Thalamic control of sensory processing and spindles in a biophysical somatosensory thalamoreticular circuit model of wakefulness and sleep.

Thalamoreticular circuitry plays a key role in arousal, attention, cognition, and sleep spindles, and is linked to several brain disorders. A detailed computational model of mouse somatosensory thalamus and thalamic reticular nucleus has been developed to capture the properties of over 14,000 neurons connected by 6 million synapses. The model recreates the biological connectivity of these neurons, and simulations of the model reproduce multiple experimental findings in different brain states. The model shows that inhibitory rebound produces frequency-selective enhancement of thalamic responses during wakefulness. We find that thalamic interactions are responsible for the characteristic waxing and waning of spindle oscillations. In addition, we find that changes in thalamic excitability control spindle frequency and their incidence. The model is made openly available to provide a new tool for studying the function and dysfunction of the thalamoreticular circuitry in various brain states.

Value of post-therapy 177Lu-PSMA images for accurate interpretation of therapy response with 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT. / Valor de las imágenes de 177Lu-PSMA post-terapia para una interpretación precisa de la respuesta a la terapia con PET/TC con 68Ga-PSMA.

A 54-year-old man with progressive prostate cancer underwent a 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT, which showed lymph node and bone metastases. After 2-cycles of 177Lu-PSMA therapy, the repeated 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT showed decreased radiotracer uptake in lymph node and bones metastases, but there were new lesions which may be compatible with progression or tumour sink-effect. A review of 177Lu-PSMA-therapy images revealed that new lesions in the second PET/CT were the metastatic lesions that progressed after the first PET/CT, and subsequently showed a good response. The patient received additional cycles of 177Lu-PSMA therapy, and the disease regressed further, with a PSA of 0.06ng/ml. Response evaluation of new therapeutic diagnostics (theranostic) agents needs a review of not only diagnostic PET/CT images, but also post-therapy images and laboratory results.

Changing clinical characteristics of thyroid carcinoma at a single center from Turkey: before and after the Chernobyl disaster.

AIM: The aim of the study was to determine the possible role of Chernobyl disaster on changing clinical features of thyroid carcinoma (TC) in a moderately iodine deficient region. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed demographical features, presenting symptoms, tumor size, histopathological diagnosis and distant metastates in 160 patients with TC diagnosed between 1990-2007. We compared our findings with the database of 118 TC patients diagnosed between 1970-1990 in the same center. RESULTS: There were 123 female (76.9%) and 37 (23.1%) male patients with a mean age of 44.89±14.84. Sex distribution and age at diagnosis were similar between 1970-1990 and 1990-2007 (P=0.77 and P=0.42, respectively). Histopathological diagnoses were papillary in 114 (73.1%), follicular in 22 (14.1%), medullary in 9 (5.8%), hurthle cell in 7 (4.5%) and anaplastic TC in 4 (2.6%) patients. We observed a marked increase in papillary TC (P<0.001) and marked decreases in follicular (P<0.001) and anaplastic TC (P=0.01) compared to the period between 1970-1990. Thyroid microcarcinomas accounted for 27.1% and 37.1% of carcinomas in 1970-1990 and 1990-2007, respectively (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: We showed that incidence of papillary TC increased and incidences of follicular and anaplastic TC decreased in a period that might be affected by Chernobyl fallout in a moderately iodine deficient area. Presenting symptoms of TC have changed and microcarcinomas are diagnosed more frequently compared to past. Further large scale trials are needed to find out whether Chernobyl disaster has role on changing characteristic of TC in countries that are not very near but also not very far from Chernobyl such as Turkey.

Osteopoikilosis: a major diagnostic problem solved by bone scintigraphy.

Osteopoikilosis (OPK) is a rare disease with an unknown etiology. Although a benign condition, it may lead to diagnostic problems when the patient undergoes diagnostic imaging of the skeletal system due to various reasons like malignancy. Herein, we report 2 cases with OPK causing difficulties in the final diagnosis of the cases which was resolved with the contribution of bone scintigraphy and clinical follow-up.

The detection rate of [11C]choline-PET/CT depends on the serum PSA-value in patients with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: An increase of the serum PSA-level is a sensitive in vitro marker for recurrent prostate cancer. However, it remains difficult to differentiate between local, regional or distant recurrent disease. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the detection rate of [(11)C]Choline-PET/CT and the serum PSA-level in patients with a biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer with the view towards localisation of recurrent disease. METHODS: Sixty-three patients (mean age, 68.8 +/- 6.9; range, 45-83 years) with biochemical recurrence after primary therapy for prostate cancer were included in the analysis. Mean PSA-levels were 5.9 +/- 9.7 ng/ml (range, 0.2-39 ng/ml; median, 2.15). Of the 63 patients, 17 were under anti-androgen therapy at the time of [(11)C]Choline PET/CT. Patients underwent a [(11)C]Choline-PET/CT study after injection of 656 +/- 119 MBq [(11)C]Choline on a Sensation 16 Biograph PET/CT scanner. RESULTS: Of the 63 patients, 35 (56%) showed a pathological [(11)C]Choline uptake. The detection rate of [(11)C]Choline-PET/CT showed a relationship with the serum PSA-level: The detection rate was 36% for a PSA-value <1 ng/ml, 43% for a PSA-value 1-<2 ng/ml, 62% for a PSA-value 2-<3 ng/ml and 73% for a PSA-value >or=3 ng/ml. Anti-androgen therapy did not show a significant effect on the detection rate of [(11)C]Choline-PET/CT (p = 0.374). CONCLUSION: As an important result our study shows that even for PSA-values <1.0 ng/ml the detection efficiency of [(11)C]Choline-PET/CT is 36%. Furthermore, the detection rate of [(11)C]Choline-PET/CT shows a positive relationship with serum PSA-levels in patients with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after primary therapy. Therefore, in these patients, [(11)C]Choline PET/CT allows not only to diagnose but also to localise recurrent disease with implications on disease management (localised vs systemic therapy).

The relationship of the parotid duct to the buccal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve; an anatomical study with parameters of clinical interest.

There have been studies concerning the protection of the facial nerve during plastic surgery intended for the parotid gland. The close relationship between the parotid duct and the buccal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve is studied here. The dissections were performed on 10 fixed cadavers at the Anatomy Dissection Laboratory of Ankara University in 2004. The reference points used for surgery of this region were taken into consideration as the landmarks for morphometric measurements. In 7 of the cases the zygomatic branch was double and in 3 it was single. In 4 of the 7 cases with a double zygomatic branch both superior and inferior branches crossed the parotid duct. In the remaining 3 cases the superior branches of the zygomatic nerve coursed through the zygomatic major and minor muscles. In 9 of all the cases the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve crossed the duct anteriorly and in one it did so posteriorly (case 10). The buccal branch was single in 4 of the cases and double in 6. Among these one of the most precise measurements was the distance between the lateral canthus and the intersection point of the zygomatic branch and the duct with a coefficient of variation of 9.9%. With the use of this reliable measurement the intersection point of the zygomatic branch and the duct may be estimated to be within 5.16+/-1.01 centimetres of the lateral canthus. Facial nerve paralysis is the most important complication of superficial face surgery and the anatomy of this region must thus be taken into detailed consideration by surgeons.

Ultrastructural changes on sperm after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in patients with distal ureteral stone.

Theoretically, ESWL can cause several side effects on the male reproductive system. We determined here the long-term effects of ESWL on sperm with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in patients with distal ureteral stone. Fifteen men with stones in the distal ureter applied to our clinic formed the group of study. The other 15 men with renal or upper ureter stones formed the group of control. The ESWL sessions, including maximum 19 kW energy level and 3000 shock waves, were performed with Siemens Lithostar (electromagnetic; Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany) lithotriptor. We examined the semen samples from all patients on the day before and 90 days after ESWL. The semen samples were examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to detect ultrastructural changes on the day before and 90 days after ESWL. All the statistical analyses were realized with SPSS 10.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) statistical package program. When the control and study groups were compared for initial and day 90 sperm concentration and motility, a significant decrease was found in the study group. Although there was no important anomaly in the control group, we determined some damage on sperm structure in 5 patients (33.3%) who are in the study group 3 months after ESWL. It can reduce sperm concentration and motility permanently. It can also cause severe ultrastructural defects on sperm after a long term period in patients with lower ureteral stone. Therefore, we suggest other treatment modalities for young men with distal ureteral stones to prevent the development of male infertility.

Determination of nabumetone in pharmaceutical formulation by flow injection analysis (FIA) with UV-detection.

A precise and accurate FIA method for the quantification of nabumetone (NAB) in pharmaceuticals is described. The best suitable carrier solvent system consisted of ethanol: water (30:70 v/v). Sample solution (4.7 x 10(-6) M NAB) was prepared in this solvent and injected to the instrumental system at a flow rate of 1.2 ml x min(-1). The signals were detected by a UV detector at 228.8 nm. The calibration curves of NAB was linear in the concentration range of 1.4 x 10(-6) M-2.8 x 10(-5) M. The intra- and inter-assay precision were less than 2.6%. The method exhibited a good linearity with the correlation coefficients. The LOD and LOQ values were found to be 4.4 x 10(-7) and 1.3 x 10(-6) M, respectively. The effects of the tablet excipients were insignificant at the 95% probability level. The calculated tablet content was 99% which is agreement with the ranges stated by pharmacopoeias.

Nucleotide adsorption-desorption behaviour of boronic acid functionalized uniform-porous particles.

In this study, nucleotide adsorption-desorption behaviour of boronic acid-carrying uniform, porous particles was investigated. The particles were produced by a "multi-step microsuspension polymerization" in the form of poly(styrene-vinylphenyl boronic acid-divinylbenzene) terpolymer. In the first step of the production method, uniform polystyrene latex particles (6.2 microm in size) were obtained by dispersion polymerization. These particles were first swollen by a low molecular mass organic agent (i.e. dibutylphthalate, DBP) and then by a monomer mixture including styrene (S), 4-vinylphenyl boronic acid (VPBA) and divinylbenzene (DVB). The particle uniformity was protected in both swelling stages by adjusting DBP/polystyrene latex and monomer mixture/polystyrene latex ratios. Polymerization of the monomer mixture in the swollen seed particles provided boronic acid-carrying uniform, porous particles 11-12 microm in size. To have uniform particles with different porosities and boronic acid contents, the feed concentration of boronic acid-carrying monomer and the monomer/seed latex ratio were changed. The particles were tried as sorbent for the adsorption of a model nucleotide (i.e., beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, beta-NAD). In the beta-NAD adsorption experiments, the maximum equilibrium adsorption was obtained at pH 8.5 which was very close to pKa of boronic acid. The incorporation of boronic acid functionality provided a significant increase in the beta-NAD adsorption. In contrast to plain poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) particles, four-fold higher beta-NAD adsorption was obtained with the boronic acid functionalized particles. Beta-NAD was desorbed from the particles with the yields higher than 90% by weight.

Validated analysis of fluvastatin in a pharmaceutical capsule formulation and serum by capillary electrophoresis.

The capillary electrophoretic behavior and the determination of fluvastatin (FLU) in capsule and serum is described in this study. Method development was conducted in a fused-silica capillary (L = 86 cm, L(eff) = 58 cm and 75 microm i.d.) and a background electrolyte consisting of 10 mM borate at pH 8 was used. The separation was performed by current-controlled system applying 41 microA, detecting at 239 nm and injecting 0.5 s vacuum injection. A good electropherogram and excellent repeatability was obtained. FLU and phenobarbital sodium (internal standard) migrated (with RSD%) at 4.8 (0.3) min and 5.2 (0.6) min, respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) values were found to be 1 x 10(-6) M and 2.89 x 10(-6) M, respectively. Linearity in the range of 1.03 x 10(-5) -5.15 x 10(-5) M was examined employing intra-day and inter-day studies and well-correlated calibration equations were obtained. FLU in a capsule (Lescol 40 mg declared) was found to be 41.9 +/- 0.4 mg. Furthermore, FLU was determined in serum applying standard addition technique. Good repeatability and no interference were observed. The method proposed is simple, sensitive, precise and easy to use for the determination of FLU in capsule and serum.

Overweight and sympathetic overactivity in black Americans.

A large body of clinical investigation implicates an important role for the sympathetic nervous system in linking obesity with hypertension. However, the experimental support for this hypothesis is derived from strictly white cohorts. The goal of this study was to determine whether being overweight begets sympathetic overactivity in black Americans, the ethnic minority at highest risk for hypertension. We recorded postganglionic sympathetic nerve discharge with microelectrodes in muscle nerve fascicles of the peroneal nerve in 92 normotensive young adult black men and women within a wide range of body mass index. The same experiments were performed in a control group of 45 normotensive white men and women of similar ages and body mass indices. The major new findings are 2-fold. First, in young, normotensive, overtly healthy black women, being overweight begets sympathetic overactivity (r=0.45, P=0.0009), a putative intermediate phenotype for incident hypertension. Second, in black men, sympathetic nerve discharge is dissociated from body mass index (r=0.03, P=NS). This dissociation is explained in part by a 20% to 40% higher rate of sympathetic nerve discharge in lean black men compared with lean white men and lean black and white women (28+/-3 versus 18+/-2, 21+/-2, and 17+/-2 bursts/min, respectively; P<0.05). Sympathetic nerve discharge in lean black men is comparable to that of overweight black men and women as well as white men and women. These data provide the first microneurographic evidence for tonic central sympathetic overactivity in blacks, both adiposity-related sympathetic overactivity in black women and adiposity-independent sympathetic overactivity in black men.

DNA-responsive uniform latex particles based on p-chloromethylstyrene.

In this study, DNA binding properties of poly(ethylenimine) (PEI)-attached uniform poly(p-chloromethystyrene) (PCMS) particles were investigated. Spherical PCMS latex particles with an average size of 1.75 microm were obtained by the dispersion polymerization of p-chloromethylstyrene (CMS). PEI was covalently attached onto the PCMS particles via a direct chemical reaction between amine and chloromethyl groups, with the equilibrium binding capacities up to 41 mg PEI/g PCMS. In aqueous media, PEI attached-uniform PCMS particles showed an irreversible aggregation behaviour in the presence of DNA. To predict unknown DNA concentration, the aggregation response of these particles to the presence of DNA was quantified by spectrophotometry. Plain PCMS and PEI attached-uniform PCMS particles were also utilized as sorbents in DNA adsorption experiments conducted at +4 degrees C in a phosphate buffer medium at pH 7.4. DNA immobilization capacities up to 45 mg DNA/g PCMS could be achieved with the PEI attached particles.

Transdermal estrogen replacement therapy decreases sympathetic activity in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: Menopause heralds a dramatic increase in incident hypertension, suggesting a protective effect of estrogen on blood pressure (BP). In female rats, estrogen has been shown to decrease sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) and BP. SND, however, has not been recorded during estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) in humans. Methods and Results-In 12 normotensive postmenopausal women, we conducted a randomized crossover placebo-controlled study to test whether chronic ERT caused a sustained decrease in SND and BP. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory BP, SND, and arterial baroreflex sensitivity were measured before and after 8 weeks of transdermal estradiol (200 microgram/d), oral conjugated estrogens (0.625 mg/d), or placebo. To test the acute effects of estrogen on SND, additional studies were performed in the same women receiving intravenous conjugated estrogens or sublingual estradiol. After 8 weeks of transdermal ERT, the basal rate of SND decreased by 30% (from 40+/-4 to 27+/-4 bursts per minute, P=0.0001) and ambulatory diastolic BP fell by 5+/-2 mm Hg (P=0.0003). In contrast, SND and BP were unaffected either by 8 weeks of oral ERT or by acute estrogen administration. Neither transdermal nor oral ERT had any effects on baroreflex sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: In normotensive postmenopausal women, chronic transdermal ERT decreases SND without augmenting arterial baroreflexes and causes a small but statistically significant decrease in ambulatory BP. Sympathetic inhibition is evident only with chronic rather than acute estrogen administration, implying a genomic mechanism of action. Because the effects of transdermal ERT are larger than those of oral ERT, the route of administration may be an important consideration in optimizing the beneficial effects of ERT on BP and overall cardiovascular health.

FIA of sildenafil citrate using UV-detection.

A flow injection analysis (FIA) of sildenafil citrate (SLD) using UV detection is described in this study. The best solvent system was found to be consisting of 0.2 M phosphate buffer at pH 8 having 10% MeOH. A flow rate of 1 ml. min(-1) was pumped and active material was detected at 292 nm. The calibration equation was linear in the range of 1x10(-6)-5x10(-6) M. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were calculated to be 3x10(-7) and 8.9x10(-7) M with a R.S.D. 1.9 and 0.6% (n=7), respectively. The proposed method was applied to the determination of SLD in VIAGRA tablet, containing 50 mg active material. The results were compared with those obtained from UV-Spectrophotometry. The results showed that there is a good agreement between FIA method and the UV-Spectrophotometry. The validation studies were realised by the related applications and the results were evaluated statistically. According to the results, insignificant difference was observed between the methods.