Isolated right atriopathy and microreentry atrial tachycardia in a young male.

Atrial tachycardias in young patients may portend ominous prognosis. We present the case of a 17-year-old male with atrial tachycardia and extensive low-voltage areas in the right atrium, its treatment, and discuss potential diagnoses.

Exploring the link between blood pressure variability and atrial fibrillation: current insights and future directions.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common heart rhythm disorder, especially in people over the age of 50, which affects more than 40 million people worldwide. Many studies have highlighted the association between hypertension with the development of AF. Blood pressure variability (BPV) is a dynamic size obtained by recording blood pressure oscillations using specific readings and at specific time intervals. A multitude of internal and external factors shape BPV while at the same time constituting a common pathogenetic pathway with the development of AF. Until recently, BPV has been applied exclusively in preclinical and clinical studies, without significant implications in clinical practice. Indeed, even from the research side, the determination of BPV is limited to patients without AF due to doubts about the accuracy of its measurement methods in patients with AF. In this review, we present the current evidence on common pathogenic pathways between BPV and AF, the reliability of quantification of BPV in patients with AF, the prognostic role of BPV in these patients, and discuss the future clinical implications of BPV in patients with AF.

Catheter ablation as an adjunctive therapy to ICD implantation in Brugada syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Brugada Syndrome (BrS) is a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia disorder associated with an increased risk ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Current management primarily relies on implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), but patients may experience ICD shocks. Catheter ablation (CA) has emerged as a potential intervention to target the arrhythmogenic substrate. This systematic review aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of catheter ablation in BrS patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: Studies with BrS patients undergoing catheter ablation for VAs were included. 14 studies that involved a total population of 709 BrS patients, with catheter ablation performed in 528 of them, were included. Catheter ablation resulted in non-inducibility of VAs in 91% (95% CI: 83-99, I2 = 76%) and resolution of Type 1 ECG Brugada pattern in 88% (95% CI: 81-96.2, I2 = 91%) of the patients. After a mean follow-up of 30.7 months, 87% (95% CI: 80-94, I2 = 82%) of patients remained free from VAs. The incidence of VAs during follow-up was significantly lower in the ablation cohort in comparison to the group receiving only ICD therapy (OR = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.01-0.12, I2 = 0%). CONCLUSION: Catheter ablation shows potential as a therapeutic approach to reduce VAs and improve outcomes in BrS patients. While further research with long follow-up period is required to confirm these findings, it represents a valuable tool as an add-on intervention to ICD implantation in BrS patients with high burden of VAs.Protocol registration: CRD42024506439.

Aggressive Rhythm Control Strategy in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Presenting at the Emergency Department: The HEROMEDICUS Study Design and Initial Results.

Atrial fibrillation has progressively become a more common reason for emergency department visits, representing 0.5% of presenting reasons. Registry data have indicated that about 60% of atrial fibrillation patients who present to the emergency department are admitted, emphasizing the need for more efficient management of atrial fibrillation in the acute phase. Management of atrial fibrillation in the setting of the emergency department varies between countries and healthcare systems. The most plausible reason to justify a conservative rather than an aggressive strategy in the management of atrial fibrillation is the absence of specific guidelines from diverse societies. Several trials of atrial fibrillation treatment strategies, including cardioversion, have demonstrated that atrial fibrillation in the emergency department can be treated safely and effectively, avoiding admission. In the present study, we present the epidemiology and characteristics of atrial fibrillation patients presenting to the emergency department, as well as the impact of diverse management strategies on atrial-fibrillation-related hospital admissions. Lastly, the design and initial data of the HEROMEDICUS protocol will be presented, which constitutes an electrophysiology-based aggressive rhythm control strategy in patients with atrial fibrillation in the emergency department setting.

Atrial Fibrillation After Patent Foramen Ovale Closure: Incidence, Pathophysiology, and Management.

This comprehensive review explores the incidence, pathophysiology, and management of atrial fibrillation (AF) following percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO). Although AF is considered a common adverse event post PFO closure, its incidence, estimated at <5%, varies based on monitoring methods. The review delves into the challenging task of precisely estimating AF incidence, given subclinical AF and diverse diagnostic approaches. Notably, a temporal pattern emerges, with peak incidence around the 14th day after closure and a subsequent decline after the 45th day, mimicking general population AF trends. The pathophysiological mechanisms behind post PFO closure AF remain elusive, with proposed factors including local irritation, device-related interference, tissue stretch, and nickel hypersensitivity. Management considerations encompass rhythm control, with flecainide showing promise, and anticoagulation tailored to individual risk profiles. The authors advocate for a personalized approach, weighing factors like age, comorbidities, and device characteristics. Notably, postclosure AF is generally considered benign, often resolving spontaneously within 45 days, minimizing thromboembolic risks. Further studies are required to refine understanding and provide evidence-based guidelines.

Management of dyslipidemia in coronary artery disease: the present and the future.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, necessitating continuous refinement in the management of dyslipidemia, one of its major risk factors, to mitigate cardiovascular risks. Previous studies have proven the critical role of immediate and robust low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction in the aftermath of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Emphasizing the evidence supporting this approach, we delve into the impact of early intervention on cardiovascular outcomes and propose optimal strategies for achieving rapid LDL-C lowering, while also providing the rationale for early proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 inhibitor use after an ACS. Given the importance of the residual lipidemic risk, we present an overview of emerging therapeutic avenues poised to reshape dyslipidemia management, such as bempedoic acid, lipoprotein(a) inhibition, ApoC3 modulation, and angiopoietin-like protein 3 targeting. This comprehensive review amalgamates current evidence with future prospects, offering a holistic perspective on the management of dyslipidemia in CAD. By exploring both the urgency for immediate post-ACS LDL-C reduction and the exciting advancements on the horizon, this article provides a roadmap for clinicians navigating the intricate landscape of lipid-lowering therapies in CAD.

SCN5A gene variants and arrhythmic risk in Brugada syndrome: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: A rare gene variant in SCN5A can be found in approximately 20%-25% of patients with Brugada syndrome (BrS). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the differences in clinical characteristics of BrS patients with and without SCN5A rare variants and the prognostic role of SCN5A for ventricular arrhythmias in BrS. METHODS: PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were systematically searched from inception to January 2024 to identify all relevant studies. Studies were analyzed if they included patients diagnosed with BrS in whom genetic testing for SCN5A variants was performed and arrhythmic outcomes were reported. RESULTS: A total of 17 studies with 3568 BrS patients, of whom 3030 underwent genetic testing for SCN5A variants, fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included. Compared with SCN5A- patients, SCN5A+ BrS patients more frequently had spontaneous type 1 electrocardiogram, history of syncope, and documented arrhythmias. Furthermore, higher PQ and QRS intervals in SCN5A+ BrS patients compared with SCN5A- have been found. The pooled analysis demonstrated a significant association between the presence of SCN5A rare variants in BrS patients and the risk of major arrhythmic events, with a pooled odds ratio of 2.14 (95% confidence interval, 1.53-2.99; I2 = 29%). CONCLUSION: SCN5A+ BrS patients showed a worse clinical phenotype compared with SCN5A-. The pooled analysis demonstrated a significant association between SCN5A+ mutation status and the risk of major arrhythmic events in BrS patients.

Ischemia testing and revascularization in patients with monomorphic ventricular tachycardia: A relic of the past?

Testing for myocardial ischemia in patients presenting with sustained monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia(VT) even without evidence of acute myocardial infarction is a tempting strategy that is frequently utilized in clinical practice. Monomorphic VT is mainly caused by re-entry around chronic myocardial scar and active ischemia has no role in its pathogenesis, thus making testing for ischemia futile, at least in theory. This systematic literature review sought to address the usefulness of ischemia testing (mainly coronary angiography) in patients presenting with monomorphic VT through 8 selected studies after evaluating a total of 130 published manuscripts. Particularly, we sought to unveil whether coronary angiography and possibly concomitant revascularization leads to lesser tachycardia recurrence. Our conclusion can be summarized as follows: this approach whether combined with revascularization or not, does not seem to reduce VT recurrence nor does it affect mortality in such patients. Even though most of the published literature points at this direction, validation from randomized controlled trials is imperative.

Unravelling the effect of renal denervation on glucose homeostasis: more questions than answers?

Renal Denervation (RDN) is an interventional, endovascular procedure used for the management of hypertension. The procedure itself aims to ablate the renal sympathetic nerves and to interrupt the renal sympathetic nervous system overactivation, thus decreasing blood pressure (BP) levels and total sympathetic drive in the body. Recent favorable evidence for RDN resulted in the procedure being included in the recent European Guidelines for the management of Hypertension, while RDN is considered the third pillar, along with pharmacotherapy, for managing hypertension. Sympathetic overactivation, however, is associated with numerous other pathologies, including diabetes, metabolic syndrome and glycemic control, which are linked to adverse cardiovascular health and outcomes. Therefore, RDN, via ameliorating sympathetic response, could be also proven beneficial for maintaining an euglycemic status in patients with cardiovascular disease, alongside its BP-lowering effects. Several studies have aimed, over the years, to provide evidence regarding the pathophysiological effects of RDN in glucose homeostasis as well as investigate the potential clinical benefits of the procedure in glucose and insulin homeostasis. The purpose of this review is, thus, to analyze the pathophysiological links between the autonomous nervous system and glycemic control, as well as provide an overview of the available preclinical and clinical data regarding the effect of RDN in glycemic control.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation and Conduction Disturbances: Focus on Clinical Implications.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an established alternative to surgery in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis and has expanded its indications to even low-surgical-risk patients. Conduction abnormalities (CA) and permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantations remain a relatively common finding post TAVI due to the close proximity of the conduction system to the aortic root. New onset left bundle branch block (LBBB) and high-grade atrioventricular block are the most commonly reported CA post TAVI. The overall rate of PPM implantation post TAVI varies and is related to pre- and intra-procedural factors. Therefore, when screening patients for TAVI, Heart Teams should take under consideration the various anatomical, pathophysiological and procedural conditions that predispose to CA and PPM requirement after the procedure. This is particularly important as TAVI is being offered to younger patients with longer life-expectancy. Herein, we highlight the incidence, predictors, impact and management of CA in patients undergoing TAVI.

Risk assessment of post-myocardial infarction patients with preserved ejection fraction using 45-min short resting Holter electrocardiographic recordings.

BACKGROUND: Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in post-myocardial infarction (post-MI) patients remains a challenging task. Several electrocardiographic noninvasive risk factors (NIRFs) have been associated with adverse outcomes and were used to refine risk assessment. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of NIRFs extracted from 45-min short resting Holter ECG recordings (SHR), in predicting ventricular tachycardia inducibility with programmed ventricular stimulation (PVS) in post-MI patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). METHODS: We studied 99 post-MI ischemia-free patients (mean age: 60.5 ± 9.5 years, 86.9% men) with LVEF ≥40%, at least 40 days after revascularization. All the patients underwent PVS and a high-resolution SHR. The following parameters were evaluated: mean heart rate, ventricular arrhythmias (premature ventricular complexes, couplets, tachycardias), QTc duration, heart rate variability (HRV), deceleration capacity, heart rate turbulence, late potentials, and T-wave alternans. RESULTS: PVS was positive in 24 patients (24.2%). HRV, assessed by the standard deviation of normal-to-normal R-R intervals (SDNN), was significantly decreased in the positive PVS group (42 ms vs. 51 ms, p = .039). SDNN values <50 ms were also associated with PVS inducibility (OR 3.081, p = .032 in univariate analysis, and 4.588, p = .013 in multivariate analysis). No significant differences were identified for the other NIRFs. The presence of diabetes, history of ST-elevation MI (STEMI) and LVEF <50% were also important predictors of positive PVS. CONCLUSIONS: HRV assessed from SHR, combined with other noninvasive clinical and echocardiographic variables (diabetes, STEMI history, LVEF), can provide an initial, practical, and rapid screening tool for arrhythmic risk assessment in post-MI patients with preserved LVEF.

A network meta-analysis of the antithrombotic strategies in patients with atrial fibrillation and percutaneous coronary interventions: Focus on bleeding.

BACKGROUND: We performed a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC)-based versus vitamin K antagonists (VKA)-based regimens in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and acute coronary syndromes or PCI, aiming to examine the precise impact of recently established antithrombotic strategies on major bleeding as primary end-point and other safety and efficacy as secondary end-points. METHODS: A literature search was conducted for randomized controlled trials. Our search took place in three major databases. The primary endpoint of our study was bleeding. To combine direct and indirect evidence across trials, a frequentist network meta-analysis with a random-effects model was used. RESULTS: Five studies were found eligible for the meta-analysis enrolling a total of 11,542 patients. Five studies (N = 4903 patients) contributed to the network. Compared to the triple antithrombotic therapy (TAT)-based VKA, only the dual antithrombotic therapy (DAT) based NOAC reduced the bleeding (RR 0.57, 95%CI 0.40-0.82). There was no statistically significant difference between DAT-based VKA (RR = 0.66, 95%CI = 0.40-1.09) or TAT-based NOAC (RR = 0.80, 95%CI = 0.43-1.49). DAT-based NOAC ranked best (P-score = 0.91), followed by DAT-based VKA (P-score = 0.67), TAT-based NOAC (P-score = 0.40), and TAT-based VKA (P-score = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The network meta-analysis of four antithrombotic strategies, demonstrated that in patients with AF undergoing PCI the combination of DAT-based NOAC is associated with a significantly lower risk of major bleeding events. This strategy does not seem to be less effective in terms of prevention of ischemic events compared to the other regimens.

Noninvasive electrocardiographic risk factors for sudden cardiac death in dilated ca rdiomyopathy: is ambulatory electrocardiography still relevant?

Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in dilated cardiomyopathy is a field of constant debate, and the currently proposed criteria have been widely questioned due to their low positive and negative predictive value. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of the literature utilizing the PubMed and Cochrane library platforms, in order to gain insight about dilated cardiomyopathy and its arrhythmic risk stratification utilizing noninvasive risk markers derived mainly from 24 h electrocardiographic monitoring. The obtained articles were reviewed in order to register the various electrocardiographic noninvasive risk factors used, their prevalence, and their prognostic significance in dilated cardiomyopathy. Premature ventricular complexes, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, late potentials on Signal averaged electrocardiography, T wave alternans, heart rate variability and deceleration capacity of the heart rate, all have both some positive and negative predictive value to identify patients in higher likelihood for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Corrected QT, QT dispersion, and turbulence slope-turbulence onset of heart rate have yet to establish a predictive correlation in the literature. Although ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring is frequently used in clinical practice in DCM patients, no single risk marker can be used for the selection of patients at high-risk for malignant ventricular arrhythmic events and sudden cardiac death who could benefit from the implantation of a defibrillator. More studies are needed in order to establish a risk score or a combination of risk factors with the purpose of selecting high-risk patients for ICD implantation in the context of primary prevention.

Three-dimensional electroanatomically guided slow pathway elimination is associated with procedural improvements and clinical benefit in atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia patients.

Background: Slow pathway (SP) ablation, in the context of atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) treatment could result in either complete elimination or only modification of the SP with ambiguity regarding associated benefits. Three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping (3D-EAM) may be used adjunctively aiming to complete SP elimination. Our purpose was to compare a 3D-EAM-based strategy targeting SP elimination to the conventional fluoroscopic approach with respect to clinical outcomes. Methods: One hundred and two consecutive AVNRT patients (36 males, mean age 53.2 ± 13.7 years) underwent in two successive periods a conventional fluoroscopic ablation approach (n = 42) or a 3D-EAM-guided ablation focusing on complete SP elimination (n = 60). Results: Several procedural parameters improved with 3D-EAM use, including fluoroscopy time (2.4 ± 4.7 min vs. 13 ± 4.5 min), dose-area product (1061 ± 3122 µGy × m2 vs. 5002 ± 3032 µGy × m2) and slow pathway elimination frequency (95% vs. 50%, all p < .001). Procedural time was slightly prolonged in the 3D-EAM group (101 ± 31 min vs. 87 ± 24 min, p = .013). Two major complications occurred in the conventional group. Altogether, over a mean follow-up of approximately 2.7 years, recurrence occurred in 6 of 42 (14.3%) in the conventional group as compared to 1 of 62 (1.7%) in the EAM-based group (p = .019). In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, time-to-event was significantly longer for the EAM-based patients (p < .030). Moreover, the EAM-based strategy was associated with less redo procedures' rates (9.5% in the non-EAM group vs. 0% in the EAM group, p = .026). Conclusions: The present study showed that an EAM-based SP elimination strategy is not only feasible and safe but it is also accompanied by improved clinical outcomes in the setting of AVNRT ablation.