Psychometric properties of the self-report version of the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale in a sample of Hungarian adolescents and young adults.

The Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behaviour Scale (SWAN) measures the full spectrum of attention and activity symptoms, not just the negative end of the distribution. Previous studies revealed strong psychometric properties of the parent and teacher report versions; however, there is little research on the new self-report form of the SWAN. Therefore, our research aimed to explore the psychometric characteristics of the SWAN self-report. A non-clinical sample of young women (N = 664, mean age: 20.01 years, SD: 3.08 years) completed the SWAN self-report, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF). We tested several models using confirmatory factor analyses to assess the factorial validity of the SWAN self-report. Distributional characteristics, convergent, and predictive validity were assessed. A bifactor model with a general factor and a specific inattention factor (bifactor-1) provided the best fit in our data (CFI = 0.977, TLI/NFI = 0.972, RMSEA = 0.053 [90% CI: 0.047 - 0.059], SRMR = 0.061, ω = 0.90). The reliability of the general ADHD factor was good (ωh = 0.87), and the specific inattention factor was acceptable (ωh = 0.73). The distribution of the SWAN self-report scores did not differ from the normal distribution. A strong correlation between the SWAN and the SDQ Hyperactivity subscale was found. The analyses revealed good predictive validity. Our results suggest that the SWAN self-report is a valuable tool for assessing symptoms of ADHD in adolescents and young adults.

Utility for Clinical Practice of a Bifactor ADHD Model in an Elementary School Population in Mexico.

We assessed the appropriateness of the bifactor model for a Mexican ADHD symptom questionnaire (BMQ-ADHD) applied to parents and teachers of elementary school children. With a sample of 765 reports of children's behavior (48.7% with ADHD A1 criteria, 42.6% girls, mean age 8.5 years [± 1.6 sd]), we examined construct validity, measurement invariance, differences for gender and school level, and the appropriateness of using summed scores. The BMQ-ADHD questionnaire was characterized by good construct validity for the bifactor model for parents' and teachers' reports. For both corpora, we detected invariance for gender and school level. There were differences in ADHD symptoms by gender, but not by school year. The summed scores may represent the factors accurately for females but may present difficulty for males in the parents' questionnaires. The present study revealed good BMQ-ADHD psychometric properties for a unidimensional-hierarchical ADHD scale segregated by gender for parents' and teachers' reports.

Linear and Nonlinear Effect of Years of Schooling, Sex, and Age on the CERAD-MX and Complementary Tasks in a Mexican Sample: A Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVE: Since evidence of adults' cognition decline is based on standardized testing, we developed regression-based continuous norms by linear regression (LR) and nonlinear quantile regression (NQR) with years of schooling (YoS), age, and sex as covariates on the Mexican adaptation of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD-MX) and complementary tasks. METHODS: 392 healthy, Spanish-speaking Mexican adults (50.25% women) aged 18-59 completed the 15 CERAD-MX cognitive tasks and complementary tasks. We used raw scores and examined YoS-related effects considering sex and age as covariates. For the NQR, we used calibrated scores for sex and age. While LR represents one line across the performance, NQR differentiated several nonlinear performance bands by quantiles. RESULTS: LR showed positive relationships between YoS and cognitive performance with a funnel variance pattern. Therefore, this relationship is better represented with NQR than LR. A small, but significant, negative effect of age was found for this age range (18-59 years). The band with fewer years of schooling (1-6) showed greater variability in the cognitive measures than those with more years of schooling (16-22). CONCLUSION: This study shows that NQR is useful for accurately positioning participants' performance relative to their peers. NQR accounts more than LR for the inconsistent variability of cognitive performance as a function of YoS by identifying the variability according to YoS (low, medium, high). Thus, NQR represents an appropriate way to construct norms for the cognitive performance of adults.

Factor structure, measurement invariance, and scoring practices of the strengths and weaknesses of ADHD-symptoms and normal behavior.

We investigate the factor structure, concurrent validity, internal consistency, measurement invariance (sex and parents' geographical/cultural background), and practical scoring practices of the Strengths and Weaknesses of Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)-Symptoms and Normal Behavior scale (SWAN) in junior high school students. With a sample of 650 parents of Mexican junior high school students (55.84% girls; mean age of 13.15 and SD = 0.97 years) who completed the SWAN scale, a bidirectional instrument, and the Barrios and Matute Questionnaire of ADHD symptoms (BMQ-ADHD), a traditional Mexican unidirectional instrument, we obtained SWAN' psychometric properties by a series of confirmatory factor analyses. Two and three-correlated factors of the SWAN and bifactor models fitted well to the data. The bifactor model with one general dimension and two specific dimensions (BF 2S) showed most favorable psychometric properties and was invariant regarding sex and cultural background. The analyses of the BF 2S revealed that only the general factor was sufficiently reliable for scoring. Percentiles divided by sex better approximated SWAN averaged-based scores to the general factor derived from the SWAN bifactor model, measuring the trait with acceptable precision for norms development. The study provides evidence that SWAN measures a trait best represented by a reliable general domain, that the average-based SWAN score is closer to the general SWAN trait when the score is segregated by sex, and that it is invariant with respect to sex and cultural background to be reliable in a culturally diverse population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Do Teachers Confirm Parent's Ratings of ADHD DSM-IV Criteria? A Study of a Mexican Population.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Collecting information from different raters is important for diagnosing ADHD, but several factors can lead to gathering discrepant information. Our aim was to determine the agreement between parent and teacher's when rating the list of ADHD symptoms (criterion A, DSM-IV) in a sample of Mexican school-age children. We explored whether inter-rater agreement varied by children's age and sex, and each symptom of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. METHODS: A total of 789 children (335 girls) from six elementary school grades grouped as G1 [grades 1-2], G2 [grades 3-4], and G3 [grades 5-6]) were rated by their parents and teachers. We identified inter-rater reliability by using Cohen's kappa coefficient by school level, sex, and ADHD symptoms. We explored the presence of symptoms considering parents' and teachers' ratings, individually and collapsed, using the AND/OR rules. RESULTS: Low inter-rater agreement was observed. Moderate levels were observed in G1, but not in G2 or G3. Both groups of informants reported that more boys than girls met these criteria, but agreement by sex was still low, as were the results of the analyses by individual symptoms. Among the children that met the ADHD criteria, an inattention symptom was the one most frequently reported by both raters, whereas among non-ADHD children, a hyperactive symptom was the one most often reported. DISCUSSION: The exclusive use of questionnaires fails to provide convergent information between raters. We highlight the importance of conducting comprehensive clinical histories when diagnosing ADHD in order to explore what these discrepancies show about the relationship symptoms/context.

"Like parent, like child": Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-like characteristics in parents of ADHD cases.

The objective of this study was to characterize an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) endophenotype in non-affected parents of adolescents with a history of ADHD, based on the relationship between performance on a sustained attention test (continuous performance task, or CPT) and polymorphisms of the DRD4 gene. In a sample of 25 non-affected parents of adolescents with ADHD history obtained from a longitudinal study of a nonclinical population, and 25 non-affected parents of adolescents with no ADHD history, four groups were evaluated with respect to the presence or absence of the long allele polymorphism of the DRD4 gene (i.e., over seven repeats). Comparisons of CPT performance among the four study groups included the number of commission errors, the number of omission errors, mean reaction time on correct responses (MRT), and reaction time (RT) variability (mean standard deviation of RT in each block [SDRT, as variability], and the sigma and tau components of the ex-Gaussian approach). The group of non-affected parents of adolescents with ADHD history and at least one long allele of the DRD4 gene showed greater RT variability (measured by SDRT), which is best explained by the greater frequency of abnormally slow responses (measured by tau). An association between the presence of the long allele of the DRD4 gene polymorphism and ADHD-like failure in CPT performance was evident in the non-affected parents of adolescents with ADHD in childhood. These findings suggest that certain traits of CPT performance could be considered an ADHD endophenotype.

Características del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en escolares mexicanos de acuerdo con la percepción de los padres / Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder traits among Mexican school-age children according to parents perception

El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) es uno de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo que más se detectan en la infancia. El objetivo del presente estudio fue estimar la prevalencia del TDAH en una muestra de niños mexicanos de edad escolar. Se estudiaron 6639 alumnosde escuelas públicas de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México, a los que se les levantó una encuesta con el informe de los padres en un cuestionario diseñado bajo los criterios que el DSM-IV considera para el diagnóstico de TDAH. Se re cuperaron y analizaron 4399 cuestionarios. De acuerdo con el informe de los padres, el 8.9% de los niños tienen un perfil de conductas compatibles con los criterios del DSM-IV para el diagnóstico de TDAH. La proporción masculino: femenino fue de 2:1. La distribución por subtipos fue: 147 escolares con tipo combinado, 132 inatento y 114 del tipo hiperactivo-impulsivo. La prevalencia fue mayor del primero al tercer grado que del cuarto al sexto. La prevalencia de TDAH calculada se encuentra dentro del rango informado en otros países. Los estudios realizados en grandes muestras son útiles para diseñar estrategias de intervención acordes a la población en cuestión.

Attention deficit with hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequent neuro developmental disorders identified in children. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of ADHD behaviour in a sample of Mexican school-aged children. Data were obtained from 6639 pupils enrolled in public elementary schools in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Prevalence was based on parental reports collected using the full DSM-IV criteria. A total of 4399 questionnaires were received and analysed. According to the parents, 8.9% of the children met the DSM-IV ADHD criteria. The male: female ratio was 2:1. Distribution by subtypes was as follows: 147 children with combined type, 132 inattentive children, and 114 with the hyperactive-impulsive type. Prevalence was higher from first grade to third grade than it was from fourth to sixth grade. The calculated ADHD prevalence is consistent with the range reported by other countries. Studies conducted with large samples are useful in the design of intervention strategies in accordance with the target population.

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium analysis of the 48 bp VNTR in the III exon of the DRD4 gene in a sample of parents of ADHD cases.

The aim of this study was to obtain the genotype and gene frequency from parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and then assess the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium of genotype frequency of the variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) III exon of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene. The genotypes of the III exon of 48 bp VNTR repeats of the DRD4 gene were determined by polymerase chain reaction in a sample of 30 parents of ADHD cases. In the 60 chromosomes analyzed, the following frequencies of DRD4 gene polymorphisms were observed: six chromosomes (c) with two repeat alleles (r) (10%); 1c with 3r (1.5%); 36c with 4r (60%); 1c with 5r (1.5%); and 16c with 7r (27%). The genotypic distribution of the 30 parents was two parents (p) with 2r/2r (6.67%); 1p with 2r/4r (3.33%); 1p with 2r/5r (3.33%); 1p with 3r/4r (3.33%); 15p with 4r/4r (50%); 4p with 4r/7r (13.33); and 6p with 7r/7r (20%). A Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium (χ (2)=13.03, P<0.01) was found due to an over-representation of the 7r/7r genotype. These results suggest that the 7r polymorphism of the DRD4 gene is associated with the ADHD condition in a Mexican population.

Efecto del sistema de crianza (extensivo vs semiintensivo) del macho cabrío, sobre la obtención de semen mediante vagina artificial / Effect of rearing conditions (extensive vs semiestabulated) on semen collection in goats via artificial vagina

Con el propósito de evaluar el efecto del sistema de crianza (extensivo vs semi-intensivo) del macho cabrío, en el entrenamiento para colecta de semen mediante vagina artificial, se utilizaron ocho animales criollos, de dos años de edad, con experiencia sexual; cuatro habían sido criados bajo condiciones extensivas, y los restantes bajo un manejo semiintensivo. Todos recibieron ocho sesiones de entrenamiento, exponiéndoles en forma individual, dos veces por semana, ante una hembra en celo durante 20 minutos o menos, para el caso de que eyacularan antes de cubrir el periodo. El orden de exposición se modificó en cada día de entrenamiento, pero siempre alternando los machos de acuerdo con su tipo de crianza. Los cuatro machos criados bajo condiciones semiintensivas eyacularon en la vagina artificial desde la primera exposición, mientras que ninguno de los animales criados bajo condiciones extensivas lograron eyacular durante las ocho sesiones de entrenamiento a que se sometieron. Los resultados sugieren que aquellos animales criados bajo condiciones extensivas, pueden desarrollar altos niveles de miedo durante evaluaciones sexuales ante la presencia cercana del humano, disminuyendo su motivación sexual bajo tales condiciones.

Resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de las fracturas de olécranon / Results of surgical treatment for olecranon fractures

Se realizó la revisión de 162 expedientes con diagnóstico de fractura de olécranon, lograndose el seguimiento y evaluación de 86 pacientes. Se clasificaron y trataron en forma quirúrgica según los criterios de la AO, de octubre de 1987 a diciembre de 1993; fueron 53 casos del sexo masculino y 33 del femenino, con edad media de 52 años; 7 correspondieron al tipo A3 y 62 al tipo B1, 6 al tipo B3, 3 al tipo C1, 5 al tipo C2 y 6 al tipo C3. El principio biomecánico utilizado fue, en las tipo A3, C2 y C3 (18 casos) el de protección o sostén con placa de reconstrucción y tornillos de 3.5 mm; en las tipo B1, B3 y C1 el del tirante mediante banda de tensión (71 casos). En las fracturas de la cúpula radial, que acompañan a los tipos A3, B3 y C, se realizaron 5 osteosíntesis, 12 resecciones y la aplicación de 10 prótesis de Swanson. Se evaluaron la flexo-extensión del codo, dolor, consolidación, reintegración laboral y opinión del paciente. Los resultados fueron 72 (81 por ciento) casos excelentes, 10 (11.2 por ciento) buenos, 4 (4.5 por ciento) regulares y 3 (3.3 por ciento) malos

Artrodesis segmentaria del carpo en la inestabilidad carpiana secundaria a fracturas no consolidadas del escafoides / Segmental arthrodesis of the carpus for treatment of carpal instability, consecutive to non-united fractures of the carpal scaphoid

En el Servicio de Extremidad Torácica del Hospital de Traumatología y Ortopedia Lomas Verdes, se trataron quirúrgicamente mediante artrodesis segmentaria del carpo 26 pacientes con diagnósticos preoperatorio de inestabilidad del carpo, de marzo de 1989 a marzo de 1992. Correspondieron 21 al sexo masculino (81 por ciento) y cinco al femenino (19 por ciento), con edades que fluctuaron en 18 casos de 21 a 40 años y ocho de 41 a 60 años. Los diagnósticos preoperatorios fueron: 11 pacientes con inestabilidad rotacional del escafoides por pseudoartrosis, inestabilidad estática dorsal con artrosis en cinco casos, enfermedad de Kienböck en cuatro pacientes y cuatro casos con inestabilidad estática ventral secundaria a luxación trans-escafoperilunar. El tipo de artrodesis realizada fue: escafoides-semilunar-hueso grande en 19 casos (73.4 por ciento); escafoides-semilunar en dos casos (7.6 por ciento): y con un sólo paciente de los siguientes tipos: escafoides-semilunar-hueso grande-piramidal; trapecio-hueso grande-escafoides; escafoides-semilunar-hueso grande-trapecio; ganchoso-hueso grande-semilunar. La evaluación postoperatoria se realizó en tres años como máximo y seis meses como mínimo, encontrando a 24 pacientes sin dolor (92.4 por ciento) y a dos con dolor moderado (7.6 por ciento); los arcos de movimiento mostraron una mejoría en promedio de 25 grados para la flexoextensión y 10 grados para la abducción-addución. En todos los casos se logró la consolidación de la artrodesis, así como el retorno a las actividades habituales y de trabajo. Por lo tanto tuvimos como resultados finales 24 casos buenos (92.4 por ciento), y dos pacienes con resultados regulares (7.6 por ciento). Concluimos que la artrodesis segmentaria, es una alternativa de tratamiento para preservar la movilidad de la articulación radiocarpiana, con estabilidad que permite el retorno a sus actividades habituales y trabajo