RESUMO
This paper conceptualizes shame as an acute stress response to an unacceptable view of oneself mediated through another's perspective. After reviewing the developmental antecedents and ontogenetic role of shame, the author first illustrates how shame may induce a depressive paralysis and self-hurtful intent when the goal of reconciliation is thwarted. She then addresses how shame ignited by narcissistic injury can mobilize aggressive behavior toward others, motivated by a need to restore the self.The goals of this paper are to demonstrate that the configurations of shame are manifestations of interpersonal traumatization, to define them as predictable stress responses that activate specific goal-directed behaviors, and to propose the use of these conceptualizations in the empirical study of interpersonal traumatization.
Assuntos
Relações Interpessoais , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Narcisismo , Trauma Psicológico/psicologia , Vergonha , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Suicídio/psicologia , HumanosAssuntos
Medicina nas Artes , Psiquiatria/educação , Materiais de Ensino , Drama , Folclore , Humanos , Magia , Medicina na Literatura , Ensino/métodos , Gravação em VídeoRESUMO
Although the myth of Oedipus has been linked with psychiatry through the words of Sigmund Freud, it has not been remembered in the context of its playwright's intention. Sophocles gave Oedipus to his fellow Athenians as a warning (Knox, 1984). That warning was about hubris. This paper proposes that warnings about hubris have appeared on our phylogenetic radar. It concludes that these archetypal warnings have been essential for our species, as strivings for power and status endanger prosocial behaviors critical for survival. This idea has support from recent studies about cooperative behavior, fairness, and reciprocity that suggest we are predisposed to protect prosocial behaviors and punish that which threatens them. The paper ultimately encourages clinicians to differentiate between pride and hubris, related emotional states that drive very different motivational and goal-directed responses in moral decision-making.
Assuntos
Tomada de Decisões , Emoções , Princípios Morais , Comportamento Social , Motivação , Teoria PsicológicaRESUMO
Humiliation, triggered by sensed insult, is hypothesized as a traumatic stimulus and the driving force of a goal-directed survival response that includes predictable emotional appraisals, and motivational or behavioral responses. Because these responses appear automatic and obligatory, they are most likely innately planted as a survival mechanism. Sensitive to developmental experience, these psychobiological responses can be intensified or modulated by social learning.
Assuntos
Agressão/psicologia , Mecanismos de Defesa , Terapia Psicanalítica , Rejeição em Psicologia , Autoeficácia , Vergonha , Nível de Alerta , Dominação-Subordinação , Humanos , Poder Psicológico , Teoria PsicanalíticaRESUMO
This paper conceptualizes shame as an acute stress response to an unacceptable view of oneself mediated through another's perspective. After reviewing the developmental antecedents and ontogenetic role of shame, the author first illustrates how shame may induce a depressive paralysis and self-hurtful intent when the goal of reconciliation is thwarted. She then addresses how shame ignited by narcissistic injury can mobilize aggressive behavior toward others, motivated by a need to restore the self. The goals of this paper are to demonstrate that the configurations of shame are manifestations of interpersonal traumatization, to define them as predictable stress responses that activate specific goal-directed behaviors, and to propose the use of these conceptualizations in the empirical study of interpersonal traumatization.