RESUMO
RESUMEN El propósito de este estudio fue validar tanto la Escala de Estilos Educativos Parentales como evaluar la posible asociación entre los estilos parentales y factores sociodemográficos con el sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil en escolares adscritos a establecimientos educativos municipales. La muestra estuvo formada por 217 niños/as escolarizados/as entre 4 y 7 años en establecimientos educativos de la ciudad de Chillán, Chile y sus adultos responsables (madre, padre o cuidador). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la escala de Estilos Parentales (EP) y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. La escala de EP fue validada, y sus constructos fueron utilizados en un modelo lineal para determinar la relación entre el estilo parental con el Z-score del niño/a, y un modelo logístico para determinar la relación entre un estilo parental y la probabilidad de pasar de un estado nutricional normal a uno con sobrepeso. Se encontró que un estilo parental afectivo se asocia con el sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil. De las variables sociodemográficas evaluadas, solo el nivel educativo básico de los padres se asocia con sobrepeso y obesidad en el/la niño/a. Se discuten las implicaciones para la intervención profesional con familias.
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to validate the Parental Style Scale and to assess a possible association between parenting styles and sociodemographic factors with childhood overweight and obesity in students of municipal educational establishments. The sample was composed of 217 children between 4 and 7 years old in schools in Chillán, Chile, and their caregivers. The instruments included the Parental Style Scale and a demographic questionnaire. The Parental Style Scale was validated and constructs used in a linear model to determine the relationship between the parental style and child BMI z-score. A logistic model was used to determine the relationship between parenting style and the probability of going from a normal nutritional state to one with overweight. It was found that high levels of parental affection were associated with overweight and obesity in children. From the sociodemographic variables evaluated, only the primary education level of parents was associated with overweight and obesity in the child. The implications for professional intervention with families are discussed.
RESUMO
Resumen El propósito de este estudio es presentar la validación de la Escala de Calidad de Vida Familiar en población chilena y analizar las dimensiones de este instrumento a través del mapa de área crítica. Se utilizó un estudio transversal, correlacional y causal en 316 familias. Se aplicó la versión española de la Escala de Calidad de Vida Familiar. Se condujo un análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. Los resultados indicaron que el alpha de Cronbach para la categoría de Importancia fue de 0.884 y para Satisfacción fue de 0.891. El análisis factorial exploratorio encontró cinco dimensiones para ambas categorías, y el análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró cargas mayores a 0.5 para cada dimensión. Respecto a la validez discriminante, las cargas cruzadas se movieron entre 0.64 a 0.97 para Importancia y 0.62 a 0.98 para Satisfacción. En cuanto a la validez convergente, cada dimensión alcanzó una varianza extraída sobre 0.5. Las conclusiones del estudio indican que el instrumento resultó ser confiable y válido para medir aspectos de la calidad de vida familiar en población chilena. Posee altos niveles de consistencia interna y una adecuada validez discriminante y convergente.
Abstract The aim of this research is to validate the Family Quality of Life Scale (FQLS) in a Chilean population and to analyze the factor structure (scope) of this research tool through the critical area map. Cross-sectional, correlational, and causal study was carry on 316 families. The Spanish version of the FQSL was used. An exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted. Results showed Cronbach´s alpha for the FQLS subscales on Importance rate was 0.884 and on Satisfaction 0.891. The exploratory factor analysis found five dimensions for both categories, and the confirmatory factor analysis showed factor loadings greater than 0.5 for each dimension. Regarding discriminant validity, the cross-loadings varied between 0.64 to 0.97 on Importance and 0.62 to 0.98 on Satisfaction. In relation to convergent validity, each dimension reached a variance above 0.5. Conclusions of the study proved a reliable and valid tool to measure features of family quality of life in a Chilean population. The instrument has high levels of internal consistency and suitable discriminant and convergent validity.
Assuntos
Qualidade de Vida , Família/psicologia , Estudo de ValidaçãoRESUMO
Interference with endothelial cell metabolism is a promising, yet unexploited strategy for angiogenesis inhibition. We reported that the glucose analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) inhibits angiogenesis at significantly lower concentrations than those required for tumor cytotoxicity. Here, we found that hypersensitivity to 2-DG in endothelial cells is not associated with enhanced drug uptake compared with tumor cells, but with time-dependent, endothelial-selective inhibition of AKT and ERK phosphorylation. Downregulation of these critical survival pathways is shown to be due to 2-DG's interference with N-linked glycosylation, leading to alterations in VEGFR2 (and downstream signaling) as well as induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, GSK3ß activation, and apoptosis. In vivo, periocular administration of 2-DG in LHBETATAG mice was associated with significant reduction of newly formed (CD105(+)) tumor capillaries, ER stress (GRP 78 expression), and endothelial apoptosis (TUNEL). These findings uniquely link N-linked glycosylation inhibition, ER stress, and ERK/AKT downregulation in endothelial cells, and provide a novel drug development strategy to overcome resistance mechanisms to currently available antiangiogenic agents.