Kinesin-1 mediates proper ER folding of the CaV1.2 channel and maintains mouse glucose homeostasis.

Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from pancreatic beta cells is a principal mechanism for systemic glucose homeostasis, of which regulatory mechanisms are still unclear. Here we show that kinesin molecular motor KIF5B is essential for GSIS through maintaining the voltage-gated calcium channel CaV1.2 levels, by facilitating an Hsp70-to-Hsp90 chaperone exchange to pass through the quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Phenotypic analyses of KIF5B conditional knockout (cKO) mouse beta cells revealed significant abolishment of glucose-stimulated calcium transients, which altered the behaviors of insulin granules via abnormally stabilized cortical F-actin. KIF5B and Hsp90 colocalize to microdroplets on ER sheets, where CaV1.2 but not Kir6.2 is accumulated. In the absence of KIF5B, CaV1.2 fails to be transferred from Hsp70 to Hsp90 via STIP1, and is likely degraded via the proteasomal pathway. KIF5B and Hsc70 overexpression increased CaV1.2 expression via enhancing its chaperone binding. Thus, ER sheets may serve as the place of KIF5B- and Hsp90-dependent chaperone exchange, which predominantly facilitates CaV1.2 production in beta cells and properly enterprises GSIS against diabetes.

Relationship between Serum Concentrations and Muscular Expressions of Selenoproteins on Selenium-Supplemented Insulin Resistance Mouse Model.

Previously, insulin resistance and hepatic oxidative stress with increased expressions of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) 1 and selenoprotein P (SelP) were induced in NSY mice, a diabetic mouse model, by administrating a high fat diet (HFD) and seleno-L-methionine (SeMet) for 12 weeks. In this study we developed an analysis method for serum selenoproteins using LC-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and investigated the effects of supplementary selenium on serum concentrations of selenoproteins as well as protein expression in skeletal muscle as a major insulin target tissue under the same experimental condition. The glucose area under the curves for oral glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests indicated that the HFD induced insulin resistance, whereas the treatment of SeMet + HFD showed insignificant promotion compared with the HFD-induced insulin resistance. Although the expressions of GPx1 in gastrocnemius and soleus were not significantly induced by supplementary SeMet nor HFD administration, the expressions of SelP in both skeletal muscles were significantly induced by the treatment of SeMet + HFD. There were also significant increases in serum concentrations of SelP by supplementary SeMet + HFD administration, whereas GPx3 was augmented by supplementary SeMet only. These results indicated that the HFD intake under the sufficient selenium status augmented the blood secretion of SelP, which may participate in the reduction of insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscles as well as liver or adipose tissues, and it is a better indicator of deterioration than GPx3 as it is a major selenoprotein in serum.

Ballistocardial Signal-Based Personal Identification Using Deep Learning for the Non-Invasive and Non-Restrictive Monitoring of Vital Signs.

Owing to accelerated societal aging, the prevalence of elderly individuals experiencing solitary or sudden death at home has increased. Therefore, herein, we aimed to develop a monitoring system that utilizes piezoelectric sensors for the non-invasive and non-restrictive monitoring of vital signs, including the heart rate and respiration, to detect changes in the health status of several elderly individuals. A ballistocardiogram with a piezoelectric sensor was tested using seven individuals. The frequency spectra of the biosignals acquired from the piezoelectric sensors exhibited multiple peaks corresponding to the harmonics originating from the heartbeat. We aimed for individual identification based on the shapes of these peaks as the recognition criteria. The results of individual identification using deep learning techniques revealed good identification proficiency. Altogether, the monitoring system integrated with piezoelectric sensors showed good potential as a personal identification system for identifying individuals with abnormal biological signals.

Deep learning-based sleep stage classification with cardiorespiratory and body movement activities in individuals with suspected sleep disorders.

Deep learning methods have gained significant attention in sleep science. This study aimed to assess the performance of a deep learning-based sleep stage classification model constructed using fewer physiological parameters derived from cardiorespiratory and body movement data. Overnight polysomnography (PSG) data from 123 participants (age: 19-82 years) with suspected sleep disorders were analyzed. Multivariate time series data, including heart rate, respiratory rate, cardiorespiratory coupling, and body movement frequency, were input into a bidirectional long short-term memory (biLSTM) network model to train and predict five-class sleep stages. The trained model's performance was evaluated using balanced accuracy, Cohen's κ coefficient, and F1 scores on an epoch-per-epoch basis and compared with the ground truth using the leave-one-out cross-validation scheme. The model achieved an accuracy of 71.2 ± 5.8%, Cohen's κ of 0.425 ± 0.115, and an F1 score of 0.650 ± 0.083 across all sleep stages, and all metrics were negatively correlated with the apnea-hypopnea index, as well as age, but positively correlated with sleep efficiency. Moreover, the model performance varied for each sleep stage, with the highest F1 score observed for N2 and the lowest for N3. Regression and Bland-Altman analyses between sleep parameters of interest derived from deep learning and PSG showed substantial correlations (r = 0.33-0.60) with low bias. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of the biLSTM deep learning model in accurately classifying sleep stages and in estimating sleep parameters for sleep structure analysis using a reduced set of physiological parameters. The current model without using EEG information may expand the application of unobtrusive in-home monitoring to clinically assess the prevalence of sleep disorders outside of a sleep laboratory.

Late Progression of Tricuspid Regurgitation After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

Background: Few studies have investigated the progression of baseline mild or less tricuspid regurgitation (TR) after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and predictors of late progression of baseline mild or less TR and the impact of late progression on outcomes after TAVR. Methods: We reviewed 1615 patients who had baseline mild or less TR and 1-year echocardiographic follow-up registered in the Optimized Catheter Valvular Intervention-Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation registry. We compared outcomes including 2-year all-cause mortality, cardiac mortality, and heart failure hospitalization between groups with and without progression of TR on 1-year transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and investigated predictors of progression of TR after TAVR. Results: On 1-year TTE, TR worsened to a moderate or severe grade in 87 patients (5.4%). The group with TR progression had higher 2-year all-cause mortality, cardiac mortality, and heart failure hospitalization than the group without TR progression. The multivariable analysis showed that TR progression was significantly associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 4.08; 95% CI, 1.92-8.67; P < .001) and heart failure hospitalization (hazard ratio, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.64-4.93; P < .001). Independent predictors of TR progression included atrial fibrillation, transaortic mean pressure gradient <40 â€‹mm Hg on pre-TAVR TTE, and systolic pulmonary artery pressure ≥40 â€‹mm Hg. Conclusions: TR progression from mild or less to moderate or severe after TAVR was more likely observed in patients with low transaortic gradients, atrial fibrillation, or pulmonary hypertension. TR progression after TAVR was associated with increased all-cause mortality and heart failure hospitalization.

Naturally Oxidized Olive Oil Promotes Active Cutaneous Anaphylaxis and Th2 Cytokine Production.

The excessive ingestion of oxidized dietary oils may exacerbate some allergic diseases. We previously reported that oxidized olive oil exacerbates active cutaneous anaphylaxis (ACA), one of the immediate allergic reactions. This study was conducted to clarify the effects of oxidized olive oil on the T cell response during ACA. BALB/c female mice were orally administered naturally oxidized olive oil once every 2 d for 2 weeks after ovalbumin (OVA)/aluminum hydroxide gel sensitization, after which ACA was elicited by intracutaneous administration of OVA into the ear auricles. Compared with fresh olive oil, oxidized olive oil administration increased the antigen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody titer 2 weeks after OVA-sensitization and vascular hyperpermeability increased due to ACA. In the oxidized olive oil-administered mice, the mRNA expression levels of T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4, -5, -6, and -10, in the lymph nodes increased, as did the proportion of cluster designation (CD)3+CD4+ cells in the spleen and lymph nodes. In CD3+CD4+ cells, the mRNA expression levels of IL-4 and GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3), the master regulator of Th2, were higher in the oxidized olive oil-group. Antigen-stimulated specific IL-4 production was promoted in CD3+CD4+ cells of oxidized olive oil-administered mice. This suggests that oxidized olive oil exacerbates ACA by promoting Th2 dominance in immediate allergic diseases.

Seleno-L-Methionine Suppresses Immunoglobulin E-Mediated Allergic Response in RBL-2H3 Cells.

The effect of seleno-L-methionine (SeMet) on immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated allergic responses were investigated using rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells. Cells were first treated with or without SeMet, sensitized with anti-dinitrophenyl IgE and stimulated with the antigen dinitrophenyl-human serum albumin, before the measurement of degranulation, calcium mobilization, mRNA expression and protein secretion of interleukin (IL)-4 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and phosphorylation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), Akt, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The antigen-induced ß-hexosaminidase release, a degranulation marker, was significantly inhibited by SeMet treatment. SeMet also significantly suppressed antigen-induced calcium mobilization. Antigen-induced increases in the mRNA expression and protein secretion of IL-4 and TNF-α were both significantly attenuated by SeMet treatment. In addition, SeMet significantly suppressed antigen-induced phosphorylation of Syk, Akt, and MAPKs. These results demonstrate that SeMet suppresses antigen-induced degranulation, and mRNA expression and protein secretion of IL-4 and TNF-α, and inhibits antigen-induced mobilization of calcium and activation of Syk, Akt, and MAPKs. Our study provides valuable information that may be useful in the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases.

A Piezoelectric Sensor Signal Analysis Method for Identifying Persons Groups.

The is an increasing number of elderly single-person households causing lonely deaths and it is a social problem. We study a watching system for elderly families by laying the piezoelectric sensors inside the house. There are few privacy issues of this system because piezoelectric sensor detects only a person's vibration signal. Furthermore, it has a benefit of sensing the ability for a bio-signal including the respiration cycle and cardiac cycle. We propose a method of identifying the person who is on the sensor by analyzing the frequency spectrum of the bio-signal. Multiple peaks of harmonics originating from the heartbeat appear in the graph of the frequency spectrum. We propose a method to identify people by using the peak shape as a discrimination criterion.

Effects of Supplementary Seleno-L-methionine on Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions in Mice.

Effects of selenium supplementation on atopic dermatitis (AD) were investigated by administering seleno-L-methionine (SeMet) using a mouse model of AD caused by repeated application of 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB). BALB/c mice were sensitized with TNCB to the abdomen on day -7; then, TNCB was applied repeatedly to each ear three times a week from days 0 to 23. SeMet was orally administered to the mice from days 0 to 23. The efficacy of SeMet on AD was assessed by measuring ear thickness, histologic evaluation, serum total immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels, and expression of interleukin (IL)-4 in the ear and superficial parotid lymph node. Ear thickness was remarkably increased by repeated application of TNCB, and SeMet significantly suppressed ear thickness in BALB/c mice. SeMet inhibited epidermal hyperplasia and dense infiltration of inflammatory cells. The number of TNCB-induced mast cells was significantly decreased by SeMet. Serum total IgE levels that increased by the repeated application of TNCB were significantly suppressed by SeMet. Repeated application of TNCB induced expression of IL-4, a T-helper (Th) 2 cytokine, in the ear and superficial parotid lymph node of BALB/c mice and its expression was significantly inhibited by SeMet. These results demonstrated that SeMet supplementation suppresses AD-like skin lesions in BALB/c mice and inhibits the expression of total IgE and IL-4.

Effect of Seleno-L-methionine on Oxidative Stress in the Pancreatic Islets of a Short-Term Induced Diabetic Mouse Model in Insufficient Selenium Status.

The protective effects of seleno-L-methionine (SeMet) on oxidative stress in pancreatic islets were investigated with a short-term nicotinamide (NA) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse model. ICR mice were intraperitoneally injected twice with 100 mg/kg STZ and 120 mg/kg NA at a 1-d interval and were then orally administered 158 µg Se/kg SeMet with free access to a selenium-deficient diet for 5 weeks. Administration of SeMet significantly improved the levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), non-fasting and oral glucose tolerance-tested (OGTT) blood glucose, plasma adiponectin and hepatic glycogen that deteriorated by NA/STZ treatment. However, supplementary SeMet did not restore non-fasting plasma insulin levels in NA/STZ treatment group and significantly suppressed OGTT plasma insulin levels in the control group. Although SeMet significantly suppressed 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine density in pancreatic islets, SeMet did not restore insulin density. The hepatic and pancreatic mRNA levels of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) increased by NA/STZ treatment or SeMet administration. These results suggest that although a physiological level of SeMet improves glucose tolerance by exhibiting insulin-mimetic activity in a short-term induced diabetic mouse model under insufficient Se status, the suppression of pancreatic oxidative stress with the induction GPX1 by SeMet supplementation is unlikely to restore insulin storage and secretion.

Role of Supplementary Selenium on the Induction of Insulin Resistance and Oxidative Stress in NSY Mice Fed a High Fat Diet.

The role of supplementary selenium on the induction of insulin resistance and oxidative stress in a diabetic mouse model was investigated in NSY mice on a high fat diet (HFD) and administered seleno-L-methionine (SeMet)-containing water for 12 weeks. Significant increases in oral glucose tolerance-tested (OGTT), insulin tolerance-tested, and non-fasting blood glucose levels were observed in mice on a HFD, as well as the significant increases in OGTT and non-fasting plasma insulin levels. Mice on a HFD had decreased plasma adiponectin levels and increased free fatty acid (FFA) levels. Supplementary SeMet significantly augmented OGTT blood glucose levels in mice on a HFD and plasma FFA levels in mice on a normal diet. The mRNA levels of six selenoproteins were measured, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) 1 and selenoprotein P (SelP) were selected as candidates that may be associated with insulin resistance or oxidative stress in the liver. Hepatic GPx1 expression was elevated in mice on a HFD and SeMet supplementation, and SelP expression increased in mice on a HFD. Histopathological observations in hepatic tissues showed hypertrophy of parenchymal cells and significant expression of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in mice on a HFD, indicating lipid accumulation and oxidative stress induction. Hepatic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity also increased by a HFD. These results suggest that hepatic lipid accumulation in NSY mice on a HFD promoted oxidative stress and hepatic SelP expression, and supplementary SeMet induced hepatic GPx1 expression.

Loss of VAMP5 in mice results in duplication of the ureter and insufficient expansion of the lung.

BACKGROUND: Vesicle-associated membrane protein 5 (VAMP5) is a member of the SNARE protein family, which regulates the docking and fusion of membrane vesicles within cells. Previously, we reported ubiquitous expression of VAMP5 proteins in various organs except the brain and small intestine. However, the precise roles of VAMP5 in each organ remain unclear. To explore the roles of VAMP5 in vivo, we generated VAMP5 knockout (KO) mice. RESULTS: VAMP5 KO mice showed low birth rate and low body weight. KO embryos grew normally in the uterus, and tended to die around birth. Anatomical analysis revealed that viable KO mice often exhibited duplication of the ureter, and dead KO mice showed insufficient expansion of the lung. VAMP5 was localized in the epithelial cells of the ureter and terminal bronchiole. CONCLUSIONS: VAMP5 KO mice showed a low birth rate and abnormalities of the urinary and respiratory systems. VAMP5 KO mice died around birth, possibly due to defects in vesicoureteral flow and breathing. The results presented could provide a basis for future studies to understand the roles of VAMP5 protein. Developmental Dynamics 247:754-762, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A novel imaging method for correlating 2D light microscopic data and 3D volume data based on block-face imaging.

We have developed an imaging method designated as correlative light microscopy and block-face imaging (CoMBI), which contributes to improve the reliability of morphological analyses. This method can collect both the frozen sections and serial block-face images in a single specimen. The frozen section can be used for conventional light microscopic analysis to obtain 2-dimensional (2D) anatomical and molecular information, while serial block-face images can be used as 3-dimensional (3D) volume data for anatomical analysis. Thus, the sections maintain positional information in the specimen, and allows the correlation of 2D microscopic data and 3D volume data in a single specimen. The subjects can vary in size and type, and can cover most specimens encountered in biology. In addition, the required system for our method is characterized by cost-effectiveness. Here, we demonstrated the utility of CoMBI using specimens ranging in size from several millimeters to several centimeters, i.e., mouse embryos, human brainstem samples, and stag beetle larvae, and present successful correlation between the 2D light microscopic images and 3D volume data in a single specimen.

Oxidized dietary oils enhance immediate- and/or delayed-type allergic reactions in BALB/c mice.

BACKGROUND: The consumption of cooking oils may exacerbate some allergic diseases. In the present study, the effects of naturally oxidized olive oil on immediate- and/or delayed-type allergic reactions were investigated in BALB/c mice. METHODS: Mouse models of 3 types of allergic reactions: contact hypersensitivity (CHS), active cutaneous anaphylaxis (ACA), and DNFB-induced hypersensitivity, were orally administered naturally oxidized olive oil that was obtained by keeping the oil at room temperature for more than 3 years. The effects of ultraviolet ray (UV)-irradiated olive oil and other dietary oils as well as their possible oxidation products on CHS were also investigated. RESULTS: Naturally oxidized olive oil had a high peroxide value (POV) and exacerbated CHS, ACA, and DNFB-induced hypersensitivity in a POV-dependent manner. UV-irradiated olive oil, corn oil, sesame oil and triolein had high POVs, but almost the same acid value (AV) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) level as fresh oils. Fresh olive oil and the representative oxidation product with a high AV or TBARS level had no effect on CHS, whereas all UV-irradiated oils and naturally oxidized olive oil exacerbated it. CONCLUSIONS: Oxidized dietary oils that have high POVs exacerbated immediate- and/or delayed-type allergic reactions regardless of the different oil constituents or oxidation processes.

Filamentous structures in skeletal muscle: anchors for the subsarcolemmal space.

In skeletal muscle fibers, intermediate filaments and actin filaments provide structural support to the myofibrils and the sarcolemma. For many years, it was poorly understood from ultrastructural observations that how these filamentous structures were kept anchored. The present study was conducted to determine the architecture of filamentous anchoring structures in the subsarcolemmal space and the intermyofibrils. The diaphragms (Dp) of adult wild type and mdx mice (mdx is a model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy) were subjected to tension applied perpendicular to the long axis of the muscle fibers, with or without treatment with 1% Triton X-100 or 0.03% saponin. These experiments were conducted to confirm the presence and integrity of the filamentous anchoring structures. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that these structures provide firm transverse connections between the sarcolemma and peripheral myofibrils. Most of the filamentous structures appeared to be inserted into subsarcolemmal densities, forming anchoring connections between the sarcolemma and peripheral myofibrils. In some cases, actin filaments were found to run longitudinally in the subsarcolemmal space to connect to the sarcolemma or in some cases to connect to the intermyofibrils as elongated thin filaments. These filamentous anchoring structures were less common in the mdx Dp. Our data suggest that the transverse and longitudinal filamentous structures form an anchoring system in the subsarcolemmal space and the intermyofibrils.

Organization of organelles and VAMP-associated vesicular transport systems in differentiating skeletal muscle cells.

Vesicular transport plays an important role in the regulation of cellular function and differentiation of the cell, and intracellular vesicles play a role in the delivery of membrane components and in sorting membrane proteins to appropriate domains in organelles and the plasma membrane. Research on vesicular transport in differentiating cells has mostly focused on neurons and epithelial cells, and few such studies have been carried out on skeletal muscle cells. Skeletal muscle cells have specialized organelles and plasma membrane domains, including T-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, neuromuscular junctions, and myotendinous junctions. The differentiation of skeletal muscle cells is achieved by multiple steps, i.e., proliferation of myoblasts, formation of myotubes by cell-cell fusion, and maturation of myotubes into myofibers. Systematic vesicular transport is expected to play a role in the maintenance and development of skeletal muscle cells. Here, we review a map of the vesicular transport system during the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. The characteristics of organelle arrangement in myotubes are described according to morphological studies. Vesicular transport in myotubes is explained by the expression profiles of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor proteins.

Glutathione-dependent cell cycle G1 arrest and apoptosis induction in human lung cancer A549 cells caused by methylseleninic acid: comparison with sodium selenite.

The aim of the present study was to clarify the mechanism underlying the inhibition of cell proliferation in human lung cancer A549 cells by selenium (Se) compounds. Methylseleninic acid (CH3SeO2H, abbreviated as MSA), a synthetic Se compound, is a direct precursor of active methylselenol (CH3SeH) and is considered to be one of beneficial agents for cancer prevention and therapy. Sodium selenite (Na2SeO3), an inorganic Se form, is utilized in clinical Se supplementation. MSA markedly inhibited the growth of A549 cells at a concentration of 2.5×10(-6) mol/L for 1 d. On Day 1, Na2SeO3 also inhibited A549 cell growth at the concentration of 7.5×10(-6) mol/L. These compounds induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and apoptosis under the inhibitory condition. Reduced glutathione (GSH) is critical to MSA or Na2SeO3 metabolism. The depletion of intracellular GSH suppressed Na2SeO3-induced G1 arrest, but promoted Na2SeO3-induced apoptosis. Therefore, Na2SeO3 appears to have directly induced apoptosis. In contrast, the MSA-induced G1 arrest was ameliorated by a marked decrease in GSH content. Additionally, the depletion of GSH slightly suppressed MSA-induced apoptosis. The difference in inhibitory effects between MSA and Na2SeO3 may be due to this variation in GSH-related metabolism. After exposure of A549 cells to MSA, the GSH content was significantly decreased. These results indicate that because MSA-induced G1 arrest and apoptosis induction are enhanced by GSH, the maintenance of GSH is essential for the effective anticancer action of MSA in A549 cells.

Effects of administering sodium selenite, methylseleninic acid, and seleno-L-methionine on glucose tolerance in a streptozotocin/nicotinamide-induced diabetic mouse model.

The effects of administering the selenocompounds, sodium selenite, methylseleninic acid (MSA), and seleno-L-methionine (SeMet) on glucose tolerance were compared in the nicotinamide (NA) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse model. ICR mice were intraperitoneally treated twice with STZ (100 mg/kg) 15 min after an injection of NA (120 mg/kg) at a 1-d interval. Non-fasting blood glucose levels were then monitored weekly while orally administering the selenocompounds at 158 µg Se/kg body weight with free access to a selenium-deficient diet for 5 weeks. The mean body weights of NA/STZ-induced diabetic mice were partly restored by the administration of selenocompounds, while SeMet led to a higher selenium content and glutathione peroxidase 1 activity in the pancreas. Non-fasting and oral glucose tolerance-tested blood glucose levels, which were elevated by NA/STZ, were significantly suppressed by the administration of SeMet. These results suggest that SeMet may improve glucose tolerance in a NA/STZ-induced mild diabetic mouse model by increasing bioavailability in the pancreas.

Effect of selenite on T-cell mitogenesis: contribution of ROS production and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1.

Although supplementation with the selenocompound, sodium selenite has been shown to stimulate the concanavalin A-induced T-cell mitogenic response, the mechanisms responsible remain unclear. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationships between the induction of apoptosis, formation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) 1 and the thioredoxin (Trx) system when mitogenesis was stimulated by selenite. TNF-alpha was dose-dependently released by mouse splenocytes treated with selenite, and apoptosis was induced when TNF-alpha was added at the indicated concentrations. However, supplementation with selenite at low concentrations inhibited the accumulation of ROS with the increased expression of Trx reductase 1 and induction of apoptosis in wild-type splenocytes, and also at high concentrations in Trx-1-transgenic mouse splenocytes. The suppression of apoptosis was accompanied by a decrease in the expression of phospho-ASK1. These results suggest that the stimulation of T-cell mitogenesis by selenite may be partly attributed to the inhibited accumulation of ROS due to a reduced Trx-1/TR1 system, the inactivation of ASK1, and the suppression of apoptosis.