Metabolic profiling integrated with pharmacokinetics to reveal the material basis of Xiaokeyinshui extract combination in the treatment of type 2 diabetes in rats.

Xiaokeyinshui extract combination (XEC), originating from a traditional Chinese formula Xiaokeyinshui (XKYS) recorded in ancient Bencao, has been reported to exert significant hypoglycemic effects. However, the chemical profiles, metabolic transformation and pharmacokinetic behavior of XEC in vivo were unclear. The research was to investigate the chemical constituents, metabolic profiles and pharmacokinetic behavior of XEC. A UPLC-QE-Orbitrap-HRMS qualification method was developed to identify the chemical constituents in XEC and xenobiotics of XEC in plasma, urine, feces and bile of rats after oral administration. A LC-MS quantification method was established and applied for the pharmacokinetic studies of major active compounds of XEC in normal and T2DM rats and Coptidis Rhizoma extracts (CRE) in T2DM rats. Fifty eight compounds in XEC and a total of 152 xenobiotics were identified in T2DM rats, including 28 prototypes and 124 metabolites. The metabolic pathways were demethylation, demethyleneization, reduction, hydroxylation, hydrolysis and subsequent binding reactions, including glucuronidation, sulfation and methylation. According to the results of chemical constituents and metabolites, 7 ingredients, including berberine, palmatine, coptisine, epiberberine, berberrubine, magnoflorine and aurantio-obtusin were suggested for markers to comparative pharmacokinetics study in normal rats and T2DM rats. Compared with normal rats, the Tmax of berberine, palmatine, coptisine, epiberberine, berberrubine and magnoflorine was significantly longer. The value of Cmax for palmatine, coptisine, epiberberine and berberrubine was significantly decreased in XEC T2DM group. The value of AUC for alkaloids was higher in diabetic rats. After oral CRE, alkaloids including berberine, palmatine, coptisine, epiberberine, berberrubine and magnoflorine could be detected in vivo. Compared with T2DM rats after oral administration of CRE, the value of Tmax and Cmax for berberine, palmatine, coptisine, epiberberine, berberrubine and magnoflorine exhibited significant differences in XEC T2DM group. This research provided an overview of the chemical profiles and metabolic profiling of XEC and elucidated the effect of diabetic state and compatibility on pharmacokinetic behaviors of active components in XEC. This research also can provide the material basis of XEC for subsequent quality control research.

Combining Surface Holistic Ge Coating and Subsurface Mg Doping to Enhance the Electrochemical Performance of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 Cathodes.

Nickel-rich layered cathode LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) is the most promising cathode material due to its high specific capacity and lower cost than lithium cobalt oxides. However, NCM811 suffers from structural instability and capacity degradation during charge-discharge cycles. Herein, we report a strategy to construct a conductive network by employing a holistic Ge coating, which interconnects Mg-doped NCM811 particles. Dopant Mg ions, serving as a "pillar" in the Li slab of NCM811, substantially enhance the structural reversibility. The Ge particles are not only coated on the electrode surface but also enter into the electrode pores to form a multidimensional conductive structure, which improves the conductivity of the electrode and slows down the interface side reaction, thus minimizing the irreversible loss of NCM811 upon long cycling. The modified NCM811 electrode delivers a high discharge capacity (∼204 mAh g-1 at 0.1C), excellent rate performance (∼155 mAh g-1 at 10C), and high capacity retention (83% after 200 cycles) even at 4.4 V. Additionally, a cylindrical full battery with graphite/modified NCM811 undergoes 1000 cycles with 86% capacity retention at 2C.

Diterpenoids with Rearranged 9(10→11)-abeo-10,12-Cyclojatrophane Skeleton and the First (15S)-Jatrophane from Euphorbia helioscopia: Structural Elucidation, Biomimetic Conversion, and Their Immunosuppressive Effects.

Two novel diterpenoids, one with a rearranged trans,trans-fused tricyclo[10.3.0.04,6]pentadecane framework (1) and the other with an unprecedented 15S configuration (2), were isolated from Euphorbia helioscopia. Their structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of HR-ESI-MS, NMR, quantum-chemical calculation, and X-ray crystallographic data. Biosynthetically, 1 has a unique "cyclopropane-shift-like" biogenesis involving an oxa-di-π-methane (ODPM) rearrangement, which inspired us to accomplish the biomimetic conversion of 3 to 1. Moreover, compound 1 displayed a potent immunosuppressive effect by inhibiting Kv1.3 voltage-gated channels.

Revealing hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic mechanism of Xiaokeyinshui extract combination on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice in high sucrose/high fat diet by metabolomics and lipidomics.

Type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM), often accompanied by disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism, has troubled hundreds of millions of people. Xiaokeyinshui extract combination (XEC), derived from traditional Chinese medicines formula, has exerted hypoglycemic effects against T2DM. However, its mechanism of metabolic level is still unclear. In this study, a T2DM mice model, induced by a high sucrose/high fat diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) injections, was adopted. The biochemical index was determined and a combination of metabolomics and lipidomics analyses of plasma were performed. The results showed that XEC increased secretion of insulin and level of HDL-C, decreased levels of FBG, HbA1c, TC, TG, LDL-C and repaired islet structure in diabetic mice. In addition, the metabolic profiles of plasma were analyzed and 54 potential biomarkers were screened out, mainly including carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids. These potential biomarkers were found to be correlated with the following pathways: galactose metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, TCA cycle, arachidonic acid metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. In conclusion, we speculated that carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism played roles in the therapeutic mechanisms of XEC on T2DM.

Data on the optimization of the formula of Xiaokeyinshui extract combination treating diabetes mellitus using uniform experimental design in mice.

This dataset is supplementary to our accepted article in Journal of Ethnopharmacology [1]. Xiaokeyinshui (XKYS) formula, an anti-diabetic formula, was recorded in many ancient Chinese medical books. Xiaokeyinshui extract combination (XEC) originated from this ancient formula, consisting extracts of four herbal drugs, i.e., Coptidis Rhizoma, Liriopes Radix, bitter melon, and Cassiae Semen. In this study, herb extracts were prepared and mixed, producing Xiaokeyinshui extract combination (XEC). The optimized formula of XEC was also investigated via uniform experimental design. Diabetes was induced in Kunming mice, using high-sugar-high-fat diet combined with injection of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally. Different formulae of XEC were intragastrically administered to diabetic mice for 28 days. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG) were measured to assess the anti-diabetic effects of each formula. Multivariate second degree polynomial model was applied in the fitting of metabolic parameters, and the extremum value of each regression model was calculated using grid algorithm. In addition, an optimized formula of XEC was subjected to validation experiment in mice model. This data could provide basis for a reasonable analysis for the optimization of the formula of XEC.

Xiaokeyinshui extract combination, a berberine-containing agent, exerts anti-diabetic and renal protective effects on rats in multi-target mechanisms.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Xiaokeyinshui (XKYS) formula, an anti-diabetic formula, was recorded in many ancient Chinese medical books. Xiaokeyinshui extract combination (XEC) originated from this ancient formula, consisting extracts of four herbal drugs, namely, Coptidis Rhizoma, Liriopes Radix, bitter melon, and Cassiae Semen. OBJECTIVE: Therapeutic effects of Xiaokeyinshui extract combination (XEC) were assessed on diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Herb extracts were prepared and mixed, yielding XEC. XEC were intragastrically given at doses of 260, 380 and 500 mg/kg/d to diabetic rats for 60 days. Anti-diabetic effects of XEC were studied, with measurement of body weight, and assessment of both glycemic control and lipid management. Measurement of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines were conducted in accordance to protocols of commercial kits. Parameters related to renal functions were also measured. Western blot (WB) analysis was performed to explore the anti-diabetic and renal protective mechanisms of XEC. RESULTS: Compared to diabetic control, XEC exhibited significant effects in both glucose-lowering and lipid management (p < 0.01). Both oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines were reduced after treatment of XEC for two months. In addition, XEC exhibited renal protective effects. WB analysis of liver tissue demonstrated that XEC achieved anti-diabetic effects through up-regulation of InsRα/IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/GLUT4 signaling pathway and phosphorylation of AMPK. In addition, renal protective effects were also achieved with down-regulation of RAGE and VEGF expressions in kidney. CONCLUSIONS: XEC exerts promising anti-diabetic and renal protective effects on diabetic rats in multi-target mechanisms. XEC could be a satisfying alternative treating T2DM and preventing diabetic nephropathy.

Network Pharmacology Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Xiao Ke Yin Shui Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Xiao Ke Yin Shui (XKYS) formula is a traditional Chinese medicine formula treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). XKYS formula consists of four herbs, i.e., Coptidis rhizoma, Liriopes radix, bitter melon, and Cassiae semen. Herein, the chemical profiles of four herb extracts were investigated, and further analysis of the underlying mechanism of XKYS formula treating T2DM was performed using network pharmacology. The main components were selected for our network-based research. Targets of XKYS formula were mainly collected from two databases, SwissTargetPrediction and Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), and the text-mining method was also implemented. T2DM relating genes and therapeutic targets were collected from five databases. Subsequently, STRING and Cytoscape were employed for the analysis of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Functional annotation and pathway analysis were conducted to investigate the functions and relating pathways of target genes. The content of 12 compounds in the herb extracts was determined. With the analysis of PPI networks, a total of 76 genes were found to be important nodes and could be defined as the main target genes regulated by XKYS formula in the treatment of T2DM and its complications. Components in XKYS formula mainly regulate proteins including protein kinase B (Akt), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), insulin receptor substrate (IRS), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). XKYS formula exerts therapeutic effects in a synergetic manner and exhibits antidiabetic effect mainly via reducing insulin resistance. These findings could be guidelines in the further investigation of this formula.

Anti-diabetic and renoprotective effects of Cassiae Semen extract in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cassiae Semen, the dried seed of Cassia obtusifolia L. (Leguminosae), is a traditional Chinese medicine. It has long been used as the treatment of diabetic hyperlipidemia and diabetic constipation in Traditional Chinese Medicine formulae. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study was designed to investigate the anti-diabetic and renoprotective effects of Cassiae Semen extract (CSE) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quality control of CSE was performed using HPLC. CSE were orally administered at 27, 54 and 81 mg/kg dose to high-sucrose-high-fat (HSHF) diet and STZ-induced diabetic rats for 60 days. Body weight, glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism profiles were measured to assess the anti-diabetic effect of CSE. Oxidative stress markers and inflammatory factors were determined using commercial kits. Renal function related parameters were also measured. Histopathological examination of kidney was conducted for the validation of pathological changes in the diabetic rats. Immunohistochemical examination of kidney was measured to investigate the expression of RAGE in renal tissues. RESULTS: Five compounds, including two anthraquinones and three naphtopyrones were simultaneously determined in CSE. Compared with diabetic control, groups treated with CSE exhibited an anti-diabetic effect, including a significant amelioration in body weight, glycemic control, oral glucose tolerance and lipid metabolism (P < 0.01). Moreover, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses decreased after oral administration of CSE (P < 0.01). CSE also showed protective effects on renal functions, decreasing the ratio of kidney/body weight, 24 h urine volume, 24 h urine protein, serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (P < 0.01). Additionally, renal protective effect was also observed in histopathological examination. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that CSE downregulated the expression of RAGE. CONCLUSIONS: It turned out that CSE had both anti-diabetic and renoprotective effects in diabetic rats. CSE can be a potential agent in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications.