RESUMO
The number of South American camelids (SACs) in England and Wales is increasing and with this comes a risk of new and emerging infections. Although classified as livestock, these animals are also treated as pets and may be in regular contact with humans. This paper reviews zoonotic diseases that have been identified in SACs in England and Wales, and which pose a potential risk to human health. We also highlight the importance of surveillance continuing to capture information on infections in SACs for the protection of both public and animal health.
Assuntos
Camelídeos Americanos , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Animais , Inglaterra/epidemiologia , País de Gales/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Sample submissions to the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency's (AHVLA's) diagnostic laboratory network in England and Wales were reviewed for diseases affecting New World camelids (NWCs). In the years 2000-2011, 6757 submissions were analysed, including 5154/6757 (76.3%) for diagnosing a disease problem and 1603/6757 (23.7%) for monitoring (no clinical disease). Wasting (weight loss, ill-thrift) was the most commonly reported clinical sign across all age groups. A diagnosis was reached for 1765/5154 (34.2%) diagnostic submissions. The proportion of submissions with diagnoses was higher for carcasses than non-carcass samples and multiple diagnoses were more likely to be reached from carcasses. Parasitic diseases were collectively the most common problem, including parasitic gastroenteritis (319/1765, 18.2%), coccidiosis (187/1765, 10.6%), fascioliasis (151/1765, 8.6%), ectoparasitic infestations (86/1765, 4.9%) and cryptosporidiosis (24/1765, 1.4%). The most frequently diagnosed non-parasitic problems included nutritional diseases (182/1765, 10.3%), septicaemia (104/1765, 5.9%, including 45 cases of colisepticaemia), gastric ulceration (79/1765, 4.5%), tumours/neoplastic diseases (65/1765, 3.7%), tuberculosis (57/1765, 3.2%), clostridial diseases (44/1765, 2.5%), congenital anomalies (41/1765, 2.3%), peritonitis (39/1765, 2.2%) and Johne's disease (20/1765, 1.1%).
Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos , Camelídeos Americanos , Doenças Transmissíveis/veterinária , Animais , Animais Domésticos , Doenças Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis/etiologia , Inglaterra/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , País de Gales/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Forty-two isolates of Streptococcus pluranimalium were identified from cattle (n=38), sheep (n=2), an alpaca (n=1) and a pheasant (n=1) in the United Kingdom. The isolates were confirmed as S. pluranimalium by 16S rRNA sequence analysis but could not be differentiated reliably from Streptococcus acidominimus by phenotypic characterisation using commercial kits routinely used in veterinary laboratories. The alanyl-phenylalanyl-proline arylamidase reaction could be used to differentiate S. pluranimalium (positive) from Aerococcus urinae (negative).
Assuntos
Camelídeos Americanos/microbiologia , Bovinos/microbiologia , Galliformes/microbiologia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Ovinos/microbiologia , Streptococcus/isolamento & purificação , Aerococcus/classificação , Aerococcus/genética , Animais , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fenótipo , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Streptococcus/classificação , Reino UnidoRESUMO
An outbreak of tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, was investigated in a small herd of llamas (Lama glama). Based on three ante-mortem diagnostic methods (clinical signs, tuberculin skin test reactions, and 'Rapid Test' serology), 12 llamas were selected for examination post-mortem. Grossly visible lesions suspicious of TB were observed in eight animals, four of which had exhibited clinical signs, one was a skin test 'reactor', and three had been seropositive. M. bovis was isolated from seven of these eight animals. Clinical signs combined with serology were found to be useful in identifying infected animals, but tuberculin skin testing had limited negative predictive value as four llamas that were subsequently confirmed as infected were not detected using this assay.
Assuntos
Camelídeos Americanos , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Teste Tuberculínico/veterinária , Tuberculose/veterinária , Animais , Autopsia/veterinária , Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Mycobacterium bovis/isolamento & purificação , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Transtornos Respiratórios/veterinária , Testes Sorológicos/veterinária , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Reino Unido/epidemiologia , Redução de PesoRESUMO
Following the introduction of a national abattoir-based monitoring programme for Salmonella in pigs, advisory visits were made to pig farms in England and Wales with high Salmonella seroprevalence assessed by muscle tissue fluid (meat juice) ELISA. Samples (n = 15 790), including pooled pen floor faeces (n = 12 136), were collected for Salmonella culture from 296 farms, between October 2003 and February 2008. Salmonella was isolated from 4489 (28%) of all samples collected, including 3301 (27%) of pooled pen floor faecal samples, from 270 (91%) of farms visited. Salmonella Typhimurium and S. Derby were the most prevalent serovars, representing 64% and 16% of isolates serotyped, respectively. The main phage types of S. Typhimurium identified were U288 and DT193. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was seen in 92% of isolates tested, with the highest frequencies of resistance occurring to tetracyclines (T), sulphonamide compounds (SU), ampicillin (AM), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT), streptomycin (S) and chloramphenicol (C). Fifty-nine AMR patterns were observed, the most frequent of these being T, AM, SXT, C, S, SU, seen in 35% of isolates tested. Multi-drug resistance was commonly found, with 67% of isolates submitted for AMR testing showing resistance to between four and nine antimicrobials.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Salmonelose Animal/epidemiologia , Salmonelose Animal/microbiologia , Salmonella/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Inglaterra/epidemiologia , Salmonella/classificação , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Salmonelose Animal/tratamento farmacológico , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/tratamento farmacológico , País de Gales/epidemiologiaRESUMO
An outbreak of tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis in a llama herd is described. Over a 25-month period, a total of 70 llamas were selected for postmortem examination using four distinct criteria: clinical suspicion of disease (15 animals), positive tuberculin skin test result (three animals), antibody positive using a novel serological test (Rapid Test, 54 animals) and elective cull (five animals). Some animals qualified on more than one criterion. Gross lesions of TB were detected in 15 animals, with lung and lymph node lesions consistently observed. Samples were collected from 14 of 15 animals with visible lesions as well as those with no visible lesions, for histopathology and mycobacterial culture. All 14 llamas with visible lesions had caseonecrotic granulomatous lesions associated with acid-fast bacteria and variable mineralisation, and M bovis was isolated from 13. There were no histopathological lesions of TB in llamas with no grossly visible lesions, and M bovis was not isolated from any of these. The predictive value of suspicious gross lesions at postmortem examination was therefore high in the herd. Molecular typing results indicated that the outbreak was caused by a single strain likely to have originated from a local reservoir, probably cattle or wildlife. Antemortem indicators of infection assisted control of the outbreak, but no single test accurately identified all TB cases. Visible lesions were detected in nine of 15 llamas with clinical suspicion of disease, in two of three that had positive tuberculin skin test results and in 10 of 54 that were antibody positive; there was none (zero out of five) in llamas that were electively culled.
Assuntos
Camelídeos Americanos/microbiologia , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Mycobacterium bovis , Teste Tuberculínico/veterinária , Tuberculose/veterinária , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Imuno-Histoquímica/veterinária , Masculino , Mycobacterium bovis/imunologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/patologia , Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Reino Unido/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Salmonelose Animal/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Animais , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Inglaterra/epidemiologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Fezes/microbiologia , Salmonella/imunologia , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Salmonelose Animal/sangue , Salmonelose Animal/prevenção & controle , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Suínos/imunologia , Doenças dos Suínos/sangue , Doenças dos Suínos/prevenção & controleRESUMO
An 18-month-old cross-bred goat was presented with generalized erythema and thinning of the hair coat, as well as localized moderate scaling. Histopathological evaluation of skin biopsies showed hyperplasia and marked disruption of the infundibular epithelium owing to a predominant infiltrate of macrophages with multinucleated histiocytic giant cells and some lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. Examination of peripheral blood and skin by polymerase chain reaction gave positive results for ovine herpesvirus type 2 consistent with a diagnosis of malignant catarrhal fever.
Assuntos
Alopecia/veterinária , Foliculite/veterinária , Doenças das Cabras/patologia , Herpes Simples/veterinária , Simplexvirus/isolamento & purificação , Alopecia/patologia , Alopecia/virologia , Animais , DNA Viral/química , DNA Viral/genética , Feminino , Foliculite/patologia , Foliculite/virologia , Doenças das Cabras/virologia , Cabras , Herpes Simples/patologia , Herpes Simples/virologia , Histocitoquímica/veterinária , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Simplexvirus/genéticaAssuntos
Mycobacterium bovis/isolamento & purificação , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Tuberculose Cutânea/diagnóstico , Tuberculose/veterinária , Adulto , Animais , Camelídeos Americanos , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Mycobacterium bovis/genética , Doenças Profissionais/etiologia , Doenças Profissionais/microbiologia , Tuberculose/transmissão , Tuberculose Cutânea/microbiologiaRESUMO
A real-time PCR was developed to detect Coxiella burnetii (the cause of Q fever) in ruminant placentas and aborted fetuses. Primer and probe sets previously developed for human tissue studies were used to target the insertion sequence IS1111 gene for C burnetii. The assay was highly sensitive, with a limit of detection of 10 copies of template, theoretically equating to a single bacterium, and did not cross-react with a panel of other bacteria. To determine sensitivity on field samples submitted for the diagnosis of abortion, results using the IS1111 PCR assay were compared with a com1 PCR assay. When applied to ruminant abortion material, including placental cotyledons and fetal samples, the IS1111 and com1 assays yielded positive results in 23 (25 per cent) of 93 and 19 (20 per cent) of 93 samples, respectively. One infected goat herd was monitored for 31 months: 57 (92 per cent) of 62 placental cotyledon samples from aborting and non-aborting goats, and 10 (30 per cent) of 33 fetal samples were positive by the IS1111 PCR assay.
Assuntos
Feto Abortado/microbiologia , Aborto Animal/microbiologia , Coxiella burnetii/isolamento & purificação , Placenta/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Febre Q/veterinária , Aborto Animal/diagnóstico , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Coxiella burnetii/genética , Feminino , Doenças das Cabras/microbiologia , Cabras , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Gravidez , Febre Q/diagnóstico , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/microbiologiaRESUMO
An outbreak of sarcoptic mange was investigated in an alpaca herd. Clinical disease occurred 2 months after the introduction of four alpacas with dry seborrhoeic skin lesions, the cause of which was not investigated. Initially a group of females was affected, despite repeated topical treatment with ivermectin at a dose of 0.5mg/kg bodyweight. One female died and post-mortem examination indicated sarcoptic mange as the cause of death. Infection with Sarcoptes scabiei was also demonstrated on microscopic examination of skin scrapes taken from clinically affected cohorts. Later in the outbreak, a separate group of male alpacas was also affected. Treatment using subcutaneous ivermectin injections at a dose of 0.2mg/kg, administered at 14-day intervals, was evaluated. During this course of treatment, another female died. A successful response in the other alpacas was eventually reached following 12 treatments of the female group and 8 treatments of the male group.