparadas às demais regiões. Já os itens relacionados ao processo de trabalho apresentaram pouca variação entre as regiões, e os que apresentaram percentuais médios ≤ 75% de adequação foram: agenda especializada (41%, 33%, 41%), apoio matricial (58%, 72%, 70%), oferta e resolubilidade de ações (62%, 64%, 75%) e educação permanente (35%, 42%, 58%). Ainda existe a necessidade de investimentos na estrutura e em melhorias no processo de trabalho das equipes, principalmente nas macrorregiões Norte e Nordeste.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify macro-regional structure and work process inequalities for Diabetes Mellitus (DM) treatment in Primary Health Care (PHC) throughout the three cycles of the National Program for Access and Quality Improvement of Primary Care (PMAQ-AB) in Brazil. This ecological, longitudinal, nationwide study employed secondary data from the three PMAQ-AB cycles. The data were compared between the Brazilian macro-regions using the t-test with Bonferroni correction. The North and Northeast had the lowest percentages of adequacy in the structure items: unit premises (<74%), wheelchair user accessibility (<63%), special opening hours (<16%), expanded teams (<12%), and supplies (<89%) in all PMAQ-AB cycles when compared to other regions. The items related to the work process barely varied between regions, and those with mean adequacy percentages ≤ 75% were specialized agenda (41%, 33%, 41%), matrix support (58%, 72%, 70 %), offer and resolution of actions (62%, 64%, 75%) and continuing education (35%, 42%, 58%). Investments are still required in the structure and improvement in the teams' work process, especially in the North and Northeast macro-regions.

[Spatial analysis of the quality of Primary Health Care services in reducing child mortality]. / Análise espacial da qualidade dos serviços de Atenção Primária à Saúde na redução da mortalidade infantil.

This study sought to analyze the correlation of the quality of Primary Health Care services in reducing child mortality, via geoprocessing. It involved an ecological study, with a cross-sectional approach, in which secondary data from all 5,565 Brazilian municipalities were used to analyze the infant mortality rate (IMR) and cause of infant death. The data related to IMR was obtained from the Mortality Information System. For the spatial analysis, 5,011 municipalities were included. The clustering analyses were performed using GEODA software and the spatial regression analyses were performed using ARCGIS 10.5 software. In Brazil, there was a 45.07% reduction in IMR between the years 2000 and 2015. The greatest reduction occurred in the northeastern region of the country, although it is still the region with the highest IMR. Of the 749 municipalities analyzed in the differential cluster for infant death, 153 had high IMR. The areas with the greatest increase in IMR were found in the North and Northeast regions. In Brazil, IMR proved to be inversely associated with the accessibility to high complexity services, health management strata and population size, reference for childbirth, live birth rate, per capita income and unemployment rate. A progressive reduction in IMR was recorded between 2000 and 2015.

Objetivou-se analisar a correlação da qualidade dos serviços da Atenção Primária na redução da mortalidade infantil, através do geoprocessamento. Um estudo ecológico, de abordagem transversal, em que foram utilizados dados secundários de todos os 5.565 municípios brasileiros para análise da taxa de mortalidade infantil (TMI) e causa de óbito infantil. Os dados da TMI foram obtidos no Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade. Para a análise espacial, incluímos 5.011 municípios. As análises de clusterização ocorreram no software GEODA e as análises de regressão espacial no ARCGIS 10.5. No Brasil houve uma redução de 45,07% da TMI entre os anos 2000 e 2015. A maior redução ocorreu na região nordeste do país, apesar de ainda ser a região com maior número na TMI. Dos 749 municípios analisados no cluster diferencial para óbito infantil, 153 apresentaram alta TMI. As áreas com maior expansão de alta TMI foram encontradas nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. No Brasil, a TMI mostrou-se inversamente associada à acessibilidade aos serviços de alta complexidade, ao estrato da gestão em saúde e porte populacional, à referência para o parto, à taxa de nascidos vivos, à renda per capita e à taxa de desemprego. Verificou-se uma crescente redução da TMI entre o período de 2000 a 2015.

Representação social sobre o aprendizado de estudantesdeOdontologia da Universidade Federal do Maranhão inseridos em Estágio Curricular na Atenção Primária à Saúde / Social representation on the learning of dentistry students from the Federal University of Maranhão includedin the curricular internship in Primary Health Care

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a representação social sobre o aprendizadode estudantes do curso de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Maranhão,ao finalde um estágio curricularno contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde,e comparar os resultadoscom as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais vigentes. Foi realizado um estudo de natureza qualitativa, por meio de um questionário, instrumento utilizado para avaliar o estágio, do qual somente a primeira questão era de interesse para este estudo. Nessa questãoera solicitado ao aluno queevocasse,em ordem crescente de importância,cinco palavras que demonstrassem seu aprendizado ao fim do estágio. O questionário foi preenchido pelos egressos do 5º período entre 2016 e 2019, totalizando 100 avaliações.Foi considerada uma abordagem estrutural e Análise Prototípica, na qual se considera a frequência e a ordem das palavras, compondo um núcleo central e periferias. Osoftware utilizado, o OpenEVOC®, identificou 500 termos evocadose 10 que formaram a representação social. O núcleo central foi composto pelos termos: planejamento, conhecimento e gestão; a primeira periferia: organização; na zona de contraste: territorialização e humanização; e segunda periferia: comprometimento, realidade, paciência e metas. As evocações sugerem que o estágiofoicomposto por atividades que dotassemos profissionais de competências e habilidades necessáriasdo novo perfil de profissional. A representação social dos estudantes do curso de Odontologia, inseridos em um estágio ambientado na Atenção Primária à Saúde, é marcada por termos característicos da implementação de conhecimentos do sistema público de saúde brasileiro e reflete conteúdos conexos com as diretrizes curriculares do curso (AU).

This study aimed to identify the social representation on the learning of students of the Dentistry course at the Federal University of Maranhão, at the end of a curricular internship in Primary Health Care, and compare the results with the current National Curricular Guidelines. A qualitative study was carried out using a questionnaire, an instrument used to assess the internship, and only the first question was of interest to this study. In this question, students were asked to evoke five words that demonstrated their learning at the end of the internship in increasing order of importance. The questionnaire was completed by graduates from the 5thperiod between 2016 and 2019, totaling 100 evaluations. A structural approach and Prototypical Analysis were adopted, considering the frequency and order of words, composing a central and peripheral core. Software OpenEVOC® identified 500 evoked terms and 10 that established a social representation. The central core consisted of the following terms: planning, knowledge, and management; the first periphery: organization; the contrast zone: territorialization and humanization; and the second periphery: commitment, reality, patience, and goals. Evocations suggested that the internship consisted of activities that equipped the professionals with the necessary skills and abilities for the new professional profile. The social representation of students in the Dentistry course included in an environmental internship in Primary Health Care is marked by terms typical of implementing knowledge in the Brazilian public health system and shows the course's curricular programs' contents (AU).

Análise espacial da qualidade dos serviços de Atenção Primária à Saúde na redução da mortalidade infantil / Spatial analysis of the quality of Primary Health Care services in reducing child mortality

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar a correlação da qualidade dos serviços da Atenção Primária na redução da mortalidade infantil, através do geoprocessamento. Um estudo ecológico, de abordagem transversal, em que foram utilizados dados secundários de todos os 5.565 municípios brasileiros para análise da taxa de mortalidade infantil (TMI) e causa de óbito infantil. Os dados da TMI foram obtidos no Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade. Para a análise espacial, incluímos 5.011 municípios. As análises de clusterização ocorreram no software GEODA e as análises de regressão espacial no ARCGIS 10.5. No Brasil houve uma redução de 45,07% da TMI entre os anos 2000 e 2015. A maior redução ocorreu na região nordeste do país, apesar de ainda ser a região com maior número na TMI. Dos 749 municípios analisados no cluster diferencial para óbito infantil, 153 apresentaram alta TMI. As áreas com maior expansão de alta TMI foram encontradas nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. No Brasil, a TMI mostrou-se inversamente associada à acessibilidade aos serviços de alta complexidade, ao estrato da gestão em saúde e porte populacional, à referência para o parto, à taxa de nascidos vivos, à renda per capita e à taxa de desemprego. Verificou-se uma crescente redução da TMI entre o período de 2000 a 2015.

Abstract This study sought to analyze the correlation of the quality of Primary Health Care services in reducing child mortality, via geoprocessing. It involved an ecological study, with a cross-sectional approach, in which secondary data from all 5,565 Brazilian municipalities were used to analyze the infant mortality rate (IMR) and cause of infant death. The data related to IMR was obtained from the Mortality Information System. For the spatial analysis, 5,011 municipalities were included. The clustering analyses were performed using GEODA software and the spatial regression analyses were performed using ARCGIS 10.5 software. In Brazil, there was a 45.07% reduction in IMR between the years 2000 and 2015. The greatest reduction occurred in the northeastern region of the country, although it is still the region with the highest IMR. Of the 749 municipalities analyzed in the differential cluster for infant death, 153 had high IMR. The areas with the greatest increase in IMR were found in the North and Northeast regions. In Brazil, IMR proved to be inversely associated with the accessibility to high complexity services, health management strata and population size, reference for childbirth, live birth rate, per capita income and unemployment rate. A progressive reduction in IMR was recorded between 2000 and 2015.

Do social inequalities persist in the distribution of dental caries in adolescents from Maranhão? Contributions of a population-based study. / Persistem iniquidades sociais na distribuição da cárie dentária em adolescentes maranhenses? Contribuições de um estudo de base populacional.

This study aimed to analyze the association of socioeconomic factors with the prevalence of dental caries in adolescents from São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil, to answer whether social inequalities persist in distributing this disease. This is a cross-sectional study nested in a prospective cohort. We included 2,413 adolescents aged 18-19 years evaluated in the 2016 second follow-up. The outcome was teeth with untreated dental caries (yes or no) assessed by the DMFT index. Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics were the independent variables. Descriptive statistical and Poisson regression analyses were performed, calculating crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) (alpha=5%). Belonging to economic classes C (PR=1.23; 95% CI: 1.11-1.37) or D-E (PR=1.48; 95% CI: 1.32-1.65), being married/living with a partner (PR=1.22; 95% CI: 1.07-1.39), having separated parents (PR=1.11; 95% CI 1.03-1.19) and a greater number of people in the household (PR=1.05; 95% CI: 1.03-1.07) were associated with a higher prevalence of dental caries. Social inequalities in adolescent oral health persist despite the implementation of the National Oral Health Policy. The current health care model should seek to reorient health education strategies, targeting them at vulnerable populations.

O objetivo foi analisar a associação de fatores socioeconômicos com a prevalência de cárie dentária em adolescentes de São Luís, Maranhão, para responder se as iniquidades sociais persistem na distribuição desta doença. Este é um estudo transversal aninhado a uma coorte prospectiva. Incluímos 2.413 adolescentes de 18-19 anos, avaliados em 2016 (2º seguimento). O desfecho foi a ocorrência de dentes com cárie dentária não tratada (sim ou não), avaliada pelo índice CPO-D. Características socioeconômicas e demográficas foram as variáveis independentes. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas e de regressão de Poisson, calculando-se razões de prevalência (RPs) brutas e ajustadas (alpha=5%). Pertencer às classes econômicas C (RP=1,23; IC95%:1,11-1,37) ou D-E (RP=1,48; IC95%: 1,32-1,65), estar casado/morar com companheiro (RP=1,22; IC95%:1,07-1,39), ter pais separados (RP=1,11; IC95%1,03-1,19) e maior número de pessoas na residência (RP=1,05; IC95%:1,03-1,07) foram associadas a maior prevalência de cárie dentária. Apesar da implementação da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal, as iniquidades sociais em saúde bucal de adolescentes persistem. É fundamental que o modelo de atenção à saúde vigente busque a reorientação das estratégias de educação em saúde, direcionando-as a populações vulneráveis.

Persistem iniquidades sociais na distribuição da cárie dentária em adolescentes maranhenses? Contribuições de um estudo de base populacional / Do social inequalities persist in the distribution of dental caries in adolescents from Maranhão? Contributions of a population-based study

Resumo O objetivo foi analisar a associação de fatores socioeconômicos com a prevalência de cárie dentária em adolescentes de São Luís, Maranhão, para responder se as iniquidades sociais persistem na distribuição desta doença. Este é um estudo transversal aninhado a uma coorte prospectiva. Incluímos 2.413 adolescentes de 18-19 anos, avaliados em 2016 (2º seguimento). O desfecho foi a ocorrência de dentes com cárie dentária não tratada (sim ou não), avaliada pelo índice CPO-D. Características socioeconômicas e demográficas foram as variáveis independentes. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas e de regressão de Poisson, calculando-se razões de prevalência (RPs) brutas e ajustadas (alpha=5%). Pertencer às classes econômicas C (RP=1,23; IC95%:1,11-1,37) ou D-E (RP=1,48; IC95%: 1,32-1,65), estar casado/morar com companheiro (RP=1,22; IC95%:1,07-1,39), ter pais separados (RP=1,11; IC95%1,03-1,19) e maior número de pessoas na residência (RP=1,05; IC95%:1,03-1,07) foram associadas a maior prevalência de cárie dentária. Apesar da implementação da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal, as iniquidades sociais em saúde bucal de adolescentes persistem. É fundamental que o modelo de atenção à saúde vigente busque a reorientação das estratégias de educação em saúde, direcionando-as a populações vulneráveis.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the association of socioeconomic factors with the prevalence of dental caries in adolescents from São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil, to answer whether social inequalities persist in distributing this disease. This is a cross-sectional study nested in a prospective cohort. We included 2,413 adolescents aged 18-19 years evaluated in the 2016 second follow-up. The outcome was teeth with untreated dental caries (yes or no) assessed by the DMFT index. Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics were the independent variables. Descriptive statistical and Poisson regression analyses were performed, calculating crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) (alpha=5%). Belonging to economic classes C (PR=1.23; 95% CI: 1.11-1.37) or D-E (PR=1.48; 95% CI: 1.32-1.65), being married/living with a partner (PR=1.22; 95% CI: 1.07-1.39), having separated parents (PR=1.11; 95% CI 1.03-1.19) and a greater number of people in the household (PR=1.05; 95% CI: 1.03-1.07) were associated with a higher prevalence of dental caries. Social inequalities in adolescent oral health persist despite the implementation of the National Oral Health Policy. The current health care model should seek to reorient health education strategies, targeting them at vulnerable populations.

Progress and challenges in potential access to oral health primary care services in Brazil: A population-based panel study with latent transition analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Compared indicators of potential access to oral health services sought in two cycles of the Program for Improvement of Access and Quality of Primary Care (PMAQ-AB), verifying whether the program generated changes in access to oral health services. METHODS: Transitional analysis of latent classes was used to analyze two cross-sections of the external evaluation of the PMAQ-AB (Cycle I: 2011-2012 and Cycle II: 2013-2014), identifying completeness classes for a structure and work process related to oral health. Consider three indicators of structure (presence of a dental surgeon, existence of a dental office and operating at minimum hours) and five of the work process (scheduling every day of the week, home visits, basic dental procedures, scheduling for spontaneous demand and continuation of treatment). Choropleth maps and hotspots were made. RESULTS: The proportion of elements that had one or more dentist (CD), dental office and operated at minimum hours varied from 65.56% to 67.13 between the two cycles of the PMAQ-AB. The number of teams that made appointments every day of the week increased 8.7% and those that made home visits varied from 44.51% to 52.88%. The reduction in the number of teams that reported guaranteeing the agenda for accommodating spontaneous demand, varying from 62.41% to 60.11% and in the continuity of treatment, varying from 63.41% to 61.11%. For the structure of health requirements, the predominant completeness profile was "Best completeness" in both cycles, comprising 71.0% of the sets at time 1 and 67.0% at time 2. The proportion of teams with "Best completeness" increased by 89.1%, the one with "Worst completeness" increased by 20%, while those with "Average completeness" decreased by 66.3%. CONCLUSION: We identified positive changes in the indicators of potential access to oral health services, expanding the users' ability to use them. However, some access attributes remain unsatisfactory, with organizational barriers persisting.

Dental caries surveys: considerations about reproducibility / Inquéritos de cárie dentária: considerações sobre a reprodutibilidade

Aim:To evaluate the impact of the recording of teeth whose clinical conditions rarely vary (anterior teeth and third molars) in inter-examiner agreement measurements. Methods:Clinical data from 56 schoolchildren, 12 years of age, previously collected by two examiners, according to the "Oral Health Surveys: basic methods" codes and criteria, were analyzed in the present study. The effects from including/excluding such teeth upon reproducibility were measured by general percentage agreement (GPA) and Kappa statistics (к) performances. Results: The exclusion of anterior teeth associated with the inclusion of third molars produced a decrease in GPA that was simultaneous to an increase in the weighted Kappa (nominal data) and simple (dichotomous data) values. The incorrect inclusion of third molars (GPA = 100%; к = + 1) in the reproducibility measurement artificially increased the inter-examiner Kappa values. Conclusion: The inclusion/exclusion of anterior teeth and third molars, seeking a more reliable agreement among examiners, can have a positive or negative impact on the measured reproducibility values. A clear warning about the impact of including third molars in the reproducibility measurement, in the 12 years old age group, should be performed in "Oral Health Surveys: basic methods" and similar manuals.

Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto do registro de dentes anteriores e terceiros molares, cujas condições clínicas pouco variam, sobre as mensurações de concordância inter-examinadores. Métodos: Dados clínicos de 56 escolares de 12 anos de idade, previamente coletados por 2 examinadores, segundo os códigos e critérios expressos no "Levantamentos em Saúde Bucal: métodos básicos" foram analisados neste estudo. Os efeitos da inclusão/exclusão destes dentes sobre a concordância inter-examinadores foram mensurados calculando-se a porcentagem geral de concordância (GPA) e estatística Kappa (к). Resultados:A inclusão de terceiros molares aumentou a GPA para dados dicotomizados ou não. A exclusão de dentes anteriores diminuiu a GPA para dados dicotomizados ou não. Quando associada à inclusão de terceiros molares, sob perfeita concordância (к = +1), os valores de Kappa foram artificialmente aumentados tanto para dados dicotomizados quanto não-dicotomizados. Conclusão: A inclusão/exclusão de dentes anteriores e/ou de terceiros molares, no sentido de se evidenciar melhor as discordâncias entre examinadores, podem impactar positiva ou negativamente sobre a fidedignidade da reprodutibilidade mensurada. Uma advertência clara sobre o impacto da inclusão dos dentes terceiros molares no cálculo da reprodutibilidade, para a faixa etária de 12 anos, deveria estar presente no "Levantamentos em Saúde Bucal: métodos básicos" e manuais semelhantes.

Diagnóstico situacional das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares na Atenção Primária à Saúde do Maranhão / Situational diagnosis of Integrative and Complementary Practices in Primary Health Care of Maranhão

RESUMO Esta pesquisa apresenta o diagnóstico situacional das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares na Atenção Primária à Saúde do estado do Maranhão. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, com dados primários dos 217 municípios do estado, através de um formulário enviado a todos os secretários municipais de saúde, no período de abril a julho de 2019. A taxa de resposta foi de 100%, indicando que 25,4% dos municípios ofertam Práticas Integrativas e Complementares. Fitoterapia e massoterapia são as mais ofertadas, estando presentes em 49,1% e 29,1% dos municípios, respectivamente. Os fisioterapeutas são os profissionais que mais executam as Práticas Integrativas e Complementares (54,5% dos municípios). Em 49,1% dos municípios, essas práticas são ofertadas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família, e em 47,3%, pelo Núcleo Ampliado de Saúde da Família. No que diz respeito aos instrumentos de gestão, organização e legislação específica, observou-se que nenhum município do estado possui legislação específica para as práticas e 14,5% dos municípios preveem alguma estrutura organizacional específica para geri-las. A oferta destas práticas no Maranhão ainda é um desafio, mesmo com as orientações da Organização Mundial de Saúde e a instituição da Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares no Sistema Único de Saúde.

ABSTRACT This research presents the situational diagnosis of the Integrative and Complementary Practices in Primary Health Care of Maranhão state. A descriptive study, with primary data from the 217 municipalities of the state was carried out, through a form sent to all municipal health secretaries, from April to July 2019. The response rate was 100%, identifying that 25.4% of the municipalities offer Integrative and Complementary Practices. Phytotherapy and massage therapy are the most offered, being present in 49.1% and 29.1% of the municipalities, respectively. Physical therapists are the professionals who most perform Integrative and Complementary Practices (54.5% of the municipalities). In 49.1% of the municipalities, these practices are offered by the Family Health Strategy, and in 47.3%, by the Extended Family Health Center. Regarding the management, organization and specific legislation tools, it was observed that no municipality in the state has specific legislation for practices and 14.5% of the municipalities foresees some specific organizational structure for managing them. The offer of these practices in Maranhão is still a challenge, even with the guidelines of the World Health Organization and the establishment of the National Policy of Integrative and Complementary Practices in the Unified Health System.

Characteristics of basic health units and detection of tuberculosis cases.

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious and contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB emerged in the 21st century as an unsolved public health problem. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the characteristics of basic health units (BHUs) and the number of TB cases detected in Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS: An ecological, analytical study was conducted using the municipalities in the state of Maranhão as the unit of analysis. Data regarding the number of detected TB cases was obtained from the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação database, and the characteristics of the BHUs were obtained from the first cycle of data collection for the Program to Improve Access and Quality of Basic Care. The BHU structure was classified as adequate (80%-100%), partially adequate (60%-79%), poorly adequate (40%-59%), or inadequate (<40%) according to the presence of specified items. The number of BHUs per municipality in each adequacy category was estimated. Inflated Poisson regression analysis was performed to estimate the incidence density ratios (IDRs) and the 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS: Municipalities with a higher level of BHU adequacy had a higher number of detected TB cases (IDR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.01-2.60). CONCLUSIONS: Better structured health services in primary care may be associated with better detection and/or notification of TB cases.

Is there a fair distribution of the structure of dental services in the capitals of the Brazilian Federative Units?

BACKGROUND: Brazilian Primary Care Facilities (PCF) provide primary care and must offer dental services for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases. According to a logic of promoting equity, PCF should be better structured in less developed places and with higher need for oral health services. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the structure of dental caries services in the capitals of the Brazilian Federative Units and identify whether socioeconomic factors and caries (need) are predictors of the oral health services structure. METHODS: This is an ecological study with variables retrieved from different secondary databases, clustered for the level of the federative capitals. Descriptive thematic maps were prepared, and structural equations were analyzed to identify oral health service structure's predictors (Alpha = 5%). Four models with different outcomes related to dental caries treatment were tested: 1) % of PCF with a fully equipped office; 2) % of PCF with sufficient instruments, and 3) % of PCF with sufficient supplies; 4) % of PCF with total structure. RESULTS: 21.6% of the PCF of the Brazilian capitals had a fully equipped office; 46.9% had sufficient instruments, and 30.0% had sufficient supplies for caries prevention and treatment. The four models evidenced proper fit indexes. A correlation between socioeconomic factors and the structure of oral health services was only noted in model 3. The worse the socioeconomic conditions, the lower the availability of dental supplies (standard factor loading: 0.92, P = 0.012). Estimates of total, direct and indirect effects showed that dental caries experience observed in the Brazilian population by SB-Brasil in 2010 did not affect the outcomes investigated. CONCLUSION: Material resources are not equitably distributed according to the socioeconomic conditions and oral health needs of the population of the Brazilian capitals, thus contributing to persistent oral health inequities in the country.

Characteristics of basic health units and detection of tuberculosis cases

Abstract INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious and contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB emerged in the 21st century as an unsolved public health problem. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the characteristics of basic health units (BHUs) and the number of TB cases detected in Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS An ecological, analytical study was conducted using the municipalities in the state of Maranhão as the unit of analysis. Data regarding the number of detected TB cases was obtained from the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação database, and the characteristics of the BHUs were obtained from the first cycle of data collection for the Program to Improve Access and Quality of Basic Care. The BHU structure was classified as adequate (80%-100%), partially adequate (60%-79%), poorly adequate (40%-59%), or inadequate (<40%) according to the presence of specified items. The number of BHUs per municipality in each adequacy category was estimated. Inflated Poisson regression analysis was performed to estimate the incidence density ratios (IDRs) and the 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS Municipalities with a higher level of BHU adequacy had a higher number of detected TB cases (IDR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.01-2.60). CONCLUSIONS Better structured health services in primary care may be associated with better detection and/or notification of TB cases.

Interexaminer agreement dental caries epidemiological surveys: the importance of disease prevalence in the sample.

OBJECTIVE: To identify desirable characteristics, including different sample sizes and dental caries prevalences, in virtual samples that allow, at the same time, higher values of general agreement percentage (GPA) and Kappa coefficient (κ), under a low confidence interval (CI), in reproducibility studies. METHOD: A total of 384 statistical simulations of inter-examiner calibration, varying sample size (12, 15, 20, 60, 200 and 500 individuals), caries prevalence (30, 50, 60 and 90%) and percentages of positive (PA) and negative (NA) agreement (30, 50, 60 and 90%) were undertaken. GPA and κ were used to measure reproducibility and define deviation between them. RESULTS: The sample of 60 individuals, under caries prevalence of 50%, PA and NA of 90%, presented a GPA and Kappa values of 90 and 80%, respectively, a relative small confidence interval (95%CI 0.65 - 0.95) and a GPA/Kappa deviation of 10.00. CONCLUSION: A virtual sample of 60 individuals, under caries prevalence of 50%, seems feasible to produce a satisfactory interexaminer agreement at epidemiological conditions. However, epidemiological studies to corroborate or refute this assertion are necessary.

Interexaminer agreement dental caries epidemiological surveys: the importance of disease prevalence in the sample / Concordância interexaminador em levantamentos epidemiológicos de cárie dentária: a importância da prevalência da doença na amostra

Abstract: Objective: To identify desirable characteristics, including different sample sizes and dental caries prevalences, in virtual samples that allow, at the same time, higher values of general agreement percentage (GPA) and Kappa coefficient (κ), under a low confidence interval (CI), in reproducibility studies. Method: A total of 384 statistical simulations of inter-examiner calibration, varying sample size (12, 15, 20, 60, 200 and 500 individuals), caries prevalence (30, 50, 60 and 90%) and percentages of positive (PA) and negative (NA) agreement (30, 50, 60 and 90%) were undertaken. GPA and κ were used to measure reproducibility and define deviation between them. Results: The sample of 60 individuals, under caries prevalence of 50%, PA and NA of 90%, presented a GPA and Kappa values of 90 and 80%, respectively, a relative small confidence interval (95%CI 0.65 - 0.95) and a GPA/Kappa deviation of 10.00. Conclusion: A virtual sample of 60 individuals, under caries prevalence of 50%, seems feasible to produce a satisfactory interexaminer agreement at epidemiological conditions. However, epidemiological studies to corroborate or refute this assertion are necessary.

Resumo: Objetivo: Identificar características desejáveis, considerando diferentes tamanhos de amostra e prevalências de cárie em amostras virtuais que possibilitem, simultaneamente, altos valores de porcentagem geral de concordância (PGC) e do coeficiente Kappa (κ), sob baixo intervalo de confiança (IC), em estudos de reprodutibilidade. Método: Ao total, 384 simulações estatísticas de calibração interexaminador, variando o tamanho da amostra (12, 15, 20, 60, 200 e 500 indivíduos), a prevalência de cárie (30, 50, 60 e 90%) e as taxas de concordâncias positiva (CP) e negativa (CN) (30, 50, 60 e 90%) foram realizadas. Os valores de PGC e κ foram utilizados para mensurar a reprodutibilidade e o desvio entre as respectivas medidas PGC/Kappa. Resultados: A amostra de 60 indivíduos, com prevalência de cárie de 50% e taxas de concordância positiva e negativa de 90%, apresentou um valor de PGC = 90%, Kappa = 80%, um intervalo de confiança (IC95% 0,65 - 0,95) relativamente pequeno e um desvio PGC/Kappa de 10,00. Conclusão: A amostra virtual de 60 indivíduos parece ser viável, em condições epidemiológicas, para produzir uma concordância interexaminadores satisfatória. Contudo, estudos epidemiológicos para corroborar ou refutar esta conclusão são necessários.

Cárie dentária, alterações de esmalte e necessidades de tratamento em pré-escolares e escolares de Araras, SP / Dental Caries, enamel defects and treatment needs in children from Araras, SP, Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo transversal foi descrever a prevalência de cárie dentária, hipoplasia, fluorose e opacidade demarcada de esmalte, assim como relatar as necessidades de tratamento em pré escolares de 5 anos e de escolares de 12 anos, do município de Araras, em 2004. A amostra probabilística consistiu de 381 indivíduos, sendo 186 pré-escolares de 5 anos e 195 escolares de 12 anos. Os exames epidemiológicos foram realizados por quatro examinadores previamente calibrados, sob luz natural, utilizando-se espelho bucal sonda ball point, seguindo as recomendações da OMS. Cárie dentária foi registrada utilizando-se os índices ceod e CPOD. As lesões sem cavidades ativas, necessidades de tratamento, hipoplasia e opacidade demarcada também foram avaliadas. A fluorose foi registrada seguindo o Índice de Dean nos escolares de 12 anos. Os resultados mostraram que o índice ceod aos 5 anos foi 2,07 (dp=3,21) e o CPOD aos 12 anos foi de 2,14 (dp=2,56). Dentre as crianças de 5 e 12 anos examinadas, 52,2% e 42,3% estavam livres de cárie, respectivamente. Aproximadamente um terço dos examinados apresentaram sinais de atividade de cárie. As restaurações de uma face foram as necessidades de tratamento predominantes tanto nos pré-escolares (42,1%) quanto nos escolares (39,0%). A opacidade demarcada esteve presente em 65,1% dos pré-escolares e 14,4% dos escolares; a hipoplasia em 5,9% e 1,5%, respectivamente, e 18% dos escolares de 12 anos apresentaram fluorose. Pode-se concluir que os pré-escolares e os escolares examinados apresentaram necessidades de baixa complexidade, uma vez que a proporção de livres de cárie foi alta e a atividade da doença foi baixa.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to describe the prevalence of dental caries and enamel defects, such as hypoplasia, demarcated opacity and fluorosis, as well as to report the treatment needs in 5-year-old pre-schoolchildren and 12-year-old schoolchildren, from Araras, São Paulo State, Brazil, in 2004. The probabilistic sample consisted of 382 5-year-old pre-schoolchildren (n=186) and 12-year-old schoolchildren (n=196). The epidemiological examinations were performed by four calibrated examiners, under natural light, using mirrors and “ball point” probes, following the WHO recommendations. Dental caries was recorded using dmft and DMFT indexes. Fluorosis was recorded following the Dean index in 12-year olds. The results showed that the dmft index in 5 year-olds was 1.74(dp=3.04) and that the DMFT in 12-year-olds was 1.58 (dp=2.39). Among the 5-and 12-year-old children, 52.2% and 42.3% were caries free, respectively. Approximately one third of examined children presented signs of caries activity. The one surface filling was the most required treatment in both pre-schoolchildren (42.1%) and schoolchildren (39.0%). The demarcated enamel opacity was detected in 65.4% of pre-schoolchildren and 14.4% of schoolchildren and the hypoplasia in 5.9% and 1.5%, respectively...

Assessment of oral health status of pregnant women participating in a family health program in the city of Lucas do Rio Verde û MT û Brazil

The aim of this study was to assess the oral health status of pregnant women. Eighty-eight (88) women who frequented the Pre-Natal program of the six Family Health Programs in the municipality of Lucas do Rio Verde-MT, Brazil, were assessed by clinical exam using the DMFT and CPI indexes. A DMFT index of 11.08 was found, and with regard to CPI, 40% of the pregnant women presented a sextant with bleeding. It was concluded that it is necessary to reinforce knowledge about oral health of the pregnant women examined, by means of preventive/educational programs with the purpose of improving the DMFT and CPI indexes.