Defining the diagnostic effectiveness of genes for inclusion in panels: the experience of two decades of genetic testing for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at a single center.

PURPOSE: Genetic testing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has long relied on Sanger sequencing of sarcomeric genes. The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has catalyzed routine testing of additional genes of dubious HCM-causing potential. We used 19 years of genetic testing results to define a reliable set of genes implicated in Mendelian HCM and assess the value of expanded NGS panels. METHODS: We dissected genetic testing results from 1,198 single-center HCM probands and devised a widely applicable score to identify which genes yield effective results in the diagnostic setting. RESULTS: Compared with early panels targeting only fully validated sarcomeric HCM genes, expanded NGS panels allow the prompt recognition of probands with HCM-mimicking diseases. Scoring by "diagnostic effectiveness" highlighted that PLN should also be routinely screened besides historically validated genes for HCM and its mimics. CONCLUSION: The additive value of expanded panels in HCM genetic testing lies in the systematic screening of genes associated with HCM mimics, requiring different patient management. Only variants in a limited set of genes are highly actionable and interpretable in the clinic, suggesting that larger panels offer limited additional sensitivity. A score estimating the relative effectiveness of a given gene's inclusion in diagnostic panels is proposed.

CFH Y402H polymorphism in Italian patients with age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and Stargardt disease.

BACKGROUND: The complement system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and the CFH Y402H polymorphism has been suggested as a major risk factor for AMD. Recent evidences supported the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of some retinal dystrophies. Aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of CFHY402H polymorphism in a group of Italian patients affected by atrophic AMD, Stargardt disease (STGD), or retinitis pigmentosa(RP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our case-control association study included 116 patients with atrophic AMD, 77 with RP, 86 with STGD, and 100 healthy controls. All the patients were evaluated by a standard ophthalmologic examination and OCT. ERG was performed on STGD and RP patients. All the subjects underwent a blood drawing for genetic testing and the CFHY402H polymorphism was genotyped with the TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction single nucleotide polymorphism assay. RESULTS: The prevalence of the risk genotype C/C was higher in the AMD group than in controls (p < 0.001). The risk allele C was more frequent in the AMD group than in controls (p < 0.001). The prevalence of the risk genotype was higher in the RP patients than in controls (p < 0.001) and similarly the risk allele C was more frequent in the RP group (p = 0.008). The CFHY402H genotype distribution was not different between patients with STGD and the controls, for the biallelic (p = 0.531) and for the monoallelic (p = 0.318) evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: In our series of Italian patients, the CFHY402H genotype is associated with atrophic AMD and RP, but not with STGD. This result may support the hypothesis of a complement system dysregulation in the pathogenesis of AMD and RP.

Targeted next generation sequencing in Italian patients with Usher syndrome: phenotype-genotype correlations.

We report results of DNA analysis with next generation sequencing (NGS) of 21 consecutive Italian patients from 17 unrelated families with clinical diagnosis of Usher syndrome (4 USH1 and 17 USH2) searching for mutations in 11 genes: MYO7A, CDH23, PCDH15, USH1C, USH1G, USH2A, ADGVR1, DFNB31, CLRN1, PDZD7, HARS. Likely causative mutations were found in all patients: 25 pathogenic variants, 18 previously reported and 7 novel, were identified in three genes (USH2A, MYO7A, ADGRV1). All USH1 presented biallelic MYO7A mutations, one USH2 exhibited ADGRV1 mutations, whereas 16 USH2 displayed USH2A mutations. USH1 patients experienced hearing problems very early in life, followed by visual impairment at 1, 4 and 6 years. Visual symptoms were noticed at age 20 in a patient with homozygous novel MYO7A missense mutation c.849G > A. USH2 patients' auditory symptoms, instead, arose between 11 months and 14 years, while visual impairment occurred later on. A homozygous c.5933_5940del;5950_5960dup in USH2A was detected in one patient with early deafness. One patient with homozygous deletion from exon 23 to 32 in USH2A suffered early visual symptoms. Therefore, the type of mutation in USH2A and MYO7A genes seems to affect the age at which both auditory and visual impairment occur in patients with USH.

Usher's Syndrome Type II: A Comparative Study of Genetic Mutations and Vestibular System Evaluation.

Objective Usher's syndrome type II (USH2) is characterized by moderate to profound congenital hearing loss, later onset of retinitis pigmentosa, and normal vestibular function. Recently, a study investigating the vestibular function of USH2 patients demonstrated a pathologic response to vestibular tests. In this cross-sectional study we performed vestibular tests of a group patients with genetic diagnosis of USH2 syndrome to demonstrate if vestibular damage is present in USH2 patients. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Tertiary referral center. Subjects and Methods Mutated genes of 7 patients with a clinical diagnosis of USH2 were evaluated. Vestibular function was investigated by audiometry, Fitzgerald-Hallpike caloric vestibular testing, cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (C-VEMPs), ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (O-VEMPs), and video head impulse test (v-HIT). Results Genetic tests confirmed the USH2 diagnosis in 5 of 7 patients examined, with 1 patient reporting a unique mutation on genetic tests. Four (80%) of the 5 patients with a genetic diagnosis of USH2 showed pathological O-VEMPs. Two patients (40%) reported bilateral absent or abnormal values of C-VEMPs. The superior semicircular canal presented a significant deficit in 2 (40%) patients. The same 2 cases showed a pathologic response of the v-HIT of the horizontal semicircular canal. Finally, the posterior semicircular canal presented a significant deficit in 4 (40.0%) patients. Conclusion A vestibular evaluation with vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and v-HIT seems to identify latent damage to the vestibular receptors of USH2 patients.

Validation of a method for noninvasive prenatal testing for fetal aneuploidies risk and considerations for its introduction in the Public Health System.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to validate noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for fetal aneuploidies by whole-genome massively parallel sequencing (MPS). METHODS: MPS was performed on cell-free DNA (cfDNA) isolated from maternal plasma in two groups: a first set of 186 euploid samples and a second set of 195 samples enriched of aneuploid cases (n = 69); digital PCR for fetal fraction (FF) assessment was performed on 178/381 samples. Cases with <10 × 106 reads (n = 54) were excluded for downstream data analysis. Follow-up data (invasive testing results or neonatal information) were available for all samples. Performances in terms of specificity/sensitivity and Z-score distributions were evaluated. RESULTS: All positive samples for trisomy 21 (T21) (n = 43), trisomy 18 (T18) (n = 6) and trisomy 13 (T13) (n = 7) were correctly identified (sensitivity: 99.9%); 5 false positive results were reported: 3 for T21 (specificity = 98.9%) and 2 for T13 (specificity = 99.4%). Besides FF, total cfDNA concentration seems another important parameter for MPS, since it influences the number of reads. CONCLUSIONS: The overall test accuracy allowed us introducing NIPT for T21, T18 and T13 as a clinical service for pregnant women after 10 + 4 weeks of gestation. Sex chromosome aneuploidy assessment needs further validation due to the limited number of aneuploid cases in this study.

Utility of droplet digital PCR for the quantitative detection of polyomavirus JC in clinical samples.

BACKGROUND: Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is the standard molecular method for detection of polyomavirus JC (JCPyV) DNA reactivation in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients at risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Recently, digital PCR has shown potential benefits over qPCR in viral diagnostics. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay in assessing JCPyV-DNA status in clinical samples of patients at risk for PML. STUDY DESIGN: JCPyV specific ddPCR was developed with primers/probes targeting Large T and the noncoding control region used in qPCR. The ddPCR accuracy of JCPyV-DNA quantification was investigated using serial dilutions of genomic JCPyV-DNA. The ddPCR JCPyV-DNA quantification and qPCR confirmation were performed on 150 CSF and 100 serum clinical samples. RESULTS: Using genomic JCPyV-DNA, ddPCR was highly sensitive, repeatable and reproducible for both molecular targets. Using clinical samples, JCPyV-DNA was detected in 13% of CSF and in 50% of serum samples with limit of detection of 30 copies/ml. Among the 19 JCPyV-DNA-positive CSF detected using the ddPCR, 15 also tested positive with the qPCR. Among the 50 JCPyV-DNA-positive serum identified with ddPCR, 41 tested positive with qPCR. All the ddPCR-negative samples were negative when assessed using qPCR. Additionally, the mean JCPyV-DNA viral load obtained with ddPCR in all samples was not significantly different from that of qPCR. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that ddPCR is a highly sensitive alternative for measuring JCPyV-DNA that should be considered in clinical diagnostic testing of JCPyV-DNA in patients at risk of PML and other associated diseases.

Draft Genome Sequence of Proteus mirabilis NO-051/03, Representative of a Multidrug-Resistant Clone Spreading in Europe and Expressing the CMY-16 AmpC-Type ß-Lactamase.

Proteus mirabilis NO-051/03, representative of a multidrug-resistant clone expressing the CMY-16 AmpC-type ß-lactamase and circulating in Europe since 2003, was sequenced by a MiSeq platform using a paired-end approach. The genome was assembled in 100 scaffolds with a total length of 4,197,318 bp. Analysis of the draft genome sequence revealed the presence of several acquired resistance determinants to ß-lactams, aminoglycosides, phenicols, tetracyclines, trimethoprim, and sulfonamides, of one plasmid replicon, and of a type I-E clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein (Cas) adaptive immune system.

Impact of Genotype on the Occurrence of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Genes associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) are not uniformly expressed in the atrial myocardium. Whether this may impact susceptibility to atrial fibrillation (AF) is unresolved. To analyze the prevalence and clinical correlates of AF in relation to genotype in a large HC cohort, prevalence and clinical profile of AF were assessed in 237 patients with HC, followed for 14 ± 10 years. Patients were divided into 3 genetic subgroups: (1) MYBPC3 (58%), (2) MYH7 (28%), and (3) "other genotypes" (14%; comprising TNNT2, TNNI3, TPM1, MYL2, complex genotypes, Z-line, and E-C coupling genes). Left atrial size was similar in the 3 subsets. AF occurred in 74 patients with HC (31%), with no difference among groups (31% in MYBPC3, 37% in MYH7 and 18% in other genotypes, p = 0.15), paroxysmal/persistent AF (12%, 18%, and 12%, respectively; p = 0.53), paroxysmal/persistent evolved to permanent (12%, 12%, and 3%, p = 0.36) or permanent AF (7%, 7%, and 3%, p = 0.82). Age at AF onset was younger in the group with other genotypes (37 ± 10 years) compared to the first 2 groups (53 ± 14 and 51 ± 17, respectively; p = 0.05) because of early onset associated with complex genotypes and a specific JPH2 mutation associated with abnormal intracellular calcium handling. At multivariate analysis, independent predictors of AF were atrial diameter (p ≤0.05) and age at diagnosis (p = 0.09), but not genetic subtype (p = 0.35). In conclusion, in patients with HC, genetic testing cannot be used in clinical decision making with regard to management strategies for AF. Genotype is not predictive of onset or severity of AF, which appears rather driven by hemodynamic determinants of atrial dilatation. Exceptions are represented by rare genes suggesting specific molecular pathways for AF in genetic cardiomyopathies.

Draft Genome Sequence of the First Hypermucoviscous Klebsiella quasipneumoniae subsp. quasipneumoniae Isolate from a Bloodstream Infection.

Klebsiella quasipneumoniae is a recently described species, formerly identified as K. pneumoniae phylogroup KpII. Information on pathogenic and virulence potential of this species are lacking. We sequenced the genome of a hypermucoviscous K. quasipneumoniae clinical isolate showing a virulence genes content (allABCDRS, kfuABC, and mrkABCDFHIJ) peculiar to hypervirulent K. pneumoniae strains.

Characterization of a Novel Putative Xer-Dependent Integrative Mobile Element Carrying the bla(NMC-A) Carbapenemase Gene, Inserted into the Chromosome of Members of the Enterobacter cloacae Complex.

An Enterobacter ludwigii strain was isolated during routine screening of a Japanese patient for carriage of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. PCR analysis revealed the blaNMC-A carbapenemase gene. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that blaNMC-A was inserted in the chromosome and associated with a novel 29.1-kb putative Xer-dependent integrative mobile element, named EludIMEX-1. Bioinformatic analysis identified similar elements in the genomes of an Enterobacter asburiae strain and of other Enterobacter cloacae complex strains, confirming the mobile nature of this element.

A Systematic Assessment of Accuracy in Detecting Somatic Mosaic Variants by Deep Amplicon Sequencing: Application to NF2 Gene.

The accurate detection of low-allelic variants is still challenging, particularly for the identification of somatic mosaicism, where matched control sample is not available. High throughput sequencing, by the simultaneous and independent analysis of thousands of different DNA fragments, might overcome many of the limits of traditional methods, greatly increasing the sensitivity. However, it is necessary to take into account the high number of false positives that may arise due to the lack of matched control samples. Here, we applied deep amplicon sequencing to the analysis of samples with known genotype and variant allele fraction (VAF) followed by a tailored statistical analysis. This method allowed to define a minimum value of VAF for detecting mosaic variants with high accuracy. Then, we exploited the estimated VAF to select candidate alterations in NF2 gene in 34 samples with unknown genotype (30 blood and 4 tumor DNAs), demonstrating the suitability of our method. The strategy we propose optimizes the use of deep amplicon sequencing for the identification of low abundance variants. Moreover, our method can be applied to different high throughput sequencing approaches to estimate the background noise and define the accuracy of the experimental design.

Hereditary hemochromatosis type 1 phenotype modifiers in Italian patients. The controversial role of variants in HAMP, BMP2, FTL and SLC40A1 genes.

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a heterogeneous disorder of iron metabolism. The most common form of the disease is Classic or type 1 HH, mainly caused by a biallelic missense p.Cys282Tyr (c.845G>A) mutation in the HFE gene. However, the penetrance of p.Cys282Tyr/p.Cys282Tyr genotype is incomplete in terms of both biochemical and clinical expressivity. Lack of penetrance is thought to be caused by several genetic and environmental factors. Recently, a lot of evidences on HH genetic modifiers were produced, often without conclusive results. We investigated 6 polymorphisms (rs10421768 in HAMP gene, rs235756 in BMP2 gene, rs2230267 in FTL gene, rs1439816 in SLC40A1 gene, rs41295942 in TFR2 gene and rs2111833 in TMPRSS6 gene) with uncertain function in order to further evaluate their role in an independent cohort of 109 HH type 1 patients. Our results make it likely the role of rs10421768, rs235756, rs2230267 and rs1439816 polymorphisms, respectively in HAMP, BMP2, FTL and SLC40A1 genes in HH expressivity. In addition, previous and our findings support a hypothetical multifactorial model of HH, characterized by a principal gene (HFE in HH type 1) and minor genetic and environmental factors that still have to be fully elucidated.

16p11.2 de novo microdeletion encompassing SRCAP gene in a patient with speech impairment, global developmental delay and behavioural problems.

We describe a patient with speech impairment, global developmental delay, behavioural problems and a 186 kb de novo microdeletion on 16p11.2. There are four OMIM Phenotypes entries partially overlapping with the deleted region and related to recurrent microdeletions/microduplications in 16p11.2. A detailed review of published data shows that microdeletions/microduplications' boundaries do not include genes that are deleted in the case here reported. The deletion encompasses 9 RefSeq genes and includes SRCAP (Snf2-related CREBBP activator protein, OMIM*611421), a disease causing gene. Recently, truncating mutations in the SRCAP gene have been shown to cause Floating-Harbor syndrome (FHS, OMIM#136140), a rare disorder characterized by peculiar facial features, short stature with delayed osseous maturation and speech impairment. The patient reported here shows few subtle phenotypic features resembling that of FHS, but she does not have sufficient signs and symptoms for the clinical diagnosis and a clinical classification based on facial gestalt is not possible. This is the first report of a 16p11.2 deletion completely removing one copy of SRCAP, suggesting that haploinsufficiency of this gene could be associated to speech impairment, global developmental delay, behavioural problems and few subtle phenotypic features resembling FHS. However, further evidence for the putative causative role of SRCAP isolated deletion is needed.

Clinical phenotype and outcome of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with thin-filament gene mutations.

BACKGROUND: Mild hypertrophy but increased arrhythmic risk characterizes the stereotypic phenotype proposed for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) caused by thin-filament mutations. However, whether such clinical profile is different from more prevalent thick-filament-associated disease is unresolved. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess clinical features and outcomes in a large cohort of patients with HCM associated with thin-filament mutations compared with thick-filament HCM. METHODS: Adult HCM patients (age >18 years), 80 with thin-filament and 150 with thick-filament mutations, were followed for an average of 4.5 years. RESULTS: Compared with thick-filament HCM, patients with thin-filament mutations showed: 1) milder and atypically distributed left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (maximal wall thickness 18 ± 5 mm vs. 24 ± 6 mm; p < 0.001) and less prevalent outflow tract obstruction (19% vs. 34%; p = 0.015); 2) higher rate of progression to New York Heart Association functional class III or IV (15% vs. 5%; p = 0.013); 3) higher prevalence of systolic dysfunction or restrictive LV filling at last evaluation (20% vs. 9%; p = 0.038); 4) 2.4-fold increase in prevalence of triphasic LV filling pattern (26% vs. 11%; p = 0.002); and 5) similar rates of malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (p = 0.593). CONCLUSIONS: In adult HCM patients, thin-filament mutations are associated with increased likelihood of advanced LV dysfunction and heart failure compared with thick-filament disease, whereas arrhythmic risk in both subsets is comparable. Triphasic LV filling is particularly common in thin-filament HCM, reflecting profound diastolic dysfunction.

Novel α-actinin 2 variant associated with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and juvenile atrial arrhythmias: a massively parallel sequencing study.

BACKGROUND: Next-generation sequencing might be particularly advantageous in genetically heterogeneous conditions, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), in which a considerable proportion of patients remain undiagnosed after Sanger. In this study, we present an Italian family with atypical HCM in which a novel disease-causing variant in α-actinin 2 (ACTN2) was identified by next-generation sequencing. METHODS AND RESULTS: A large family spanning 4 generations was examined, exhibiting an autosomal dominant cardiomyopathic trait comprising a variable spectrum of (1) midapical HCM with restrictive evolution with marked biatrial dilatation, (2) early-onset atrial fibrillation and atrioventricular block, and (3) left ventricular noncompaction. In the proband, 48 disease genes for HCM, selected on the basis of published reports, were analyzed by targeted resequencing with a customized enrichment system. After bioinformatics analysis, 4 likely pathogenic variants were identified: TTN c.21977G>A (p.Arg7326Gln); TTN c.8749A>C (p.Thr2917Pro); ACTN2 c.683T>C (p.Met228Thr); and OBSCN c.13475T>G (p.Leu4492Arg). The novel variant ACTN2 c.683T>C (p.Met228Thr), located in the actin-binding domain, proved to be the only mutation fully cosegregating with the cardiomyopathic trait in 18 additional family members (of whom 11 clinically affected). ACTN2 c.683T>C (p.Met228Thr) was absent in 570 alleles of healthy controls and in 1000 Genomes Project and was labeled as Damaging by in silico analysis using polymorphism phenotyping v2, as Deleterious by sorts intolerant from tolerant, and as Disease-Causing by Mutation Taster. CONCLUSIONS: A targeted next-generation sequencing approach allowed the identification of a novel ACTN2 variant associated with midapical HCM and juvenile onset of atrial fibrillation, emphasizing the potential of such approach in HCM diagnostic screening.

Improving complex kinship analyses with additional STR loci.

In a standard paternity testing, mother, child, and alleged father are analyzed with STR markers using commercially available kits. Since Italian civil legislation does not have thresholds to confirm a paternity, paternity is practically proven when likelihood ratio increases prior probability of paternity to posterior, accepted by court as sufficient. However, in some cases the number of markers included in a commercial kit may be insufficient to conclusively prove or disprove a relationship between individuals, especially when complex family scenarios are suspected or indirect analyses are required. Additional genetic information can increase the values of the likelihood ratio regarding the detection of true parental relationships in a pedigree, while reducing the chances of false attributions (e.g. false paternities). In these cases the introduction of a 26Plex amplification system allows to examine 23-26 additional markers depending on the commercial kit used, thus increasing the statistical power of the kinship analysis. The PCR conditions were optimized for a multiplex amplification system and a new generation CE instrument. In order to demonstrate the utility of additional STRs markers, four complex kinship cases are presented.

False-positive results with amylase testing of citrus fruits.

In a case of robbery in which the criminals passed through the garden adorned with calamondin trees (Citrus madurensis), the investigators found in the grass six calamondin fruits, some undamaged, while others apparently bitten. The fruits were collected and sent to the laboratory for DNA analysis to verify the presence of saliva and robbers' DNA profile. A specific immunochromatographic strip test for saliva confirmed the presence of human salivary α-amylase, but similar positive results were also observed for intact calamondin and other citrus fruits. Further analysis with a specific automated amylase test confirmed the absence of amylase activity. DNA quantification and typing using a specific forensic kit revealed no human DNA presence in any fruits. This case report demonstrates for the first time the occurrence of false positives when human saliva is sought on citrus fruits.

MYO7A and USH2A gene sequence variants in Italian patients with Usher syndrome.

PURPOSE: To analyze the spectrum of sequence variants in the MYO7A and USH2A genes in a group of Italian patients affected by Usher syndrome (USH). METHODS: Thirty-six Italian patients with a diagnosis of USH were recruited. They received a standard ophthalmologic examination, visual field testing, optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan, and electrophysiological tests. Fluorescein angiography and fundus autofluorescence imaging were performed in selected cases. All the patients underwent an audiologic examination for the 0.25-8,000 Hz frequencies. Vestibular function was evaluated with specific tests. DNA samples were analyzed for sequence variants of the MYO7A gene (for USH1) and the USH2A gene (for USH2) with direct sequencing techniques. A few patients were analyzed for both genes. RESULTS: In the MYO7A gene, ten missense variants were found; three patients were compound heterozygous, and two were homozygous. Thirty-four USH2A gene variants were detected, including eight missense variants, nine nonsense variants, six splicing variants, and 11 duplications/deletions; 19 patients were compound heterozygous, and three were homozygous. Four MYO7A and 17 USH2A variants have already been described in the literature. Among the novel mutations there are four USH2A large deletions, detected with multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification (MLPA) technology. Two potentially pathogenic variants were found in 27 patients (75%). Affected patients showed variable clinical pictures without a clear genotype-phenotype correlation. CONCLUSIONS: Ten variants in the MYO7A gene and 34 variants in the USH2A gene were detected in Italian patients with USH at a high detection rate. A selective analysis of these genes may be valuable for molecular analysis, combining diagnostic efficiency with little time wastage and less resource consumption.

Phase II trial of customized first line chemotherapy according to ERCC1 and RRM1 SNPs in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Customized chemotherapy has several advantages: patients are more likely to be treated with the most effective agents and can be spared the toxicity of ineffective drugs. Based on the literature, excision repair cross complementation group 1 (ERCC1) and ribonucleotide reductase M1 (RRM1) genes represent predictive biomarkers of response to platinum compound and gemcitabine, in NSCLC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We had planned a phase II trial (Simon design) to evaluate combination chemotherapy according to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ERCC1 (118T/C and 8092C/A) and RRM1 (-37C/A and -524T/C) in naïve patients affected by advanced NSCLC. ERCC1 and RRM1 SNPs assessment was performed in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Combination chemotherapy was selected based on ERCC1 and RRM1 SNPs: we assume that patients with one or two C alleles at position 118 and with one or two A alleles at position 8092 in ERCC1 gene would correspond to Cisplatin non-responder and than with two A alleles at -37 and two C alleles at -524 in RRM1 gene to gemcitabine non-responder. Four schedules were provided: cisplatin+gemcitabine, cisplatin+docetaxel, gemcitabine+docetaxel; docetaxel+vinorelbine. Primary endpoint was overall response (ORR) in the intention-to-treat population. RESULTS: 42 patients were enrolled from January 2010 to November 2011; 40 patients received at least 1 cycle of chemotherapy; median age was 66 years (range: 47-72); 36(90%) had stage IV, 4(10%) IIIB; 23(58%) had adenocarcinoma, 14(35%) squamous carcinoma. Twenty-five (62%) patients received treatment A, 3(8%) treatment B, 11(28%) treatment C, 1(23%) treatment D. ORR was 55%, analysis in squamous patients subgroups showed 71.4% ORR. The median follow-up was 19.7 months, PFS was 23 weeks (95% CI = 15-26) and OS was 40.4 weeks (95% CI = 32-55). Treatment was well tolerated. CONCLUSION: We observed an increase of ORR in NSCLC patients when they were treated with chemotherapy according to ERCC1 and RRM1 SNPs status.