Management of a pregnant woman with Marfan syndrome and aortic root and aberrant right subclavian artery aneurysm: a case report.

Background: Marfan syndrome is a genetic connective tissue disorder that commonly affects the cardiovascular, skeletal, and ocular system. The increased risk of developing thoracic aortic aneurysms that can lead to aortic dissection and rupture is the main source of mortality in these patients. Pregnancy-induced changes can further increase the risk for aortic complications, especially in patients with an aortic root diameter > 45 mm. Case summary: The case of a 26-year-old female with Marfan syndrome who was lost to follow-up for five years and presented to our department being pregnant at 21 weeks is presented. Echocardiography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) showed an aortic root diameter of 55 mm and a large aneurysm of an aberrant right subclavian artery. Following multidisciplinary team discussion, valve-sparing aortic root and ascending aortic replacement was performed at 22 weeks of gestation without any complications. During the remaining pregnancy, the patient had frequent clinical and CMR follow-up investigations showing a mild increased size of the subclavian aneurysm. Uncomplicated caesarean delivery was performed at 35 weeks of gestation, and the subclavian artery aneurysm was successfully treated by interventional embolization. Discussion: Although cardiovascular surgery in our patient during pregnancy was uncomplicated, the case illustrates that pre-pregnancy counselling in Marfan patients is recommended to reduce the risk for mother and child.

Pediatric reference values for myocardial contraction fraction and global function index of the left ventricle: A cardiovascular magnetic resonance study.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) derived global function index (GFI) and myocardial contraction fraction (MCF) were identified as useful imaging markers to assess left ventricular (LV) cardiac performance and can provide prognostic information for several cardiac diseases. As pediatric reference values are lacking, the aim of this retrospective study was to establish these values. METHODS: 154 CMR examinations of healthy children and adolescents (4-18 years) were included. LV end-diastolic, end-systolic and stroke volumes, ejection fraction (LVEF) and myocardial mass were measured using short axis stacks. Results were used to calculate LVGFI and LVMCF. Statistically, the Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS)-method was applied to create percentile curves and tables. RESULTS: The mean age (standard deviation) of the subjects was 13.8 (2.8) years, 102 were male (66%). Mean LVGFI was 46.3 (6.0)% and mean LVMCF was 110.6 (19.9) %. Both, LVGFI and LVMCF decreased significantly with age (LVGFI: r = -0.30, p < 0.001; LVMCF: -0.30, p < 0.001). There was no statistical difference between girls and boys (p all >0.05). Strong correlations between LVGFI and LVMCF (r = 0.78, p < 0.001) as well as between LVGFI and LVEF (r = 0.80, p < 0.001) were documented whereas the correlation of LVMCF and LVEF was weaker (r = 0.32, p < 0.001). Univariable and multivariable regression analysis demonstrated that LVGFI was strongly associated with age whereas LVMCF was associated with weight. Percentile curves and tables were created accordingly. CONCLUSION: We provide pediatric CMR reference values for the new cardiac functional markers LVGFI and LVMCF. These may improve the interpretation of clinical CMR studies and can be used for future research studies.

Percutaneous Valvular and Structural Heart Disease Interventions. 2024 Core Curriculum of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) of the ESC.

The percutaneous treatment of structural, valvular, and non-valvular heart disease (SHD) is rapidly evolving. The Core Curriculum (CC) proposed by the EAPCI describes the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that define competency levels required by newly trained SHD interventional cardiologists (IC) and provides guidance for training centres. SHD ICs are cardiologists who have received complete interventional cardiology training. They are multidisciplinary team specialists who manage adult SHD patients from diagnosis to follow-up and perform percutaneous procedures in this area. They are competent in interpreting advanced imaging techniques and master planning software. The SHD ICs are expected to be proficient in the aortic, mitral, and tricuspid areas. They may have selective skills in either the aortic area or mitral/tricuspid areas. In this case, they must still have common transversal competencies in the aortic, mitral, and tricuspid areas. Additional SHD domain competencies are optional. Completing dedicated SHD training, aiming for full aortic, mitral, and tricuspid competencies, requires at least 18 months. For full training in the aortic area, with basic competencies in mitral/tricuspid areas, the training can be reduced to 1 year. The same is true for training in the mitral/tricuspid area, with competencies in the aortic area. The SHD IC CC promotes excellence and homogeneous training across Europe and is the cornerstone of future certifications and patient protection. It may be a reference for future CC for national associations and other SHD specialities, including imaging and cardiac surgery.

Quantifying and visualizing abdominal hemodynamics in patients with Fontan circulation by 4D phase-contrast flow magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 T.

BACKGROUND: Liver fibrosis has been recognized as a long-term morbidity associated with Fontan circulation (Fontan-associated liver disease, FALD). The pathophysiology of FALD is not completely understood and abnormal flow dynamics may be associated with this condition. Liver hemodynamics can be quantitatively evaluated with four-dimensional phase-contrast flow magnetic resonance imaging (4D PC flow MRI). The study aimed to evaluate suitability of liver 4D PC flow MRI in Fontan patients and relate flow measurements to normal values and FALD severity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-two Fontan patients were examined by 4D PC flow MRI at 1.5 Tesla to assess mesenteric, portal, splenic, and hepatic venous blood flow. Severity of FALD was graded based on routine screening, including abdominal ultrasound and laboratory tests. RESULTS: Median age was 18.5 (interquartile range, IQR 15.5-20.2) years. FALD was graded as "none or mild" in 16 and as "moderate to severe" in six cases. Ten patients presented at least one feature of portal hypertension (ascites, splenomegaly, or thrombocytopenia). For the entire cohort, blood flow in the superior mesenteric, splenic, and portal vein was lower than reported in the literature. No significant differences were observed in relation to FALD severity. Features of portal hypertension were associated with a higher splenic vein blood flow (0.34 ± 0.17 vs. 0.20 ± 0.07 l/min, p = 0.046). Splenic vein blood flow was negatively correlated to platelet count (r = -0.590, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: 4D PC flow MRI appears suitable to assess liver hemodynamics in Fontan patients and integration into clinical follow-up might help to improve our understanding of FALD.

[Pulmonary hypertension in adults with congenital heart disease in light of the 2022-ESC-PAH guidelines - Part II: Supportive therapy, special situations (pregnancy, contraception, non-cardiac surgery), targeted pharmacotherapy, organ transplantation, special management (shunt lesions, left ventricular disorders, univentricular hearts), interventions, intensive care, follow-up, future perspectives]. / Pulmonale Hypertonie bei Erwachsenen mit angeborenen Herzfehlern im Lichte der 2022-ESC-PAH-Leitlinien.

The number of adults with congenital heart defects (CHD) is steadily rising and amounts to approximately 360,000 in Germany. CHD is often associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH), which may develop early in untreated CHD. Despite timely treatment of CHD, PH not infrequently persists or recurs in older age and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.The revised European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society 2022 guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of PH represent a significant contribution to the optimized care of those affected. However, the topic of "adults with congenital heart disease" is addressed only relatively superficial in these guidelines. Therefore, in the present article, this topic is commented in detail from the perspective of congenital cardiology.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance reference values of right ventricular volumetric variables in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has established itself as the gold standard for serial assessment of systemic right ventricular (RV) performance but due to the lack of standardized RV reference values for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) patients, the interpretation of RV volumetric data in HLHS remains difficult. Therefore, this study aimed to close this gap by providing CMR reference values for the systemic RV in HLHS patients. METHODS: CMR scans of 160 children, adolescents, and young adults (age range 2.2-25.2 years, 106 males) with HLHS were retrospectively evaluated. All patients were studied following total cavopulmonary connection. Short-axis stacks were used to measure RV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (RVEDV, RVESV), RV stroke volume (RVSV), RV ejection fraction (RVEF), and RV end-diastolic myocardial mass (RVEDMM). Univariable and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess associations between RV parameters and demographic and anthropometric characteristics. Following the results of the regression analysis, reference graphs and tables were created with the Lambda-Mu-Sigma method. RESULTS: Multiple linear regression analysis showed strong associations between body height and RVEDV, RVESV as well as RVSV. Age was highly associated with RVEDMM. Therefore, percentile curves and tables were created with respect to body height (RVEDV, RVESV, RVSV) and age (RVEDMM). The influence of demographic and anthropometric parameters on RVEF was mild, thus no percentile curves and tables for RVEF are provided. CONCLUSION: We were able to define CMR reference values for RV volumetric variables for HLHS patients. These data might be useful for the assessment and interpretation of CMR scans in these patients and for research in this field.

Detection of hypoplastic left heart syndrome anatomy from cardiovascular magnetic resonance images using machine learning.

OBJECTIVE: The prospect of being able to gain relevant information from cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) image analysis automatically opens up new potential to assist the evaluating physician. For machine-learning-based classification of complex congenital heart disease, only few studies have used CMR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study presents a tailor-made neural network architecture for detection of 7 distinctive anatomic landmarks in CMR images of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) in Fontan circulation or healthy controls and demonstrates the potential of the spatial arrangement of the landmarks to identify HLHS. The method was applied to the axial SSFP CMR scans of 46 patients with HLHS and 33 healthy controls. RESULTS: The displacement between predicted and annotated landmark had a standard deviation of 8-17 mm and was larger than the interobserver variability by a factor of 1.1-2.0. A high overall classification accuracy of 98.7% was achieved. DISCUSSION: Decoupling the identification of clinically meaningful anatomic landmarks from the actual classification improved transparency of classification results. Information from such automated analysis could be used to quickly jump to anatomic positions and guide the physician more efficiently through the analysis depending on the detected condition, which may ultimately improve work flow and save analysis time.

[Pulmonary arterial hypertension in congenital heart disease - Part I]. / Pulmonale arterielle Hypertonie bei Erwachsenen mit angeborenen Herzfehlern ­ Teil I.

The number of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) is steadily rising and amounts to approximately 360,000 in Germany. CHD is often associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), which may develop early in untreated CHD. Despite timely treatment of CHD, PAH often persists or recurs in older age and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.The revised European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society 2022 guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of PH represent a significant contribution to the optimized care of those affected. However, the topic of "adults with congenital heart defects" is addressed only relatively superficially in these guidelines. Therefore, this article addresses the perspective of congenital cardiology in greater depth.

Pulmonary valve reconstruction for acquired pulmonary regurgitation in patients with treated congenital heart disease.

OBJECTIVES: Pulmonary valve regurgitation is a common problem after relief of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction with a transannular patch. Pulmonary valve replacement with a homograft or xenograft is the routine treatment. Longevity of biological valves and the availability of homografts are limited. Alternatives to restore RVOT competence are evaluated. The goal of this study was to present intermediate-term results for pulmonary valve reconstruction (PVr) in patients with severe regurgitation. METHODS: PVr was performed in 24 patients (August 2006‒July 2018). We analysed perioperative data, pre- and postoperative cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging studies, freedom from valve replacement and risk factors for pulmonary valve dysfunction. RESULTS: The underlying diagnoses were tetralogy of Fallot (n = 18, 75%), pulmonary stenosis (n = 5, 20.8%) and the double outlet right ventricle post banding procedure (n = 1, 4.2%). The median age was 21.5 (14.8-23.7) years. Main (n = 9, 37.5%) and branch pulmonary artery procedures (n = 6, 25%) and surgery of the RVOT (n = 16, 30.2%) were often part of the reconstruction. The median follow-up after the operation was 8.0 (4.7-9.7) years. Freedom from valve failure was 96% at 2 and 90% at 5 years. The mean longevity of the reconstructive surgery was 9.9 years (95% confidence interval: 8.8-11.1 years). CMR before and 6 months after surgery showed a reduction in the regurgitation fraction [41% (33-55) vs 20% (18-27) P = 0.00] and of the indexed right ventricular end-diastolic volume [156 ml/m2 (149-175) vs 116 ml/m2 (100-143), P = 0.004]. Peak velocity across the pulmonary valve (determined by CMR) half a year after surgery was 2.0, unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: PVr can be achieved with acceptable intermediate-term results and may delay pulmonary valve replacement.

Genetic Screening Reveals Heterogeneous Clinical Phenotypes in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Troponin T2 Variants.

BACKGROUND: Cardiomyopathies (CMs) are a heterogeneous and severe group of diseases that shows a highly variable cardiac phenotype and an incidence of app. 1/100.000. Genetic screening of family members is not yet performed routinely. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three families with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and pathogenic variants in the troponin T2, Cardiac Type (TNNT2) gene were included. Pedigrees and clinical data of the patients were collected. The reported variants in the TNNT2 gene showed a high penetrance and a poor outcome, with 8 of 16 patients dying or receiving heart transplantation. The age of onset varied from the neonatal period to the age of 52. Acute heart failure and severe decompensation developed within a short period in some patients. CONCLUSION: Family screening of patients with DCM improves risk assessment, especially for individuals who are currently asymptomatic. Screening contributes to improved treatment by enabling practitioners to set appropriate control intervals and quickly begin interventional measures, such as heart failure medication or, in selected cases, pulmonary artery banding.

Pediatric Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Reference Values for Biventricular Volumes Derived From Different Contouring Techniques.

BACKGROUND: Measurement of ventricular volumes and function using MRI is an important tool in pediatric congenital heart disease. However, normal values for children are sparce and analysis methods are inconsistent. PURPOSE: To propose biventricular reference values in children for two MRI postprocessing (contouring) techniques. STUDY TYPE: Retrospective. SUBJECTS: A total of 154 children from two institutions (13.9 ± 2.8 years; 101 male) that were referred for a clinical MRI study. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 1.5 T; balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequence. ASSESSMENT: Left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (LVEDV, LVESV, RVEDV, RVESV) and end-diastolic and end-systolic myocardial mass (LVEDMM, LVESMM, RVEDMM, RVESMM) were measured from short-axis images using two contouring techniques: 1) papillary muscles, trabeculations and the moderator band were included in the ventricular blood volume and excluded from the myocardial mass, 2) papillary muscles, trabeculations and the moderator band were excluded from the ventricular volume and included in the ventricular mass. STATISTICAL TESTS: Univariable and multivariable linear regression models were used to evaluate relationships between sex, weight, height, body surface area (BSA) and age and volumetric results. Reference graphs and tables were created with the LMS-method. Contouring techniques were compared by intraclass correlation, regression analysis and Bland-Altman plots. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Height and BSA were significantly associated with LVESV (method 1) and with LVEDV and RVEDV (method 2). LVESV (method 2), RVESV (both methods), RVEDV (method 1), and LVEDMM and RVEDMM (both methods), showed significant associations with height and weight. LVSV and RVSV (both methods) were significantly associated with BSA and weight. RVESV (method 1) was significantly associated with age. Gender showed significant associations for all parameters. DATA CONCLUSION: The proposed pediatric reference values can be used in the diagnosis and follow-up of congenital or acquired heart disease and for research purposes. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

Reference Values for Pediatric Atrial Volumes Assessed by Steady-State Free-Precession Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Monoplane and Biplane Area-Length Methods.

BACKGROUND: Measurement of atrial volumes by MRI is becoming increasingly important in pediatric cardiac disorders. However, MRI normal values for atrial volumes in children are lacking. PURPOSE: To establish pediatric reference values for atrial volumes. STUDY TYPE: Retrospective. SUBJECTS: A total of 155 healthy children from two large institutions (103 male, age 13.9 ± 2.8 years, range 4-18 years). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: A 1.5 T; balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequence. ASSESSMENT: The monoplane and biplane area-length methods were used to measure minimal and maximal left and right atrial volumes (LAmin , LAmax , RAmin , and RAmax ) from four-chamber (4ch) and two-chamber (2ch) MR cine images. Centile charts and tables for atrial volumes were created. STATISTICAL TESTS: Descriptive statistics, lambda-mu-sigma (LMS)-method of Cole and Green, univariable and multivariable linear regression models. A P value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS: In the multivariable linear model, body surface area was significantly associated with all atrial volumes and sex was significantly associated with RA volumes, LA volumes measured in the 2ch-view as well as biplane LAmax. Average atrial volumes measured: monoplane 4ch: LAmin 13.1 ± 4.8 mL/m2 , LAmax 33.4 ± 8.8 mL/m2 , RAmin 18.5 ± 6.8 mL/m2 , RAmax 33.2 ± 9.6 mL/m2 ; monoplane 2ch: LAmin 12.7 ± 4.9 mL/m2 , LAmax 30.5 ± 9.5 mL/m2 ; biplane: LAmin 12.3 ± 4.5 mL/m2 , LAmax 30.9 ± 8.7 mL/m2 . DATA CONCLUSION: Pediatric MRI reference values for atrial volumes have been provided. TECHNICAL EFFICACY: 2 EVIDENCE LEVEL: 4.

Reference Values for Wristband Accelerometry Data in Children Aged 6-11 Years of Age.

Objectives: Wristband activity trackers (accelerometers) could serve as a convenient monitoring tool to continuously quantify physical activity throughout the day. We aim to provide reference values for the use of these devices in healthy children. Methods: Children were recruited at a local school and provided with activity trackers (Fitbit Charge 2). Pupils were instructed to wear devices during all normal daytime activities over a period of 11-15 days. Demographic data, total number of daily steps and heart rate were recorded. In addition, all children/parents were asked to complete a questionnaire providing information about daily physical routine (mode of transport to school, sporting activities as well as sport club memberships). Results: Three hundred two children (54.6% boys; median age 8.7 years) participated in this prospective study. Median wearing time of the device was 12.1 h/day. Overall, the median daily total step count was 12,095. Median step counts/day were significantly higher in boys compared to girls (13,015 vs. 11,305 steps/day; p < 0.0001). In addition, step counts were significantly higher during the week, compared to weekend days. The effect of age on daily step count was found to be non-linear: the total daily step count increased from 6 to 8.5 years of age, while older children (aged >8.5 years) had lower step counts compared to the younger children. Significant predictors of the daily step count were male gender (+1,324.9 steps, p = 0.0008), mode of transportation to school (walking, bicycle, scooter: +865.5 steps p = 0.049), active membership in a sports club (+1,324.9 steps/day, p = 0.0008), and number of structured units of physical exercise performed (+336.5/per 45 min, p < 0.0001). Severe obesity was associated with a significant reduction in total daily step count (-3037.7 steps/day, p = 0.015). Conclusion: Our prospective cohort study of healthy school children provides reference values for wristband accelerometers in normal individuals. In addition, it clarifies the effect of age, body weight and lifestyle on normal daily step counts in school children. This data should be helpful to judge the degree of physical limitation of patients compared to healthy peers.

Serial Assessment of Right Ventricular Deformation in Patients With Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: A Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking Study.

Background As right ventricular dysfunction is a major cause of adverse outcome in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, the aim was to assess right ventricular function and deformation after Fontan completion by performing 2-dimensional cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking in serial cardiovascular magnetic resonance studies. Methods and Results Cardiovascular magnetic resonance examinations of 108 patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (female: 31) were analyzed. Short-axis cine images were used for right ventricular volumetry. Two-dimensional cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking was performed using long-axis and short-axis cine images to measure myocardial global longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strain. All patients had at least 2 cardiovascular magnetic resonance examinations after Fontan completion and 41 patients had 3 examinations. Global strain values and right ventricular ejection fraction decreased from the first to the third examination with a significant decline in global longitudinal strain from the first examination to the second examination (median, first, and third quartile: -18.8%, [-20.5;-16.5] versus -16.9%, [-19.3;-14.7]) and from the first to the third examination in 41 patients (-18.6%, [-20.9;-15.7] versus -15.8%, [-18.7;-12.6]; P-values <0.004). Right ventricular ejection fraction decreased significantly from the first to the third examination (55.4%, [49.8;59.3] versus 50.2%, [45.0;55.9]; P<0.002) and from the second to the third examination (53.8%, [47.2;58.7] versus 50.2%, [45.0;55.9]; P<0.0002). Conclusions Serial assessment of cardiovascular magnetic resonance studies in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome after Fontan completion demonstrates a significant reduction in global strain values and right ventricular ejection fraction at follow-up. The significant reduction in global longitudinal strain between the first 2 examinations with non-significant changes in right ventricular ejection fraction suggest that global longitudinal strain measured by 2-dimensional cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking might be a superior technique for the detection of changes in myocardial function.

Effect of Leisure Sports on Exercise Capacity and Quality of Life in Patients with a Fontan Circulation.

Despite improvement in survival, patients with a Fontan circulation are at risk for numerous complications, and exercise capacity and quality of life are usually reduced compared with healthy controls. However, only a few studies have assessed the impact of the amount of sporting activity on exercise capacity and health-related quality of life. We analyzed cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET) in a large cohort of patients with a Fontan circulation. Questionnaires were used to assess health-related quality of life and sporting activity. A total of 79 patients with a median age of 13.0 (6.5 to 34.4) years at CPET were included (female, n = 31). Questionnaires revealed that 80% of patients (n = 63) do leisure sports with 43% (n = 27) exercising more than 2 hours per /week. In a subgroup analysis on pediatric patients (n = 52) we found that nearly all participate in school sports (n = 51) and report good subjective health (n = 48). In the pediatric subgroup, oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold and peak oxygen uptake correlated with subjective health (p <0.05) and the amount of leisure sports activity (p <0.01). In the overall cohort, running time and running distance were significantly associated with the hours of sports per week (p <0.01). CPET results did not significantly differ between single right and single left ventricle patients. Furthermore, an open fenestration was not associated with reduced exercise capacity. In conclusion, most patients with a Fontan circulation participate in leisure sports and report good subjective healthiness. In pediatric patients, increased sports activity is associated with better exercise capacity and subjective healthiness.

Myocardial Deformation in the Pediatric Age Group: Normal Values for Strain and Strain Rate Using 2D Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial deformation can be assessed from routine cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) images using two-dimensional feature tracking (2D-FT). Although reference values are essential for implementation of strain imaging in clinical practice, data for the healthy pediatric age group are limited. PURPOSE: To provide pediatric MR reference values for strain and strain rate for all four heart chambers. STUDY TYPE: Retrospective. SUBJECTS: One hundred and fifty-seven healthy children from two institutions (102 male, age 4.7-18 years). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 1.5 T; balanced steady-state free precession sequence. ASSESSMENT: Left ventricular (LV) global and regional longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strain and strain rate as well as right ventricular (RV) and atrial global and regional longitudinal strain and strain rate were measured in two-, three-, and four-chamber views and the short axis stack. The relationships between strain parameters and age, height, weight, and gender were investigated. Age- and height-specific centile curves and tables were created for LV strain and strain rate. For all other global strain parameters, the mean was calculated as a reference. STATISTICAL TESTS: Lambda-mu-sigma (LMS)-method of Cole and Green, univariable, and multivariable linear regression models. A P value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS: Age, height and weight had a significant influence on LV global strain values. These parameters also showed an influence on RV strain but only in boys (girls P = 0.12) and none of the variables had a significant influence on atrial strain (P = 0.19-0.49). Gender differences were only found for RV strain values. DATA CONCLUSION: Pediatric potential reference values for myocardial deformation parameters of both ventricles and atria are provided. The values may serve as a reference in future studies and clinical practice. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 5.

Tissue Engineered Transcatheter Pulmonary Valved Stent Implantation: Current State and Future Prospect.

Patients with the complex congenital heart disease (CHD) are usually associated with right ventricular outflow tract dysfunction and typically require multiple surgical interventions during their lives to relieve the right ventricular outflow tract abnormality. Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement was used as a non-surgical, less invasive alternative treatment for right ventricular outflow tract dysfunction and has been rapidly developing over the past years. Despite the current favorable results of transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement, many patients eligible for pulmonary valve replacement are still not candidates for transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement. Therefore, one of the significant future challenges is to expand transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement to a broader patient population. This review describes the limitations and problems of existing techniques and focuses on decellularized tissue engineering for pulmonary valve stenting.