[The use of cardiac markers bed test in acute coronary syndrome in emergency department]. / Utilizzo dei biomarcatori cardiaci bed-test nella sindrome coronarica acuta nel Dipartimento di Emergenza.

AIMS: The evaluation of the patient with chest pain in the emergency department is one of the most common situations that the doctor has to face. The diagnostic procedure supposes an observation period of at least 6-12 hours, a well organized medical facilities and the identification of all SCA cases to reduce inappropriate admission. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In our study we have estimated the utility of the marker assay that is associated to the use of risk scores (TIMI and GRACE risk score) to obtain indication about the most appropriate assistance level. In particular, we used the assay of necrosis markers to highlight the damage along with the assay of natriuretic peptides for their role in the diagnosis and in the monitoring of the patients with cardiac damage. RESULTS: Also PCR has an important role such as marker of plaque stability and of inflammation. These markers associated to the necrosis markers could give important clinical information of independent nature. DISCUSSION: The sensibility of laboratory markers, without important necrosis, is low and it is not possible to exclude in a few time a SCA There is now an alternative strategy: a precocious risk stratification. Using clinical criteria it is possible to do a first evaluation of the probability of SCA and the complications.

[Management model of chest pain in Medical Emergency Room and Chest Pain Unit of Policlinico Umberto I of Rome]. / Modello di gestione del dolore toracico in Pronto Soccorso Medico e nella Chest Pain Unit dell'Azienda Policlinico Umberto I di Roma.

In Italy one of the most common cause of access to the Emergency Departments is not traumatic chest pain, representing from the 6% to 10% of all the diagnoses. Admissions to the Emergency Department (DEA) of Policlinico Umberto I of Rome for non-traumatic chest pain, occurred between 2000 and 2008, were analyzed in this study. Out of 26,8910 admissions to the medical emergency room (PS), 21,088 (7.84%) were due to non-traumatic or precordial chest pain. Of these, 2881 (14%) patients had a diagnosis of myocardial infarction STEMI, NSTEMI and IA and 18,207 (86%) had a diagnosis of atypical chest pain, representing respectively 1.07% and 6.77% of all admissions to PS. About 27.62% of patients with atypical chest pain were discharged from the PS, 33.27% were hospitalized, 36.73% refused hospitalization, 1.68% were transferred elsewhere, and 0.7% did not uptake the visit. 85% of patients with myocardial infarction STEMI, NSTEMI and IA were hospitalized, 3.75% refused hospitalization, 8.82% were transferred elsewhere, and 1.71% died in the PS. Hospitalizations resulted often in unjustified and protracted length of hospital stays for clinical investigations, with negative repercussions for patients and costs. In the last years, the number of inappropriate hospitalizations progressively increased, partly as consequence of recourse to the court aiming at defining legal responsibility of the health board.Since avoiding inappropriate hospital admissions is an essential requirement for containing healthcare costs and improving the health service, Chest Pain Unit has been established. Its responsibility is to recognize and promptly treat patients with chest pain and acute coronary syndrome. As well, it is responsible to quickly discharge patients with chest pain at low and intermediate risk of acute coronary insufficiency, after careful clinical assessment lasting 24-36 hours.

Weight gain in women with breast cancer treated with adjuvant cyclophosphomide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil. Analysis of resting energy expenditure and body composition.

BACKGROUND: Weight gain is a common side effect observed in women undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Among possible causes a direct effect of chemotherapy on metabolism has been proposed. Body composition variations after adjuvant chemotherapy suggest the occurrence of sarcopenic obesity, possibly due to ovarian failure. We investigated acute and chronic effects of adjuvant chemotherapy on body weight, resting energy expenditure (REE) and plasma catecholamines in a group of menopausal women. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty menopausal women with stage I-II breast cancer were recruited for the study. We measured REE and respiratory quotient (RQ) and body composition at the beginning and after 3 and 6 months of adjuvant cyclophosphomide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (CMF). REE, RQ, and plasma catecholamines were assessed before and after each chemotherapy session. At each session food intake was also assessed in all patients, by a food diary. Seven patients out of the group of 30 were also evaluated after a placebo infusion (saline). RESULTS: A significant weight gain was observed in all women (70.5 +/- 3 v.s. 67.7 +/- 3 kg, p < 0.001), with increase in both fat-free mass (FFM) (45.2 +/- 1.5 v.s. 43.6 +/- 1.3 kg, p < 0.001) and fat-mass (FM) (25.3 +/- 1.7 v.s. 24.1 +/- 1.8 kg, p < 0.005). A decrease in REE and RQ was observed both during CMF and placebo infusion (p < 0.05). During acute CMF and placebo infusion a reduction of plasma levels of noradrenaline was observed at the first and last session. REE increased progressively during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: CMF therapy apparently has no effect on REE either acutely or during a 6-month-period; the increased REE observed in the long-term is likely due to the concomitant increase in FFM. The lack of evidence of sarcopenic obesity, at variance with previous literature, is likely due to different patient selection.

Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and galanin in overweight rats fed a cafeteria diet.

We evaluated neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin (GAL) immunoreactivity (IR) and mRNA in the paraventricular and arcuate nucleus, respectively, in rats that became overweight (Ov) or not (NOv) when fed a cafeteria diet. After 2 months of diet, NOv rats showed a significant increase in NPY IR, whereas Ov rats showed a significant increase in GAL mRNA levels. None of these changes was present in rats overfed for 6.5 months. These differential changes in hypothalamic GAL and NPY transmissions may contribute to the different susceptibility of the two rat subpopulations to the weight-promoting effects of the hypercaloric diet.