RESUMO
Electronic devices with multiple features bring in comfort to the way we live. However, repeated use causes physical as well as chemical degradation reducing their lifetime. The self-healing ability is the most crucial property of natural systems for survival in unexpected situations and variable environments. However, this self-repair property is not possessed by the conventional electronic devices designed today. To expand their lifetime and make them reliable by restoring their mechanical, functional, and electrical properties, self-healing materials are a great go-to option to create robust devices. In this review the intriguing self-healing polymers and fascinating mechanism of self-healable energy harvesting devices such as triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) and storage devices like supercapacitors and batteries from the aspect of electrodes and electrolytes in the past five years are reviewed. The current challenges, strategies, and perspectives for a smart and sustainable future are also discussed.
RESUMO
Due to extraordinary electronic and optoelectronic properties, large-scale single-crystal two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers have gained significant interest in the development of profit-making cutting-edge nano and atomic-scale devices. To explore the remarkable properties of single-crystal 2D monolayers, many strategies are proposed to achieve ultra-thin functional devices. Despite substantial attempts, the controllable growth of high-quality single-crystal 2D monolayer still needs to be improved. The quality of the 2D monolayer strongly depends on the underlying substrates primarily responsible for the formation of grain boundaries during the growth process. To restrain the grain boundaries, the epitaxial growth process plays a crucial role and becomes ideal if an appropriate single crystal substrate is selected. Therefore, this perspective focuses on the latest advances in the growth of large-scale single-crystal 2D TMD monolayers in the light of enhancing their industrial applicability. In the end, recent progress and challenges of 2D TMD materials for various potential applications are highlighted.
RESUMO
The detection of pollutant and toxic gases has attracted extensive attention due to the growing environmental issues. In the present investigation, free-based tetraphenyl porphyrin (TPP) and iron tetraphenyl porphyrin (FeTPP) are used to functionalize thermally reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and further used for the detection of carbon monoxide (CO). TPP and FeTPP functionalized rGO (FeTPP@rGO) sensors are fabricated on a glass substrate with thermally coated copper electrodes. The materials are characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics have also been studied to demonstrate the operation of the device. In addition, the FeTPP@rGO device shows high sensitivity toward the detection of CO. By testing in the chemiresistive sensing modality, the as-fabricated device shows good response and recovery of 60 s and 120 s, respectively, with a low detection limit of 2.5 ppm.
RESUMO
Because of their exceptional physical and thermal properties, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are a highly promising bio-based material for reinforcing fillers. Studies have revealed that some functional groups from CNCs can be used as a capping ligand to coordinate with metal nanoparticles or semiconductor quantum dots during the fabrication of novel complex materials. Therefore, through CNCs ligand encapsulation and electrospinning, perovskite-NC-embedded nanofibers with exceptional optical and thermal stability are demonstrated. The results indicate that, after continuous irradiation or heat cycling, the relative photoluminescence (PL) emission intensity of the CNCs-capped perovskite-NC-embedded nanofibers is maintained at ≈90%. However, the relative PL emission intensity of both ligand-free and long-alkyl-ligand-doped perovskite-NC-embedded nanofibers decrease to almost 0%. These results are attributable to the formation of specific clusters of perovskite NCs along with the CNCs structure and thermal property improvement of polymers. CNCs-doped luminous complex materials offer a promising avenue for stability-demanding optoelectronic devices and other novel optical applications.
RESUMO
In this work, we aim to fabricate a highly stable and flexible perovskite paper photodetector based on a Zn-doped MA0.6FA0.4PbI3 perovskite and CNC. The paper photodetector has been successfully synthesized by the vacuum filtration method and deposited with interdigitated electrodes. The paper photodetector exhibits a significant photoresponse with a responsivity of 0.23 A W-1 under 650 nm light irradiation when operated at 5 V. The stability of the paper photodetector has also been tested and it shows high photoresponse after 30 days under ambient conditions. Therefore, this paper photodetector holds promise for developing efficient, stable, and flexible optoelectronic devices in the future.
RESUMO
Background and Objectives:The ADO (age, dyspnea, and airflow obstruction) and BODE (body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity) indices are often used to evaluate the prognoses for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD); however, an index suitable for predicting medical costs has yet to be developed. Materials and Methods: We investigated the BODE and ADO indices to predict medical costs and compare their predictive power. A total of 396 patients with COPD were retrospectively enrolled. Results: For hospitalization frequencies, BODE was R2 = 0.093 (p < 0.001), and ADO was R2 = 0.065 (p < 0.001); for hospitalization days, BODE was R2 = 0.128 (p < 0.001), and ADO was R2 = 0.071 (p < 0.001); for hospitalization expenses, BODE was R2 = 0.020 (p = 0.047), and ADO was R2 = 0.012 (p = 0.179). BODE and ADO did not differ significantly in the numbers of outpatient visits (BODE, R2 = 0.012, p = 0.179; ADO, R2 = 0.017, p = 0.082); outpatient medical expenses (BODE, R2 = 0.012, p = 0.208; ADO, R2 = 0.008, p = 0.364); and total medical costs (BODE, R2 = 0.018, p = 0.072; ADO, R2 = 0.016, p = 0.098). In conclusion, BODE and ADO indices were correlated with hospitalization frequency and hospitalization days. However, the BODE index exhibits slightly better predictive accuracy than the ADO index in these items.
Assuntos
Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica , Humanos , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos de Coortes , Dispneia/etiologia , Pulmão , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/economia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
Background and Objectives: Exertional desaturation (ED) is common and is associated with poorer clinical outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The age, dyspnea, airflow obstruction (ADO) and body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise (BODE) indexes are used to predict the prognosis of COPD patients. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between these indexes, pulmonary function, medical costs, and ED in COPD patients. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from the electronic database of the Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. This retrospective study included 396 patients categorized as either ED (n = 231) or non-ED (n = 165). Variables (including age, smoking history, body mass index (BMI), pulmonary function test, maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), six minutes walking test distance (6MWD), SpO2, COPD Assessment Test (CAT) score, ADO index, BODE index, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), and medical costs) were compared between the two groups, and their correlations were assessed. ED was defined as SpO2 less than 90% or SpO2 decrease of more than 4% compared to baseline levels during 6MWT. Results: A significant statistical difference was found regarding a lower score of the ADO index and the BODE index (both p < 0.001), better pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), p < 0.001; FEV1/ forced vital capacity (FVC), p < 0.001; diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO), p < 0.001), and higher minimal oxygen saturation (p < 0.001) in non-ED COPD patients. No difference was found in the distance of the 6MWT (p = 0.825) and respiratory muscle strength (MIP; MEP, p = 0.86; 0.751). However, the adjusted multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that only SpO2 (minimal) had a significant difference between of the ED and non-ED group (p < 0.001). There was either no difference in the medical expenses between ED and non-ED COPD patients. Conclusions: SpO2 (minimal) during the 6MWT is the independent factor for ED. ED is related to BODE and ADO indices, but is not related to medical expense.
Assuntos
Tolerância ao Exercício , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica , Humanos , Dispneia , Pulmão , Estudos Retrospectivos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Testes de Função RespiratóriaRESUMO
Fractals, mathematically defined as "self-similar subsets at different scales", are ubiquitous in nature despite their complexity in assembly and formulation. Fractal geometry formed by simple components has long been applied to many fields, from physics and chemistry to electronics and architecture. The Sierpinski carpet (SC), a fractal with a Hausdorff dimension of approximately 1.8933, has two-dimensional space-filling abilities and therefore provides many structural applications. However, few studies have investigated its mechanical properties and fracture behaviors. Here, utilizing the lattice spring model (LSM), we constructed SC composites with two base materials and simulated tensile tests to show how fractal iterations affect their mechanical properties and crack propagation. From observing the stress-strain responses, we find that, for either the soft-base or stiff-base SC composites, the second iteration has the optimal mechanical performance in the terms of stiffness, strength, and toughness compared to the composites with higher hierarchies. The reason behind this surprising result is that the largest stress intensities occur at the corners of the smallest squares in the middle zone, which consequently induces crack nucleation. We also find that the main crack tends to deflect locally in SC composites with a soft matrix, but in global main crack behavior, SC composites with a stiff matrix have a large equivalent crack deflection. Furthermore, considering the inherent anisotropy of SC composites, we rotated the samples by 45°. The results show that the tensile strength and toughness of rotated SC composites are inferior and the crack propagating behaviors are distinct from the standard SC composites. This finding infers advanced engineering for crack control and deflection by adjusting the orientation of SC composites. Overall, our study opens the door for future engineering applications in stretchable devices, seismic metamaterials, and structural materials with tunable properties and hierarchies.
Assuntos
Pisos e Cobertura de Pisos , Resistência à Tração , Testes MecânicosRESUMO
Smart fabrics that can harvest ambient energy and provide diverse sensing functionality via triboelectric effects have evoked great interest for next-generation healthcare electronics. Herein, a novel borophene/ecoflex nanocomposite is developed as a promising triboelectric material with tailorability, durability, mechanical stability, and flexibility. The addition of borophene nanosheets enables the borophene/ecoflex nanocomposite to exhibit tunable surface triboelectricity investigated by Kelvin probe force microscopy. The borophene/ecoflex nanocomposite is further fabricated into a fabric-based triboelectric nanogenerator (B-TENG) for mechanical energy harvesting, medical assistive system, and wound healing applications. The durability of B-TENG provides consistent output performance even after severe deformation treatments, such as folding, stretching, twisting, and washing procedures. Moreover, the B-TENG is integrated into a smart keyboard configuration combined with a robotic system to perform an upper-limb medical assistive interface. Furthermore, the B-TENG is also applied as an active gait phase sensing system for instantaneous lower-limb gait phase visualization. Most importantly, the B-TENG can be regarded as a self-powered in vitro electrical stimulation device to conduct continuous wound monitoring and therapy. The as-designed B-TENG not only demonstrates great potential for multifunctional self-powered healthcare sensors, but also for the promising advancements toward wearable medical assistive and therapeutic systems.
Assuntos
Nanocompostos , Nanotecnologia , Eletricidade , Nanotecnologia/métodos , Têxteis , CicatrizaçãoRESUMO
Single crystal metal-free halide perovskites have received great attention in recent years owing to their excellent piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties. However, the nanotoxicity and piezoelectricity within the nanoscale of such materials have yet been reported for the demonstration of practical applications. In this work, the observation of intrinsic piezoelectricity in metal-free perovskite (MDABCO-NH4 I3 ) films using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is reported. A cytotoxicity test is also performed on MDABCO-NH4 I3 to evaluate its low-toxic nature. The as-synthesized MDABCO-NH4 I3 is further integrated into a piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG). The MDABCO-NH4 I3 -based PENG (MN-PENG) exhibits optimal output voltage and current of 15.9 V and 54.5 nA, respectively. In addition, the MN-PENG can serve as a self-powered strain sensor for human-machine interface applications or be adopted in in vitro electrical stimulation devices. This work demonstrates a path of perovskite-based PENG with high performance, low toxicity, and multifunctionality for future advanced wearable sensors and portable therapeutic systems.
Assuntos
Fontes de Energia Elétrica , Titânio , Compostos de Cálcio , Estimulação Elétrica , Humanos , ÓxidosRESUMO
Metal-halide perovskites have emerged as versatile materials for various electronic and optoelectronic devices such as diodes, solar cells, photodetectors, and sensors due to their interesting properties of high absorption coefficient in the visible regime, tunable bandgap, and high power conversion efficiency. Recently, metal-free organic perovskites have also emerged as a particular class of perovskites materials for piezoelectric applications. This broadens the chemical variety of perovskite structures with good mechanical adaptability, light-weight, and low-cost processability. Despite these achievements, the fundamental understanding of the underlying phenomenon of piezoelectricity in metal-free perovskites is still lacking. Therefore, this perspective emphasizes the overview of piezoelectric properties of metal-halide, metal-free perovskites, and their recent progress which may encourage material designs to enhance their applicability towards practical applications. Finally, challenges and outlooks of piezoelectric metal-free perovskites are highlighted for their future developments.
RESUMO
Due to electronic properties superior to group VIB (Mo and W) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), group IVB (Hf and Zr) TMDs have become intriguing materials in next-generation nanoelectronics. Therefore, the growth of few-layered hafnium disulfide (HfS2) on c-plane sapphire as well as on a SiO2/Si substrate has been demonstrated using chemical vapour deposition (CVD). The structural properties of HfS2 were investigated by recording X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra. The XRD results reveal that the layers are well oriented along the (0001) direction and exhibit the high crystalline quality of HfS2. The Raman spectra confirm the in-plane and out-plane vibration of Hf and S atoms. Moreover, the HfS2 layers exhibit strong absorption in the UV to visible region. The HfS2 layer-based photodetector shows a photoresponsivity of â¼1.6, â¼0.38, and â¼0.21 µA W-1 corresponding to 9, 38, and 68 mW cm-2, respectively under green light illumination and is attributed to the generation of a large number of electron-hole pairs in the active region of the device. Besides, it also exhibits the highly crystalline structure of HfS2 at high deposition temperature. The PL spectrum shows a single peak at â¼1.8 eV and is consistent with the pristine indirect bandgap of HfS2 (â¼2 eV). Furthermore, a few layered HfS2 back gate field-effect transistor (FET) is fabricated based on directly grown HfS2 on SiO2/Si, and the device exhibits p-type behaviour. Thus, the controllable and easy growth method opens the latest pathway to synthesize few layered HfS2 on different substrates for various electronic and optoelectronic devices.
RESUMO
Adding natural biomass to poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a reinforcing filler is a way to change the properties of PLA. This paper is about preparing PLA/biomass composites by physically melting and blending Chinese Spirits distiller's grains (CSDG) biomass and PLA to optimize the composite performance. Composites of modified PLA (MPLA) with varying amounts of CSDG were also prepared by the melt-mixing method, and unmodified PLA/CSDG composites were used as a control group for comparative analysis. The functional groups of MPLA enhanced the compatibility between the polymer substrate and CSDG. The composite water vapor/oxygen barrier and mechanical properties were studied. It was found that the barrier and mechanical properties of MPLA/CSDG composites were significantly improved. SEM was adopted to examine the tensile section structure of the composites, and the compatibility between the filler and the matrix was analyzed. An appropriate amount of CSDG had a better dispersibility in the matrix, and it further improved the interfacial bonding force, which in turn improved the composite mechanical properties. X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry were conducted to determine the crystalline properties and to analyze the stability of the composites. It was found that the CSDG content had a significant effect on the crystallinity. Barrier and biodegradation mechanisms were also discussed.
RESUMO
This work demonstrates a self-powered and broadband photodetector using a heterojunction formed by camphor-based chemical vaper deposition (CVD) bilayer graphene on p-Si substrates. Here, graphene/p-Si heterostructures and graphene layers serve as ultra-shallow junctions for UV absorption and zero bandgap junction materials (
RESUMO
Halide perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) are promising materials for diverse applications including displays, light-emitting diodes, and solar cells due to their intriguing properties such as tunable bandgap, high photoluminescence quantum yield, high absorbance, and narrow emission peaks. Despite the prosperous achievements over the past several years, PQDs face severe challenges in terms of stability under different circumstances. Currently, researchers have overcome part of the stability problem, making PQDs sustainable in water, oxygen, and polar solvents for long-term use. However, halide PQDs are easily degraded under continuous irradiation, which significantly limits their potential for conventional applications. In this study, an oleic acid/oleylamine (traditional surface ligands)-free method to fabricate perovskite quantum dot papers (PQDP) is developed by adding cellulose nanocrystals as long-chain binding ligands that stabilize the PQD structure. As a result, the relative photoluminescence intensity of PQDP remains over ≈90% under continuous ultraviolet (UV, 16 W) irradiation for 2 months, showing negligible photodegradation. This proposed method paves the way for the fabrication of ultrastable PQDs and the future development of related applications.
RESUMO
Inorganic perovskite quantum dots (IPQDs) such as cesium lead halide (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br and I) quantum dots have attracted much attention for developing cadmium-free quantum light-emitting displays (QLEDs) based on outstanding light emission properties including narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM), tunable bandgap and ultrahigh (>90%) photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). Nevertheless, their poor stability under ambient conditions, at high temperature or under continuous light irradiation is the main problem for practical applications. In this study, a new method is proposed to effectively stabilize CsPbBr3 IPQDs by synthesizing them with sulfate-functionalized cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) at room temperature without using traditional quantum dot stabilizers such as oleylamine (OLA) and oleic acid (OA). The as-prepared CsPbBr3 IPQD/CNC hybrid paper-like films are highly stable and the relative photoluminescence (PL) intensity can be maintained at 92% under continuous UV light (306 nm, 15 W) illumination for 130 h, >99% at high temperature (100 °C) for 130 h, and >99% in ambient conditions for 15 d. Additionally, the PLQY and FWHM of IPQD/CNC are 45.69% and 22 nm, respectively. The ultrahigh stability and narrow FWHM characteristics proposed here for IPQD/CNC hybrid films can provide new possibilities for practical applications in the future development of IPQD-related devices.
RESUMO
Ever since two dimensional-transition (2D) metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) were discovered, their fascinating electronic properties have attracted a great deal of attention for harnessing them as critical components in novel electronic devices. 2D-TMDs endowed with an atomically thin structure, dangling bond-free nature, electrostatic integrity, and tunable wide band gaps enable low power consumption, low leakage, ambipolar transport, high mobility, superconductivity, robustness against short channel effects and tunneling in highly scaled devices. However, the progress of 2D-TMDs has been hampered by severe charge transport issues arising from undesired phenomena occurring at the surfaces and interfaces. Therefore, this review provides three distinct engineering strategies embodied with distinct innovative approaches to optimize both carrier injection and transport. First, contact engineering involves 2D-metal contacts and tunneling interlayers to overcome metal-induced interface states and the Fermi level pinning effect caused by low vacancy energy formation. Second, dielectric engineering covers high-k dielectrics, ionic liquids or 2D-insulators to screen scattering centers caused by carrier traps, imperfections and rough substrates, to finely tune the Fermi level across the band gap, and to provide dangling bond-free media. Third, material engineering focuses on charge transfer via substitutional, chemical and plasma doping to precisely modulate the carrier concentration and to passivate defects while preserving material integrity. Finally, we provide an outlook of the conceptual and technical achievements in 2D-TMDs to give a prospective view of the future development of highly scaled nanoelectronic devices.
RESUMO
Transforming thermal energy into electric energy and vice versa needs the decoupling of electrical transport from thermal transport. An innovative strategy is proposed by forming/disrupting electrically triggered conductive nanofilaments within semiconducting thin films to switch thermoelectric properties between two states without further material modification and manufacturing processes. It can also controllably adjust the degree of decoupling, providing a potential resolution and performance adjustability for heat/coldness control or power consumption reduction on demand.
RESUMO
The performance of a monochromated transmission electron microscope with Wien type monochromator is optimized to achieve an extremely narrow energy spread of electron beam and an ultrahigh energy resolution with spectroscopy. The energy spread in the beam is improved by almost an order of magnitude as compared to specified values. The optimization involves both the monochromator and the electron energy loss detection system. We demonstrate boosted capability of optimized systems with respect to ultra-low loss EELS and sub-angstrom resolution imaging (in a combination with spherical aberration correction).
RESUMO
The recent development of 2D monolayer lateral semiconductor has created new paradigm to develop p-n heterojunctions. Albeit, the growth methods of these heterostructures typically result in alloy structures at the interface, limiting the development for high-efficiency photovoltaic (PV) devices. Here, the PV properties of sequentially grown alloy-free 2D monolayer WSe2 -MoS2 lateral p-n heterojunction are explores. The PV devices show an extraordinary power conversion efficiency of 2.56% under AM 1.5G illumination. The large surface active area enables the full exposure of the depletion region, leading to excellent omnidirectional light harvesting characteristic with only 5% reduction of efficiency at incident angles up to 75°. Modeling studies demonstrate the PV devices comply with typical principles, increasing the feasibility for further development. Furthermore, the appropriate electrode-spacing design can lead to environment-independent PV properties. These robust PV properties deriving from the atomically sharp lateral p-n interface can help develop the next-generation photovoltaics.